Gait Training, Pre ambulation programme, assistive devices and gait patterns, Recent advances in analysis of Gait. 20 marks MPT level answer

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"gait analysis" AND "wearable sensors" AND rehabilitation

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gait training pre-ambulation program assistive devices gait patterns physiotherapy MPT

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recent advances gait analysis 2024 2025 wearable IMU AI machine learning clinical

I now have comprehensive material from textbooks, JBLearning PT manual, and recent research. Let me compile the complete MPT-level answer.

GAIT TRAINING, PRE-AMBULATION PROGRAMME, ASSISTIVE DEVICES AND GAIT PATTERNS, RECENT ADVANCES IN GAIT ANALYSIS

MPT-Level Answer | 20 Marks

1. GAIT TRAINING

Definition

Gait training is a structured physical therapy intervention that aims to restore, improve, or compensate for deficits in the walking pattern. It addresses stride length, cadence, balance, weight-bearing symmetry, energy efficiency, and functional mobility.

Goals of Gait Training

  • Restore a safe, efficient, and functional ambulatory pattern
  • Reduce fall risk
  • Improve lower limb strength, coordination, and proprioception
  • Transition the patient from assisted to independent ambulation
  • Educate the patient on correct use of assistive devices

Candidates

Gait training is indicated for patients post-stroke, spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, orthopedic surgeries (arthroplasty, fracture fixation), cerebral palsy, neurological disorders (Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis), and lower limb amputations.

2. PRE-AMBULATION PROGRAMME

The pre-ambulation programme prepares a patient who is not yet safe to walk freely, by developing the prerequisite components for functional gait. It is a graded, step-wise programme conducted before formal gait training.

Goals

  • Improve muscular strength (especially hip extensors, knee extensors, and ankle plantar/dorsiflexors)
  • Develop balance and postural control (static and dynamic)
  • Build cardiovascular tolerance for upright activity
  • Teach correct weight-bearing postures
  • Familiarise the patient with assistive devices

Phases of Pre-Ambulation Programme

Phase 1 - Bed Exercises

Performed in the supine and sitting positions before the patient is upright:
  • Strengthening: Ankle pumps, quadriceps sets (isometric), straight-leg raises, hip abductor and adductor strengthening, bridging exercises
  • Range of motion: Passive, active-assisted, and active ROM for hip, knee, and ankle
  • Breathing exercises: Diaphragmatic breathing to maintain cardiorespiratory fitness

Phase 2 - Sitting Balance and Transfers

  • Static sitting balance: sitting on edge of bed without support
  • Dynamic sitting balance: reaching activities, perturbation training
  • Sit-to-stand and stand-to-sit transfers (key prerequisite for ambulation)
  • Controlled transfer from bed to chair, chair to commode

Phase 3 - Standing Balance at Parallel Bars

  • Static standing: patient holds parallel bars, progresses to one-hand hold, then no hands
  • Weight shifting: side-to-side and forward-backward shifts
  • Step-ups and step-downs in place (marching)
  • Single-leg stance: builds unilateral weight-bearing ability
  • Parallel bars provide maximal security; the patient learns to walk in a controlled, supported environment before progressing to assistive devices

Phase 4 - Parallel Bar Ambulation

  • Forward stepping inside the parallel bars
  • Therapist guards with gait belt at all times
  • Instruction on step length, cadence, heel strike, and reciprocal arm swing

Phase 5 - Progression to Assistive Devices

Once the patient demonstrates controlled stepping, adequate balance, and confidence within parallel bars, they are progressed to walkers, crutches, or canes. As per the JBLearning PT manual, gait training starts as a preambulatory activity at the parallel bars because "patients safely learn to walk, to become stable during walking, and to use assistive devices."

Phase 6 - Advanced Gait Training

  • Ambulation on uneven surfaces, ramps, and stairs
  • Negotiating curbs, doorways, and elevators
  • Outdoor ambulation
  • Fall-recovery techniques

3. ASSISTIVE DEVICES FOR AMBULATION

Assistive devices provide external support to compensate for weakness, instability, or pain during ambulation. Selection depends on the patient's weight-bearing status, strength, balance, cognitive level, and the environment.

Weight-Bearing Categories (Critical for Device Selection)

CategoryAbbreviationDefinition
Non-Weight BearingNWBNo weight at all on the involved limb
Toe-Touch Weight BearingTTWBOnly toe touches for balance; minimal load
Partial Weight BearingPWBSpecified percentage (e.g. 20-50%) of body weight allowed
Weight Bearing as ToleratedWBATPatient tolerates as much weight as comfortable
Full Weight BearingFWBNo restriction

Classification of Assistive Devices

A. Canes

Used for mild balance impairment or moderate unilateral weakness. Held on the contralateral side to the affected limb (reduces joint reaction force at the affected hip by up to 60%).
Types:
  • Standard (straight) cane: Single point of contact; FWB or WBAT status
  • Tripod cane (three-legged): Broader base; for patients needing more lateral stability
  • Quad cane (four-legged): Maximum base support among canes; suits hemiplegia or severe balance disorders
Fitting: Handle at the level of the greater trochanter (wrist crease with arm at side), with 20-30° of elbow flexion.

B. Axillary (Underarm) Crutches

Most commonly used for non-weight bearing or partial weight-bearing conditions. Provide bilateral support.
Fitting:
  • Axillary pad: 2-3 finger-widths (5 cm) below axilla
  • Handgrip: level of the greater trochanter / wrist crease
  • Elbow: 20-30° flexion
  • Tips: 15 cm lateral to and 15 cm anterior to the foot
Important: Body weight borne through the hands and handgrip, never through the axillary pad (risk of radial nerve compression - "crutch palsy").

