Gait Training, Pre ambulation programme, assistive devices and gait patterns, Recent advances in analysis of Gait. 20 marks MPT level answer
"gait analysis" AND "wearable sensors" AND rehabilitation
"robot-assisted gait training" AND rehabilitation
gait training pre-ambulation program assistive devices gait patterns physiotherapy MPT
https://samples.jblearning.com/0763730459/30549_ch14_235_264…
"gait analysis" AND "machine learning" OR "artificial intelligence"
recent advances gait analysis 2024 2025 wearable IMU AI machine learning clinical
| Category | Abbreviation | Definition |
|---|---|---|
| Non-Weight Bearing | NWB | No weight at all on the involved limb |
| Toe-Touch Weight Bearing | TTWB | Only toe touches for balance; minimal load |
| Partial Weight Bearing | PWB | Specified percentage (e.g. 20-50%) of body weight allowed |
| Weight Bearing as Tolerated | WBAT | Patient tolerates as much weight as comfortable |
| Full Weight Bearing | FWB | No restriction |
| Component | Key Points |
|---|---|
| Gait training | Task-specific, repetitive, progressive; neuroplasticity-driven |
| Pre-ambulation | Bed exercises → sitting balance → standing → parallel bars → devices |
| Assistive devices | Canes (mild) → crutches (moderate) → walkers (severe); fit to trochanteric height |
| Gait patterns | 4-point (safest) → 2-point → 3-point → modified 3-point → swing-to → swing-through (fastest/least stable) |
| Gait analysis advances | IMUs, wearable EMG, AI/ML, RAGT, BWSTT, VR, markerless capture |
Make a case study presentation on gait analysis application in stroke rehabilitation
mkdir -p /home/daytona/workspace/gait-stroke-ppt && ls /home/daytona/workspace/
~/gait-stroke-ppt/build.js
const pptxgen = require("pptxgenjs");
const pres = new pptxgen();
pres.layout = "LAYOUT_16x9";
pres.title = "Gait Analysis in Stroke Rehabilitation - Case Study";
pres.author = "MPT Physiotherapy";
// ── Color palette ──────────────────────────────────────────────
const C = {
navy: "0D2B55", // dominant dark
teal: "1A7A8A", // supporting
gold: "E8A020", // accent
white: "FFFFFF",
light: "EDF4F7", // content bg
midGray: "5A6A78",
red: "C0392B",
green: "1E7E5A",
orange: "E06020",
};
// ── Reusable helpers ───────────────────────────────────────────
function darkSlide(slide) {
slide.background = { color: C.navy };
}
function lightSlide(slide) {
slide.background = { color: C.light };
}
function addHeader(slide, title, isDark) {
const fg = isDark ? C.white : C.navy;
// accent bar
slide.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 0, y: 0, w: 10, h: 0.08, fill: { color: C.gold } });
slide.addText(title, {
x: 0.4, y: 0.12, w: 9.2, h: 0.55,
fontSize: 20, bold: true, color: fg, fontFace: "Calibri",
});
// divider line
slide.addShape(pres.ShapeType.line, {
x: 0.4, y: 0.72, w: 9.2, h: 0,
line: { color: C.gold, width: 1.5 },
});
}
function sectionLabel(slide, label) {
slide.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, {
x: 0.4, y: 0.85, w: 2.4, h: 0.32,
fill: { color: C.teal }, line: { type: "none" },
});
slide.addText(label, {
x: 0.4, y: 0.85, w: 2.4, h: 0.32,
fontSize: 9, bold: true, color: C.white, align: "center", valign: "middle",
fontFace: "Calibri", margin: 0,
});
}
function card(slide, x, y, w, h, fillColor) {
slide.addShape(pres.ShapeType.roundRect, {
x, y, w, h,
fill: { color: fillColor || C.white },
line: { color: "D0DDE5", width: 0.5 },
rectRadius: 0.08,
});
}
function bullet(text, bold) {
return { text, options: { bullet: { code: "25B8" }, color: C.navy, fontSize: 12, bold: !!bold, breakLine: true, fontFace: "Calibri" } };
}
function subBullet(text) {
return { text, options: { bullet: { code: "25E6" }, indentLevel: 1, color: C.midGray, fontSize: 11, breakLine: true, fontFace: "Calibri" } };
}
// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// SLIDE 1 – TITLE
// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
{
const s = pres.addSlide();
darkSlide(s);
// left accent strip
s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 0, y: 0, w: 0.18, h: 5.625, fill: { color: C.gold } });
// brain-wave visual strip
s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 0.18, y: 0, w: 9.82, h: 5.625, fill: { color: C.navy } });
// main title box
s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, {
x: 0.5, y: 1.1, w: 9, h: 2.6,
fill: { color: "112040" }, line: { type: "none" },
