Cephalogram me kya dekhte hn
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cephalometric landmarks analysis lateral skull radiograph
Cephalogram (Lateral Cephalometric Radiograph) mein kya dekha jaata hai — poori detail neeche hai:
🦷 Cephalogram mein kya dekhte hain?
Cephalogram ek lateral skull X-ray hota hai jo cephalostat (head-holding device) mein liya jaata hai. Isme teen cheezein assess ki jaati hain:
1. 📍 Anatomical Landmarks (Bony & Soft Tissue)
Cranial Base:
| Landmark | Full Form | Kya hota hai |
|---|---|---|
| S | Sella | Pituitary fossa ka centre |
| N | Nasion | Frontonasal suture |
| Or | Orbitale | Orbit ka sabse neeche ka point |
| Po | Porion | External auditory canal ka upar |
Maxilla:
| ANS | Anterior Nasal Spine |
|---|---|
| PNS | Posterior Nasal Spine |
| A point | Subnasale — maxilla ka deepest point |
Mandible:
| B point | Supramentale — mandible ka deepest point |
|---|---|
| Go | Gonion (angle of mandible) |
| Gn | Gnathion (chin ka lowest point) |
| Me | Menton |
| Pog | Pogonion |
Dental:
- Upper incisor tip (Uc) aur lower incisor tip (Lc)
- Upper/lower 1st molar positions
Soft Tissue:
- Glabella (G), Pronasale, Subnasale (Sn)
- Upper lip (Ls), Lower lip (Li)
- Soft tissue Pogonion (Pog')
2. 📐 Angles & Measurements (Cephalometric Analysis)
Sagittal (Anteroposterior) Relationships:
| Measurement | Normal Value | Kya batata hai |
|---|---|---|
| SNA angle | 82° ± 2° | Maxilla ki position cranial base se |
| SNB angle | 80° ± 2° | Mandible ki position cranial base se |
| ANB angle | 2° ± 2° | Maxilla vs Mandible ka relationship (Skeletal Class I/II/III) |
| Wits appraisal | 0 ± 2 mm | ANB ka alternative measurement |
Vertical Relationships:
| Measurement | Kya batata hai |
|---|---|
| Facial height ratio | Upper vs lower facial height |
| Mandibular plane angle | Mandible ka tilt (hypodivergent/hyperdivergent) |
| Y-axis (SGn angle) | Facial growth direction |
Dental Measurements:
- Upper incisor to NA angle/distance
- Lower incisor to NB angle/distance
- Interincisal angle
3. 🌬️ Airway Assessment (especially OSA mein)
Cummings Otolaryngology ke mutabiq:
- PAS (Posterior Airway Space): Tongue base aur posterior pharyngeal wall ke beech distance — OSA patients mein reduced hota hai
- PNS-P: Soft palate ki length — OSA mein increased hoti hai
- MP-H (Mandibular plane to Hyoid): Hyoid ki position — OSA mein hyoid inferiorly displaced hota hai
- Posterior pharyngeal wall ki position
4. 🔍 Clinical Applications — Kab use hota hai?
| Field | Use |
|---|---|
| Orthodontics | Malocclusion diagnosis, treatment planning, growth assessment |
| Orthognathic Surgery | Jaw surgery planning (Class II/III correction) |
| Sleep Medicine (OSA) | Airway anatomy assessment |
| Cleft Palate | Velopharyngeal assessment |
| Growth Studies | Serial cephalograms mein facial growth monitor karna |
📊 Steiner Analysis — Commonly Used
- SNA — Maxilla ki anteroposterior position
- SNB — Mandible ki anteroposterior position
- ANB — Skeletal classification:
- ANB > 4° → Skeletal Class II (retrognathic mandible)
- ANB < 0° → Skeletal Class III (prognathic mandible)
- ANB 0–4° → Skeletal Class I
Standard lateral cephalogram with annotated landmarks: S (Sella), N (Nasion), A point, B point, Go (Gonion), Me (Menton), ANS, PNS, aur soft tissue profile
Summary: Cephalogram mein bony skeleton + soft tissue + dental structures + airway — sab kuch ek saath lateral view mein dekha jaata hai, aur in landmarks se angles/distances nikal ke skeletal pattern, dental compensation, aur facial growth assess ki jaati hai.
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