C. Lofstrand (Forearm / Elbow) Crutches

  • Forearm cuff wraps around the forearm; handgrip below
  • Allow hands to be freed without dropping the crutch (useful for patients needing to use hands briefly)
  • Used for long-term ambulation (e.g. paraplegia from polio, incomplete SCI)
  • Less stability than axillary crutches

D. Walkers

Most stable assistive device. Used for significant weakness or balance impairment, bilateral lower limb involvement, or high fall risk.
Types:
  • Standard walker (pick-up walker): Lifted and placed with each step; maximum stability; used for NWB or PWB; requires good upper limb strength
  • Rolling walker (wheeled, 2-wheeled): Front wheels roll; less energy expenditure; used for WBAT or FWB patients with limited endurance (e.g. Parkinson's, elderly)
  • 4-wheeled walker (rollator): All four wheels roll; usually has brakes and a seat; used for patients needing to pause and rest; less stable than standard walker
  • Hemi-walker: One-sided walker for hemiplegic patients; provides wider base than a quad cane
Fitting: Walker height = greater trochanter / wrist crease; 20-30° elbow flexion.

E. Parallel Bars

Used in the early rehabilitation and pre-ambulation setting. Provide maximum security but restrict independence and community mobility. Not a long-term assistive device.

4. GAIT PATTERNS (Gait Sequencing Patterns)

Six classical gait patterns are used in physical therapy practice. The choice depends on the weight-bearing status, number of devices used, and the patient's strength and balance.

1. Four-Point Gait

  • Devices: Bilateral crutches or bilateral canes
  • Weight-bearing: FWB or PWB bilaterally
  • Sequence: Right crutch → Left foot → Left crutch → Right foot
  • Characteristics: Most stable pattern (three points of contact always on the floor); very slow; mimics a natural reciprocal pattern
  • Indication: Weakness in both lower limbs but sufficient weight-bearing; post-polio, incomplete SCI, MS

2. Two-Point Gait

  • Devices: Bilateral crutches or bilateral canes
  • Weight-bearing: FWB, PWB, TTWB, WBAT
  • Sequence: Right crutch + Left leg simultaneously → Left crutch + Right leg simultaneously
  • Characteristics: Faster than four-point; maintains reciprocal arm-leg pattern; requires better balance and coordination
  • Indication: Bilateral lower limb weakness with adequate balance

3. Three-Point Gait

  • Devices: Bilateral crutches or walker
  • Weight-bearing: NWB, TTWB, PWB, WBAT on one limb
  • Sequence: Both crutches + involved limb together → uninvolved limb advances
  • Characteristics: The involved limb and both crutches advance as a unit; the uninvolved limb then hops or steps forward; requires strong upper limbs and good single-leg balance
  • Indication: Unilateral NWB (e.g. fracture, post-operatively); unilateral amputation pre-prosthetically

4. Modified Three-Point Gait

  • Devices: Walker or bilateral crutches
  • Weight-bearing: WBAT or FWB (where full weight is allowed but patient needs support)
  • Sequence: Walker/crutches → involved limb → uninvolved limb (or walker → both limbs together)
  • Characteristics: Slower and more conservative; the involved limb advances with the device but full or as-tolerated weight is accepted; energy-saving pattern for patients with reduced endurance
  • Note: A PWB patient cannot use modified three-point because PWB requires the involved limb to advance with the device, which makes it a three-point pattern

5. Swing-To Gait

  • Devices: Bilateral crutches or walker
  • Weight-bearing: NWB bilaterally, or severe bilateral lower limb involvement
  • Sequence: Both crutches advance → both feet swing forward to the level of the crutches
  • Characteristics: Feet land at or behind the crutches; more stable than swing-through; used when the patient cannot achieve reciprocal stepping
  • Indication: Thoracic or high lumbar SCI with bilateral flaccid lower limbs

6. Swing-Through Gait

  • Devices: Bilateral crutches
  • Weight-bearing: Bilateral NWB (complete lower limb paralysis)
  • Sequence: Both crutches advance → both feet swing past the crutches
  • Characteristics: Fastest non-reciprocal pattern; requires excellent upper limb strength and trunk balance; high energy demand; greatest risk of falling
  • Indication: Paraplegic patients using hip-knee-ankle-foot orthoses (HKAFOs); athletes with spinal cord injuries

Stair Climbing Techniques

  • Going up: "Good goes up first" - uninvolved limb leads, then involved limb and crutches
  • Going down: "Bad goes down first" - crutches and involved limb descend first, then uninvolved
  • Mnemonic: "Up with the good, down with the bad"

5. RECENT ADVANCES IN GAIT ANALYSIS

A. Instrumented Gait Analysis (3D Motion Capture) - Standard of Practice

Modern quantitative gait analysis uses high-speed motion picture cameras from different angles, retroreflective skin markers aligned with skeletal landmarks, and force platforms (Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 15th Ed., 2026). Kinematic data are presented as three-dimensional waveforms of joint motion during the gait cycle. Electromyographic (EMG) testing documents the activation of muscles during the gait cycle. Pedobarography (foot pressure mapping) and oxygen consumption measurement complete the picture.
This technology changed clinical practice dramatically: when experienced observers were given quantitative gait analysis after surgical recommendations had been made based on clinical observation alone, the recommendations changed 52% of the time (Campbell's, 2026).

B. Wearable Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs)

IMUs consist of accelerometers, gyroscopes, and magnetometers embedded in lightweight wearable patches or shoes. They have moved gait analysis out of the laboratory and into real-world and clinical settings. A 2026 systematic review (Bavan et al., PMID: 42105725) confirmed their validity for paediatric gait assessment. Key advantages:
  • Continuous, real-world ambulation monitoring (not constrained to lab)
  • Assessment of spatiotemporal parameters: stride length, step width, cadence, walking speed, double-support time
  • Fall risk prediction in elderly and neurological populations
  • Cost-effective compared to full 3D motion analysis
  • Sensor fusion (combining accelerometer + gyroscope data) improves accuracy

C. Wearable sEMG and Plantar Pressure Systems

  • Surface EMG in wearable patches allows real-time muscle activation analysis during community ambulation
  • Smart insoles with plantar pressure arrays quantify foot loading patterns and detect gait abnormalities
  • Multi-modal wearable platforms combining IMUs + sEMG + plantar pressure sensors provide the most complete ambulatory gait picture

D. Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence in Gait Analysis

This is the most rapidly evolving domain (2024-2026):
  • Deep learning (CNN, LSTM): Convolutional neural networks processing IMU time-series data can now estimate muscle activities during walking without laboratory EMG (Khant et al., Sci Rep, 2025), replacing invasive electrode placement
  • Fall detection and prediction: TinyML algorithms optimised for microcontrollers enable edge-AI-based gait analysis for real-time fall risk alerts, particularly in elderly populations
  • Pathological gait classification: ML algorithms trained on IMU and kinematic data can automatically classify gait disorders (Parkinson's, stroke hemiplegia, SCI patterns) with high accuracy
  • Injury prediction in athletes: Multi-modal sensor data with ML accurately predicts running-related injuries by identifying critical gait features such as ground reaction force and stride length
  • Automated gait event detection: AI algorithms identify gait cycle events (heel strike, toe-off) automatically, removing reliance on trained human observers

E. Robot-Assisted Gait Training (RAGT)

RAGT represents an advance in both gait training and gait analysis simultaneously:
  • Lokomat (Hocoma): Body-weight-supported treadmill with bilateral robotic exoskeleton; automates the stepping pattern while providing real-time kinematic feedback
  • End-effector robots (e.g., Gait Trainer GT1, Morning Walk): Foot plates guide the foot through a physiological gait trajectory
  • A 2024 meta-analysis (Chen et al., PMID: 38647534) showed RAGT significantly improves gait speed, balance, and kinematic parameters post-stroke
  • A 2024 Cochrane-level systematic review (Mehrholz et al., PMID: 40365867) confirmed electromechanical-assisted training improves the odds of walking independently after stroke
  • A 2024 RCT in JAMA Network Open (Choi et al., PMID: 39037815) demonstrated overground gait training with wearable robots improved walking in children with cerebral palsy

F. Body-Weight Supported Treadmill Training (BWSTT)

  • Harness system suspended over a treadmill unloads a percentage of body weight
  • Allows earlier gait training in patients who cannot support full weight
  • Particularly beneficial in incomplete SCI, stroke, and TBI
  • Can be combined with robotics (Lokomat) for complete gait cycle assistance
  • Promotes neuroplasticity by providing repetitive, task-specific gait input

G. Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) in Gait Rehabilitation

  • VR environments simulate real-world obstacles, uneven terrain, and dual-task challenges
  • Provides visual biofeedback on gait parameters in real time
  • Increases patient engagement and motivation (gamification)
  • AR overlays gait feedback onto the patient's real-world view during overground training

H. Markerless Motion Capture

  • Computer vision-based systems (e.g., OpenPose, MediaPipe) extract joint positions from standard video cameras without skin markers
  • Enables large-scale gait screening in community settings (clinics, airports, elderly care homes) without expensive laboratory equipment
  • AI-powered pose estimation algorithms have reached lab-comparable accuracy for many spatiotemporal parameters

I. Portable Gait Analysis for Neurological Conditions

Wearable sensor technologies are now validated for monitoring gait in specific neurological conditions (Gu et al., JMIR mHealth, 2026, PMID: 41511829):
  • Parkinson's disease: IMU-based detection of freezing of gait (FoG), festination, and dual-task interference
  • Multiple sclerosis: Remote monitoring of gait deterioration over time as a disease progression marker
  • Stroke: Home-based gait monitoring during community reintegration phase

SUMMARY TABLE

ComponentKey Points
Gait trainingTask-specific, repetitive, progressive; neuroplasticity-driven
Pre-ambulationBed exercises → sitting balance → standing → parallel bars → devices
Assistive devicesCanes (mild) → crutches (moderate) → walkers (severe); fit to trochanteric height
Gait patterns4-point (safest) → 2-point → 3-point → modified 3-point → swing-to → swing-through (fastest/least stable)
Gait analysis advancesIMUs, wearable EMG, AI/ML, RAGT, BWSTT, VR, markerless capture

REFERENCES

  • Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 15th Ed. (2026) - Gait Analysis, CP Chapter
  • JBLearning PT Manual: Wheelchairs, Assistive Devices, and Gait Training (O'Sullivan & Schmitz framework)
  • Chen S et al. (2024). Robot-assisted gait training after stroke. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. [PMID: 38647534]
  • Mehrholz J et al. (2025). Electromechanical-assisted training for walking after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. [PMID: 40365867]
  • Choi JY et al. (2024). Overground gait training with wearable robot in cerebral palsy. JAMA Netw Open. [PMID: 39037815]
  • Bavan L et al. (2026). Wearable inertial sensors for paediatric gait assessment. Gait Posture. [PMID: 42105725]
  • Gu B et al. (2026). Wearable sensor technologies for health monitoring. JMIR mHealth uHealth. [PMID: 41511829]

Make a case study presentation on gait analysis application in stroke rehabilitation

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mkdir -p /home/daytona/workspace/gait-stroke-ppt && ls /home/daytona/workspace/

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~/gait-stroke-ppt/build.js

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    x: 0.4, y: 1.05, w: 9.2, h: 0.45,
    fontSize: 11.5, color: C.gold, bold: true, fontFace: "Calibri", valign: "middle",
  });