});
s.addText("GAIT ANALYSIS IN\nSTROKE REHABILITATION", {
x: 0.5, y: 1.2, w: 9, h: 1.6,
fontSize: 36, bold: true, color: C.white, fontFace: "Calibri",
align: "center", valign: "middle",
});
s.addText("A Comprehensive Case Study", {
x: 0.5, y: 2.82, w: 9, h: 0.5,
fontSize: 18, color: C.gold, fontFace: "Calibri", align: "center", italic: true,
});
// bottom bar
s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 0.5, y: 3.7, w: 9, h: 0.05, fill: { color: C.teal } });
s.addText([
{ text: "Presenter: MPT (Neurological Physiotherapy) • ", options: { color: "A0B4C8", fontSize: 11, fontFace: "Calibri" } },
{ text: "Date: June 2026", options: { color: C.gold, fontSize: 11, fontFace: "Calibri" } },
], { x: 0.5, y: 3.85, w: 9, h: 0.4, align: "center" });
s.addText([
{ text: "Department of Neurological Rehabilitation", options: { color: "708090", fontSize: 10, fontFace: "Calibri", breakLine: true } },
{ text: "MPT Case Presentation", options: { color: C.teal, fontSize: 10, fontFace: "Calibri" } },
], { x: 0.5, y: 4.5, w: 9, h: 0.7, align: "center" });
}
// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// SLIDE 2 – PRESENTATION OVERVIEW
// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
{
const s = pres.addSlide();
lightSlide(s);
addHeader(s, "Presentation Overview", false);
const items = [
{ num: "01", label: "Patient Introduction", sub: "Demographics, diagnosis, referral" },
{ num: "02", label: "Baseline Gait Assessment", sub: "Clinical + instrumented findings" },
{ num: "03", label: "Gait Deviations Identified", sub: "Kinematic, kinetic, EMG analysis" },
{ num: "04", label: "Goal Setting", sub: "SMART goals & expected outcomes" },
{ num: "05", label: "Rehabilitation Programme", sub: "Evidence-based interventions" },
{ num: "06", label: "Progress & Reassessment", sub: "4-week & 8-week gait data comparison" },
{ num: "07", label: "Outcome & Discharge", sub: "Functional outcomes and home plan" },
{ num: "08", label: "Clinical Implications", sub: "Gait analysis in stroke practice" },
];
const cols = 4;
const boxW = 2.2, boxH = 1.0, gapX = 0.15, gapY = 0.22;
const startX = 0.3, startY = 1.0;
items.forEach((item, i) => {
const col = i % cols;
const row = Math.floor(i / cols);
const x = startX + col * (boxW + gapX);
const y = startY + row * (boxH + gapY);
s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.roundRect, {
x, y, w: boxW, h: boxH,
fill: { color: C.navy }, line: { type: "none" }, rectRadius: 0.1,
});
s.addText(item.num, {
x: x + 0.08, y: y + 0.06, w: 0.45, h: 0.35,
fontSize: 18, bold: true, color: C.gold, fontFace: "Calibri", margin: 0,
});
s.addText(item.label, {
x: x + 0.08, y: y + 0.38, w: boxW - 0.16, h: 0.3,
fontSize: 11, bold: true, color: C.white, fontFace: "Calibri", margin: 0,
});
s.addText(item.sub, {
x: x + 0.08, y: y + 0.65, w: boxW - 0.16, h: 0.28,
fontSize: 9, color: "A8C0D0", fontFace: "Calibri", margin: 0,
});
});
}
// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// SLIDE 3 – PATIENT INTRODUCTION
// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
{
const s = pres.addSlide();
lightSlide(s);
addHeader(s, "Patient Introduction", false);
sectionLabel(s, "Case Demographics");
// Left column - demographics
card(s, 0.3, 1.0, 4.4, 3.9, C.white);
s.addText("Patient Profile", {
x: 0.4, y: 1.08, w: 4.2, h: 0.35,
fontSize: 13, bold: true, color: C.navy, fontFace: "Calibri",
});
const demo = [
["Name (ID)", "Mr. A.K. | Male, 58 years"],
["Diagnosis", "Left MCA ischemic stroke"],
["Onset", "8 weeks prior to admission"],
["Dominance", "Right-handed"],
["Affected side", "Right hemiplegia"],
["Co-morbidities", "Hypertension, T2DM"],
["Occupation", "Retired school teacher"],
["BMI", "27.4 kg/m²"],
];
demo.forEach(([lbl, val], i) => {
s.addText(lbl + ":", {
x: 0.45, y: 1.55 + i * 0.38, w: 1.5, h: 0.3,
fontSize: 10.5, bold: true, color: C.teal, fontFace: "Calibri", margin: 0,
});
s.addText(val, {
x: 2.0, y: 1.55 + i * 0.38, w: 2.5, h: 0.3,
fontSize: 10.5, color: C.navy, fontFace: "Calibri", margin: 0,
});
});
// Right column - clinical presentation
card(s, 5.0, 1.0, 4.7, 3.9, C.white);
s.addText("Clinical Presentation at Referral", {
x: 5.1, y: 1.08, w: 4.5, h: 0.35,
fontSize: 13, bold: true, color: C.navy, fontFace: "Calibri",
});
s.addText([
bullet("Chief complaint: Unable to walk independently"),
bullet("Right upper & lower limb spasticity (MAS Grade 2)"),