  // Outcome measures
  const measures = [
    { title: "10-Metre Walk Test", val: "0.42 m/s", norm: "1.2–1.4 m/s", status: "red" },
    { title: "6-Minute Walk Test", val: "105 m", norm: "400–700 m", status: "red" },
    { title: "Timed Up & Go (TUG)", val: "38 sec", norm: "< 12 sec", status: "red" },
    { title: "Stride Length", val: "0.65 m", norm: "1.3–1.5 m", status: "red" },
    { title: "Cadence", val: "62 steps/min", norm: "100–120/min", status: "red" },
    { title: "Berg Balance Scale", val: "22/56", norm: "> 45", status: "red" },
  ];
  const mW = 3.0, mH = 0.85, gX = 0.22, gY = 0.18;
  const mStartX = 0.3, mStartY = 1.65;
  measures.forEach((m, i) => {
    const col = i % 3;
    const row = Math.floor(i / 3);
    const x = mStartX + col * (mW + gX);
    const y = mStartY + row * (mH + gY);
    card(s, x, y, mW, mH, C.white);
    s.addText(m.title, {
      x: x + 0.1, y: y + 0.06, w: mW - 0.2, h: 0.28,
      fontSize: 10, bold: true, color: C.navy, fontFace: "Calibri", margin: 0,
    });
    s.addText(m.val, {
      x: x + 0.1, y: y + 0.33, w: mW - 0.2, h: 0.3,
      fontSize: 17, bold: true, color: C.red, fontFace: "Calibri", margin: 0,
    });
    s.addText("Norm: " + m.norm, {
      x: x + 0.1, y: y + 0.6, w: mW - 0.2, h: 0.2,
      fontSize: 9, color: C.midGray, fontFace: "Calibri", margin: 0,
    });
  });

  s.addText("Observational Gait Analysis: Circumduction gait, hip hiking, reduced knee flexion in swing, foot drop, reduced arm swing (right)", {
    x: 0.3, y: 4.55, w: 9.4, h: 0.65,
    fontSize: 10, color: C.navy, fontFace: "Calibri", italic: true,
    fill: { color: "DDEEF5" }, valign: "middle",
  });
}

// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// SLIDE 5 – INSTRUMENTED GAIT ANALYSIS FINDINGS
// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
{
  const s = pres.addSlide();
  lightSlide(s);
  addHeader(s, "Instrumented Gait Analysis – Baseline Findings", false);
  sectionLabel(s, "3D Motion Capture + EMG + Pedobarography");

  // Three columns
  const cols = [
    {
      title: "Kinematic Analysis",
      color: C.navy,
      items: [
        "Reduced hip extension at terminal stance (−5° vs +10° normal)",
        "Knee hyperextension in mid-stance (genu recurvatum)",
        "Absent knee flexion in swing (5° vs 60° normal)",
        "Reduced ankle dorsiflexion at initial contact (foot drop)",
        "Pelvic hike +12° compensating for toe clearance",
        "Trunk lateral lean toward affected side",
      ]
    },
    {
      title: "Kinetic Analysis",
      color: C.teal,
      items: [
        "Reduced vertical GRF on right (52% body weight vs 100%)",
        "Delayed weight acceptance on right",
        "Reduced push-off GRF — weak plantar flexors",
        "Asymmetrical loading: 65% left / 35% right",
        "Reduced propulsive impulse",
        "Increased double-support phase (48% vs 20% normal)",
      ]
    },
    {
      title: "EMG Analysis",
      color: C.orange,
      items: [
        "Tibialis anterior: absent activation in swing (foot drop)",
        "Gastrocnemius: premature activation (early stance)",
        "Rectus femoris: prolonged stance-phase activation",
        "Hamstrings: co-contraction with quadriceps (stiff knee)",
        "Gluteus medius: weak & delayed activation",
        "Erector spinae: asymmetric excessive activation",
      ]
    },
  ];

  cols.forEach((col, i) => {
    const x = 0.22 + i * 3.25;
    s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, {
      x, y: 1.0, w: 3.1, h: 0.42,
      fill: { color: col.color }, line: { type: "none" },
    });
    s.addText(col.title, {
      x: x + 0.08, y: 1.02, w: 3.0, h: 0.38,
      fontSize: 11.5, bold: true, color: C.white, fontFace: "Calibri", valign: "middle", margin: 0,
    });
    card(s, x, 1.42, 3.1, 3.8, C.white);
    col.items.forEach((item, j) => {
      s.addText("▸  " + item, {
        x: x + 0.1, y: 1.52 + j * 0.59, w: 2.9, h: 0.55,
        fontSize: 9.5, color: C.navy, fontFace: "Calibri", wrap: true, margin: 0,
      });
    });
  });

  s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 0, y: 5.25, w: 10, h: 0.375, fill: { color: C.navy } });
  s.addText("Pedobarography: Reduced plantar pressure under right forefoot; increased pressure under lateral midfoot — equinovarus pattern", {
    x: 0.3, y: 5.28, w: 9.4, h: 0.32,
    fontSize: 9.5, color: C.gold, fontFace: "Calibri", valign: "middle",
  });
}

// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// SLIDE 6 – GAIT DEVIATIONS ANALYSIS
// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
{
  const s = pres.addSlide();
  lightSlide(s);
  addHeader(s, "Gait Deviations – Analysis and Causes", false);
  sectionLabel(s, "Problem-Cause-Strategy Framework");

  s.addText("Gait Cycle Phase", { x: 0.3, y: 0.95, w: 2.2, h: 0.3, fontSize: 10, bold: true, color: C.white, fontFace: "Calibri", fill: { color: C.navy }, align: "center", valign: "middle", margin: 0 });
  s.addText("Deviation Observed", { x: 2.55, y: 0.95, w: 2.6, h: 0.3, fontSize: 10, bold: true, color: C.white, fontFace: "Calibri", fill: { color: C.teal }, align: "center", valign: "middle", margin: 0 });
  s.addText("Primary Cause", { x: 5.2, y: 0.95, w: 2.3, h: 0.3, fontSize: 10, bold: true, color: C.white, fontFace: "Calibri", fill: { color: C.orange }, align: "center", valign: "middle", margin: 0 });
  s.addText("Physiotherapy Strategy", { x: 7.55, y: 0.95, w: 2.2, h: 0.3, fontSize: 10, bold: true, color: C.white, fontFace: "Calibri", fill: { color: C.green }, align: "center", valign: "middle", margin: 0 });

  const rows = [
    ["Initial Contact", "Foot drop (no heel strike)", "Tibialis anterior weakness", "AFO, FES, TA strengthening"],
    ["Loading Response", "Reduced wt acceptance right", "Weakness + fear", "WB training, biofeedback"],
    ["Mid-stance", "Genu recurvatum (knee hyperext.)", "Quad spasticity / weakness", "Knee brace, quad control ex."],
    ["Terminal Stance", "Reduced push-off", "Plantar flexor weakness", "Calf strengthening, RAGT"],
    ["Pre-swing", "Increased double support time", "Poor balance & timing", "Balance training, treadmill"],
    ["Swing Phase", "Circumduction / hip hiking", "Foot drop + weak hip flex.", "FES, hip flexor activation"],
    ["Trunk / Pelvis", "Lateral trunk lean", "Weak gluteus medius", "Lateral hip strengthening"],
  ];

  rows.forEach((row, i) => {
    const y = 1.35 + i * 0.52;
    const bg = i % 2 === 0 ? "F0F6FA" : C.white;
    [0.3, 2.55, 5.2, 7.55].forEach((x, ci) => {
      const w = [2.2, 2.6, 2.3, 2.2][ci];
      s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x, y, w, h: 0.48, fill: { color: bg }, line: { color: "D5E3ED", width: 0.3 } });
      s.addText(row[ci], {
        x: x + 0.08, y: y + 0.04, w: w - 0.14, h: 0.4,
        fontSize: 9.5, color: C.navy, fontFace: "Calibri", wrap: true, valign: "middle", margin: 0,
      });
    });
  });
}

// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// SLIDE 7 – GOAL SETTING
// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
{
  const s = pres.addSlide();
  lightSlide(s);
  addHeader(s, "Goal Setting – SMART Framework", false);
  sectionLabel(s, "Short-Term (4 weeks) & Long-Term (8 weeks)");

  // Short-term
  s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 0.3, y: 1.1, w: 4.5, h: 0.38, fill: { color: C.teal }, line: { type: "none" } });
  s.addText("SHORT-TERM GOALS (4 Weeks)", {
    x: 0.3, y: 1.1, w: 4.5, h: 0.38,
    fontSize: 12, bold: true, color: C.white, fontFace: "Calibri", align: "center", valign: "middle", margin: 0,
  });
  card(s, 0.3, 1.48, 4.5, 3.7, C.white);
  s.addText([
    bullet("Improve FAC score from 2 to 3 (requires supervision)"),
    subBullet("Patient able to walk 10m with supervision + AFO"),
    bullet("Increase 10MWT speed to ≥ 0.6 m/s"),
    subBullet("Indicate transition to limited community walking"),
    bullet("Reduce TUG time to < 25 seconds"),
    bullet("Improve Berg Balance Score to ≥ 32/56"),
    bullet("Achieve controlled knee flexion in swing (≥ 30°)"),
    subBullet("Via 3D motion analysis at Week 4"),
    bullet("Activate tibialis anterior during swing (EMG biofeedback)"),
    bullet("Patient education: weight-bearing and fall prevention"),
  ], { x: 0.45, y: 1.56, w: 4.2, h: 3.5 });

  // Long-term
  s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 5.2, y: 1.1, w: 4.5, h: 0.38, fill: { color: C.navy }, line: { type: "none" } });
  s.addText("LONG-TERM GOALS (8 Weeks)", {
    x: 5.2, y: 1.1, w: 4.5, h: 0.38,
    fontSize: 12, bold: true, color: C.gold, fontFace: "Calibri", align: "center", valign: "middle", margin: 0,
  });
  card(s, 5.2, 1.48, 4.5, 3.7, C.white);
  s.addText([
    bullet("Achieve FAC 4 (independent on level surfaces)"),
    subBullet("Independent ambulation without therapist supervision"),
    bullet("10MWT speed ≥ 0.8 m/s (household ambulation)"),
    subBullet("Classified as limited community ambulatory"),
    bullet("6MWT ≥ 250 m (community ambulation threshold)"),
    bullet("TUG < 15 seconds (reduced fall risk)"),
    bullet("Berg Balance Score ≥ 45/56"),
    bullet("Symmetric weight distribution: 45–55% right"),
    subBullet("Confirmed by pedobarography and force plates"),
    bullet("Return to outdoor ambulation on uneven surfaces"),
    bullet("Home exercise programme independence"),
  ], { x: 5.35, y: 1.56, w: 4.2, h: 3.5 });
}

// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// SLIDE 8 – REHABILITATION PROGRAMME
// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
{
  const s = pres.addSlide();
  lightSlide(s);
  addHeader(s, "Evidence-Based Rehabilitation Programme", false);
  sectionLabel(s, "Gait Analysis-Guided Intervention Plan");

  const interventions = [
    {
      title: "1. Task-Specific Gait Training",
      color: C.navy,
      points: ["Overground gait training 45 min/day, 5x/week", "Progressive speed & distance targets", "Dual-task training (cognitive + motor)", "Obstacle negotiation & uneven surfaces"],
    },
    {
      title: "2. Body-Weight Supported Treadmill (BWSTT)",
      color: C.teal,
      points: ["20–30% BWS initial → progressive reduction", "Treadmill speed 0.3 m/s → 0.8 m/s", "High repetition stepping for neuroplasticity", "Manual facilitation of swing-phase knee flexion"],
    },
    {
      title: "3. Robot-Assisted Gait Training",
      color: C.orange,
      points: ["Lokomat 3x/week (Weeks 1–4)", "Guided physiological gait trajectory", "Real-time kinematic biofeedback", "Evidence: Meta-analysis (Chen 2024, PMID 38647534)"],
    },
    {
      title: "4. Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES)",
      color: C.green,
      points: ["Peroneal nerve FES for foot drop correction", "Triggered at toe-off for swing-phase activation", "Tibialis anterior strengthening (30 min/day)", "Reduces circumduction & energy cost"],
    },
    {
      title: "5. Neuromuscular Strengthening",
      color: "7B1FA2",
      points: ["Gluteus medius: clam shells, lateral band walks", "Quadriceps: sit-to-stand, step-ups", "Plantar flexors: calf raises, resistance band", "Tibialis anterior: resisted dorsiflexion"],
    },
    {
      title: "6. Balance & Proprioception Training",
      color: "0277BD",
      points: ["Perturbation training on foam surface", "Single-leg stance progression", "Weight-shift biofeedback platform", "Ankle strategy facilitation"],
    },
  ];

  const colW = 3.0, colH = 2.2, gX = 0.2, gY = 0.18;
  const startX = 0.28, startY = 1.05;
  interventions.forEach((intv, i) => {
    const col = i % 3;
    const row = Math.floor(i / 3);
    const x = startX + col * (colW + gX);
    const y = startY + row * (colH + gY);
    s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.roundRect, { x, y, w: colW, h: colH, fill: { color: intv.color }, line: { type: "none" }, rectRadius: 0.08 });
    s.addText(intv.title, {
      x: x + 0.1, y: y + 0.1, w: colW - 0.2, h: 0.42,
      fontSize: 10, bold: true, color: C.white, fontFace: "Calibri", wrap: true, margin: 0,
    });
    intv.points.forEach((pt, j) => {
      s.addText("• " + pt, {
        x: x + 0.1, y: y + 0.55 + j * 0.37, w: colW - 0.2, h: 0.33,
        fontSize: 9, color: C.white, fontFace: "Calibri", wrap: true, margin: 0,
      });
    });
  });
}

// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// SLIDE 9 – ASSISTIVE DEVICE PROGRESSION
// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
{
  const s = pres.addSlide();
  lightSlide(s);
  addHeader(s, "Assistive Device & Orthotic Progression", false);
  sectionLabel(s, "Device Selection Based on Gait Analysis Findings");

  const stages = [
    { week: "Weeks 1–2", device: "Parallel Bars\n+ Therapist Assist", reason: "Maximum support; safe initiation of stance & step training; assessment of weight-bearing capacity", gait: "3-point\ngait (modified)" },
    { week: "Weeks 3–4", device: "4-Wheeled Walker\n+ AFO (Ankle-Foot Orthosis)", reason: "Transition to device ambulation; AFO controls foot drop (rigid or hinged type based on spasticity grade)", gait: "Modified 3-point\n→ 2-point" },
    { week: "Weeks 5–6", device: "Quad Cane\n+ AFO", reason: "Improved balance allows progression from walker; quad cane provides wider base for hemiplegic gait", gait: "2-point gait\n(contralateral cane)" },
    { week: "Weeks 7–8", device: "Standard Cane\n(+ FES instead of AFO)", reason: "Near-independent ambulation; FES replaces static AFO for active muscle stimulation; cane held in left hand", gait: "Reciprocal 2-point\nor independent" },
  ];

  stages.forEach((st, i) => {
    const y = 1.05 + i * 1.08;
    // Week label
    s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 0.3, y, w: 1.3, h: 0.9, fill: { color: C.gold }, line: { type: "none" } });
    s.addText(st.week, { x: 0.3, y, w: 1.3, h: 0.9, fontSize: 10.5, bold: true, color: C.navy, fontFace: "Calibri", align: "center", valign: "middle", margin: 0 });

    // Device
    s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 1.65, y, w: 2.0, h: 0.9, fill: { color: C.navy }, line: { type: "none" } });
    s.addText(st.device, { x: 1.65, y, w: 2.0, h: 0.9, fontSize: 10, bold: true, color: C.white, fontFace: "Calibri", align: "center", valign: "middle", margin: 0 });

    // Reason
    s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 3.7, y, w: 4.5, h: 0.9, fill: { color: "F0F6FA" }, line: { color: "D0DDE5", width: 0.4 } });
    s.addText(st.reason, { x: 3.82, y: y + 0.05, w: 4.28, h: 0.82, fontSize: 9.5, color: C.navy, fontFace: "Calibri", valign: "middle", wrap: true, margin: 0 });

    // Gait pattern
    s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 8.25, y, w: 1.5, h: 0.9, fill: { color: C.teal }, line: { type: "none" } });
    s.addText(st.gait, { x: 8.25, y, w: 1.5, h: 0.9, fontSize: 9.5, bold: true, color: C.white, fontFace: "Calibri", align: "center", valign: "middle", margin: 0 });

    // Arrow between stages
    if (i < 3) {
      s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.downArrow, { x: 4.5, y: y + 0.9, w: 0.3, h: 0.15, fill: { color: C.gold }, line: { type: "none" } });
    }
  });

  // Header row
  [["Week", 0.3, 1.3], ["Device / Orthosis", 1.65, 2.0], ["Clinical Rationale (Gait Analysis)", 3.7, 4.5], ["Gait Pattern", 8.25, 1.5]].forEach(([t, x, w]) => {
    s.addText(t, {
      x, y: 0.82, w, h: 0.22,
      fontSize: 9, bold: true, color: C.midGray, fontFace: "Calibri", align: "center", margin: 0,
    });
  });
}

// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// SLIDE 10 – PROGRESS AT 4 WEEKS
// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
{
  const s = pres.addSlide();
  lightSlide(s);
  addHeader(s, "Progress Assessment – Week 4 Gait Analysis", false);
  sectionLabel(s, "Comparison: Baseline vs Week 4");

  s.addText("Outcome Measures", {
    x: 0.3, y: 0.95, w: 9.4, h: 0.3,
    fontSize: 12, bold: true, color: C.navy, fontFace: "Calibri",
  });

  // Table header
  const hCols = [["Measure", 0.3, 2.8], ["Baseline (Wk 0)", 3.15, 2.2], ["Week 4", 5.4, 2.2], ["Change", 7.65, 2.0]];
  hCols.forEach(([t, x, w]) => {
    s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x, y: 1.3, w, h: 0.35, fill: { color: C.navy }, line: { type: "none" } });
    s.addText(t, { x, y: 1.3, w, h: 0.35, fontSize: 10.5, bold: true, color: C.white, fontFace: "Calibri", align: "center", valign: "middle", margin: 0 });
  });

  const rows4 = [
    ["10MWT (m/s)", "0.42", "0.61 ✓", "+45%", true],
    ["6MWT (m)", "105", "162", "+54%", true],
    ["TUG (sec)", "38", "24 ✓", "−37%", true],
    ["FAC Score", "2", "3 ✓", "+1 level", true],
    ["Berg Balance", "22/56", "35/56 ✓", "+13 pts", true],
    ["Stride Length (m)", "0.65", "0.88", "+35%", true],
    ["Knee flex. swing (°)", "5°", "28°", "+23°", true],
    ["TA EMG (swing)", "Absent", "Present (partial)", "Goal met", true],
  ];
  rows4.forEach((row, i) => {
    const y = 1.65 + i * 0.43;
    const bg = i % 2 === 0 ? "F0F8FF" : C.white;
    s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 0.3, y, w: 2.8, h: 0.4, fill: { color: bg }, line: { color: "D5E3ED", width: 0.3 } });
    s.addText(row[0], { x: 0.4, y, w: 2.6, h: 0.4, fontSize: 10, bold: true, color: C.navy, fontFace: "Calibri", valign: "middle", margin: 0 });
    s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 3.15, y, w: 2.2, h: 0.4, fill: { color: bg }, line: { color: "D5E3ED", width: 0.3 } });
    s.addText(row[1], { x: 3.15, y, w: 2.2, h: 0.4, fontSize: 10, color: C.red, fontFace: "Calibri", align: "center", valign: "middle", margin: 0 });
    s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 5.4, y, w: 2.2, h: 0.4, fill: { color: bg }, line: { color: "D5E3ED", width: 0.3 } });
    s.addText(row[2], { x: 5.4, y, w: 2.2, h: 0.4, fontSize: 10, color: C.green, fontFace: "Calibri", align: "center", valign: "middle", margin: 0 });
    s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 7.65, y, w: 2.0, h: 0.4, fill: { color: "E8F5E9" }, line: { color: "D5E3ED", width: 0.3 } });
    s.addText(row[3], { x: 7.65, y, w: 2.0, h: 0.4, fontSize: 10, bold: true, color: C.green, fontFace: "Calibri", align: "center", valign: "middle", margin: 0 });
  });

  s.addText("Short-term goals met: FAC 3 ✓  |  10MWT ≥ 0.6 m/s ✓  |  TUG < 25 sec ✓  |  Berg ≥ 32 ✓  |  Tibialis anterior EMG activation present ✓", {
    x: 0.3, y: 5.18, w: 9.4, h: 0.38,
    fontSize: 10, bold: true, color: C.white, fontFace: "Calibri", fill: { color: C.green }, valign: "middle",
  });
}

// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// SLIDE 11 – FINAL OUTCOMES AT 8 WEEKS
// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
{
  const s = pres.addSlide();
  lightSlide(s);
  addHeader(s, "Final Outcomes – Week 8 Gait Analysis", false);
  sectionLabel(s, "Discharge Assessment");

  // Kinematic improvements
  card(s, 0.3, 1.05, 4.5, 4.2, C.white);
  s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 0.3, y: 1.05, w: 4.5, h: 0.38, fill: { color: C.navy }, line: { type: "none" } });
  s.addText("Functional & Kinematic Outcomes", { x: 0.3, y: 1.05, w: 4.5, h: 0.38, fontSize: 11, bold: true, color: C.gold, fontFace: "Calibri", align: "center", valign: "middle", margin: 0 });
  const wk8 = [
    ["10MWT", "0.82 m/s  ✓  (Goal: 0.8)"],
    ["6MWT", "268 m  ✓  (Goal: 250 m)"],
    ["TUG", "14.2 sec  ✓  (Goal: <15)"],
    ["FAC Score", "4 – Independent level  ✓"],
    ["Berg Balance", "47/56  ✓  (Goal: 45)"],
    ["Stride Length", "1.18 m  (Norm: 1.3)"],
    ["Knee flex. swing", "48°  (Norm: 60°)"],
    ["Weight distribution", "43% right / 57% left"],
    ["Gait symmetry", "Improved – ratio 0.82"],
  ];
  wk8.forEach(([lbl, val], i) => {
    s.addText(lbl + ":", { x: 0.45, y: 1.52 + i * 0.38, w: 1.6, h: 0.32, fontSize: 10, bold: true, color: C.teal, fontFace: "Calibri", margin: 0 });
    s.addText(val, { x: 2.1, y: 1.52 + i * 0.38, w: 2.5, h: 0.32, fontSize: 10, color: C.navy, fontFace: "Calibri", margin: 0 });
  });

  // Clinical interpretation
  card(s, 5.1, 1.05, 4.6, 4.2, C.white);
  s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 5.1, y: 1.05, w: 4.6, h: 0.38, fill: { color: C.teal }, line: { type: "none" } });
  s.addText("Clinical Interpretation & Discharge Plan", { x: 5.1, y: 1.05, w: 4.6, h: 0.38, fontSize: 11, bold: true, color: C.white, fontFace: "Calibri", align: "center", valign: "middle", margin: 0 });
  s.addText([
    bullet("All long-term goals met or near-met"),
    bullet("Achieved limited community ambulation (FAC 4)"),
    bullet("Gait speed crossed household threshold (0.8 m/s)"),
    { text: " ", options: { breakLine: true } },
    bullet("Residual deficits at discharge:", true),
    subBullet("Knee flexion in swing still reduced (48° vs 60°)"),
    subBullet("Mild residual asymmetry in weight distribution"),
    subBullet("Push-off still reduced — ongoing calf strengthening"),
    { text: " ", options: { breakLine: true } },
    bullet("Discharge plan:", true),
    subBullet("Standard cane for community; AFO for uneven terrain"),
    subBullet("Home exercise programme (HEP) provided"),
    subBullet("Monthly outpatient gait review for 3 months"),
    subBullet("Wearable IMU provided for step count monitoring"),
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// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// SLIDE 12 – GAIT ANALYSIS TOOLS USED
// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
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    { name: "Force Plates", icon: "⚡", desc: "Ground reaction force measurement; timing and magnitude of loading, weight acceptance, and push-off", use: "Kinetic analysis; symmetry ratios" },
    { name: "Surface EMG", icon: "📡", desc: "Activation patterns of TA, gastrocnemius, quadriceps, hamstrings, gluteus medius during gait cycle", use: "Muscle timing analysis; FES targeting" },
    { name: "Pedobarography", icon: "👣", desc: "Foot pressure distribution mapping; identification of equinovarus, lateral loading patterns, toe-off deficits", use: "AFO prescription; plantar pressure outcomes" },
    { name: "IMU Wearables", icon: "📱", desc: "Accelerometers + gyroscopes in wearable patches; real-world gait monitoring outside the lab", use: "Weekly community ambulation monitoring" },
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// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// SLIDE 13 – RECENT ADVANCES
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        "CNN models classify stroke gait patterns from IMU data automatically",
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        "Lokomat: exoskeleton + BWSTT with kinematic feedback",
        "Meta-analysis (Chen et al., 2024): RAGT significantly improves gait speed, balance, kinematics post-stroke",
        "Cochrane review (Mehrholz 2025): Electromechanical training improves independent walking odds post-stroke",
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        "Gait event-triggered FES activates TA at toe-off automatically",
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// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// SLIDE 14 – CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
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    { num: "01", title: "Precision Treatment Planning", color: C.navy, text: "Gait analysis identifies the specific phase and mechanism of each deviation. This case: EMG showed absent TA activation → targeted FES, not generic exercise. Kinematic analysis showed stiff knee → specific RAGT and biofeedback, not generic strengthening." },
    { num: "02", title: "Objective Outcome Measurement", color: C.teal, text: "Quantitative gait data (m/s, symmetry ratio, joint angles) allows precise tracking of recovery. Surgical recommendation changes 52% of the time when objective gait data is added to clinical observation (Campbell's 2026). Same principle applies to physiotherapy decision-making." },
    { num: "03", title: "Assistive Device Optimisation", color: C.orange, text: "Gait analysis directs progression: from walker → quad cane → standard cane in this case, each justified by improved FAC, balance score, and kinematic data. AFO type (rigid vs hinged) was chosen based on spasticity grade and kinematic ankle data." },
    { num: "04", title: "Neuroplasticity-Based Training", color: C.green, text: "Task-specific, high-repetition gait training drives cortical reorganisation. BWSTT + RAGT maximise stepping repetitions. Gait analysis confirms that the correct sensory input (heel strike, weight acceptance) is being delivered to the nervous system." },
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// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// SLIDE 15 – REFERENCES & CONCLUSION
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  const refs = [
    "1. Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 15th Ed (2026). Gait Analysis in Cerebral Palsy.",
    "2. Chen S et al. (2024). Robot-assisted gait training post-stroke. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. PMID: 38647534",
    "3. Mehrholz J et al. (2025). Electromechanical-assisted training for walking after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. PMID: 40365867",
    "4. Choi JY et al. (2024). Overground gait training with wearable robot in CP. JAMA Netw Open. PMID: 39037815",
    "5. Bavan L et al. (2026). Wearable inertial sensors for paediatric gait assessment. Gait Posture. PMID: 42105725",
    "6. Gu B et al. (2026). Wearable sensors for health monitoring. JMIR mHealth uHealth. PMID: 41511829",
    "7. Khant M et al. (2025). Deep learning for stride-to-stride muscle activity estimation. Sci Rep.",
    "8. O'Sullivan & Schmitz. Physical Rehabilitation, 7th Ed. JBLearning. Ch. 14.",
    "9. Norkin CC & White DJ. Measurement of Joint Motion, 5th Ed.",
  ];
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// ── Write file ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
pres.writeFile({ fileName: "/home/daytona/workspace/gait-stroke-ppt/Gait_Analysis_Stroke_Rehab_Case_Study.pptx" })
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Running Command

cd /home/daytona/workspace/gait-stroke-ppt && node build.js

Running Command

ls -lh /home/daytona/workspace/gait-stroke-ppt/

Your presentation is ready - 475 KB, 15 fully designed slides.

Gait Analysis Stroke Rehab Case Study

Presentation · PPTX


What's Inside (15 Slides)

SlideContent
1Title slide - dark navy with gold accents
2Presentation overview - 8-topic visual index
3Patient introduction - Mr. A.K., 58yr, right hemiplegia post L-MCA stroke, demographics + clinical presentation
4Baseline gait assessment - FAC 2, 10MWT, 6MWT, TUG, Berg, cadence, stride length (all flagged in red vs norms)
5Instrumented gait analysis - 3-column layout: Kinematic / Kinetic / EMG findings
6Gait deviations table - phase-by-phase: deviation + primary cause + PT strategy
7SMART goals - short-term (4 weeks) vs long-term (8 weeks) side-by-side
8Rehabilitation programme - 6 evidence-based interventions (BWSTT, RAGT, FES, neuromuscular, balance, task-specific training)
9Assistive device progression - Week-by-week table: Parallel bars → Walker+AFO → Quad cane → Standard cane+FES
104-week progress - comparison table with colour-coded improvements, goals met confirmed
118-week discharge outcomes - all long-term goals met; FAC 2 → FAC 4
12Gait analysis tools used - 6 cards: 3D motion capture, force plates, EMG, pedobarography, IMU wearables, clinical tests
13Recent advances - dark themed, 6 boxes: AI/ML, RAGT, wearables, VR, markerless capture, FES with citations (PMID included)
14Clinical implications - 4 pillars: precision planning, objective measurement, device optimisation, neuroplasticity
15Conclusion + 9 key references + thank you banner
Color scheme: Navy dominant background, teal supporting, gold accent - professional medical presentation aesthetic. All evidence cited (Chen 2024, Mehrholz 2025, Campbell's 2026, Bavan 2026).
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