bullet("Foot drop on right side (weak dorsiflexors)"),
bullet("Shoulder subluxation – right shoulder"),
bullet("Cognitive status: Intact (MMSE 26/30)"),
bullet("Mood: Mild depression (PHQ-9: 10)"),
bullet("Prior to stroke: Independent ambulation, active lifestyle"),
bullet("Referred by: Neurologist for gait rehabilitation"),
], { x: 5.1, y: 1.55, w: 4.4, h: 3.2 });
}
// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// SLIDE 4 – BASELINE GAIT ASSESSMENT
// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
{
const s = pres.addSlide();
lightSlide(s);
addHeader(s, "Baseline Gait Assessment", false);
sectionLabel(s, "Week 0 – Initial Evaluation");
// FAC score banner
s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 0.3, y: 1.0, w: 9.4, h: 0.55, fill: { color: C.navy }, line: { type: "none" } });
s.addText("Functional Ambulation Category (FAC) Score at Baseline: FAC 2 — Requires continuous support from one person", {
x: 0.4, y: 1.05, w: 9.2, h: 0.45,
fontSize: 11.5, color: C.gold, bold: true, fontFace: "Calibri", valign: "middle",
});
// Outcome measures
const measures = [
{ title: "10-Metre Walk Test", val: "0.42 m/s", norm: "1.2–1.4 m/s", status: "red" },
{ title: "6-Minute Walk Test", val: "105 m", norm: "400–700 m", status: "red" },
{ title: "Timed Up & Go (TUG)", val: "38 sec", norm: "< 12 sec", status: "red" },
{ title: "Stride Length", val: "0.65 m", norm: "1.3–1.5 m", status: "red" },
{ title: "Cadence", val: "62 steps/min", norm: "100–120/min", status: "red" },
{ title: "Berg Balance Scale", val: "22/56", norm: "> 45", status: "red" },
];
const mW = 3.0, mH = 0.85, gX = 0.22, gY = 0.18;
const mStartX = 0.3, mStartY = 1.65;
measures.forEach((m, i) => {
const col = i % 3;
const row = Math.floor(i / 3);
const x = mStartX + col * (mW + gX);
const y = mStartY + row * (mH + gY);
card(s, x, y, mW, mH, C.white);
s.addText(m.title, {
x: x + 0.1, y: y + 0.06, w: mW - 0.2, h: 0.28,
fontSize: 10, bold: true, color: C.navy, fontFace: "Calibri", margin: 0,
});
s.addText(m.val, {
x: x + 0.1, y: y + 0.33, w: mW - 0.2, h: 0.3,
fontSize: 17, bold: true, color: C.red, fontFace: "Calibri", margin: 0,
});
s.addText("Norm: " + m.norm, {
x: x + 0.1, y: y + 0.6, w: mW - 0.2, h: 0.2,
fontSize: 9, color: C.midGray, fontFace: "Calibri", margin: 0,
});
});
s.addText("Observational Gait Analysis: Circumduction gait, hip hiking, reduced knee flexion in swing, foot drop, reduced arm swing (right)", {
x: 0.3, y: 4.55, w: 9.4, h: 0.65,
fontSize: 10, color: C.navy, fontFace: "Calibri", italic: true,
fill: { color: "DDEEF5" }, valign: "middle",
});
}
// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// SLIDE 5 – INSTRUMENTED GAIT ANALYSIS FINDINGS
// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
{
const s = pres.addSlide();
lightSlide(s);
addHeader(s, "Instrumented Gait Analysis – Baseline Findings", false);
sectionLabel(s, "3D Motion Capture + EMG + Pedobarography");
// Three columns
const cols = [
{
title: "Kinematic Analysis",
color: C.navy,
items: [
"Reduced hip extension at terminal stance (−5° vs +10° normal)",
"Knee hyperextension in mid-stance (genu recurvatum)",
"Absent knee flexion in swing (5° vs 60° normal)",
"Reduced ankle dorsiflexion at initial contact (foot drop)",
"Pelvic hike +12° compensating for toe clearance",
"Trunk lateral lean toward affected side",
]
},
{
title: "Kinetic Analysis",
color: C.teal,
items: [
"Reduced vertical GRF on right (52% body weight vs 100%)",
"Delayed weight acceptance on right",
"Reduced push-off GRF — weak plantar flexors",
"Asymmetrical loading: 65% left / 35% right",
"Reduced propulsive impulse",
"Increased double-support phase (48% vs 20% normal)",
]
},
{
title: "EMG Analysis",
color: C.orange,
items: [
"Tibialis anterior: absent activation in swing (foot drop)",
"Gastrocnemius: premature activation (early stance)",
"Rectus femoris: prolonged stance-phase activation",
"Hamstrings: co-contraction with quadriceps (stiff knee)",
"Gluteus medius: weak & delayed activation",
"Erector spinae: asymmetric excessive activation",
]
},
];
cols.forEach((col, i) => {
const x = 0.22 + i * 3.25;
s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, {
x, y: 1.0, w: 3.1, h: 0.42,
fill: { color: col.color }, line: { type: "none" },
});
s.addText(col.title, {
x: x + 0.08, y: 1.02, w: 3.0, h: 0.38,
fontSize: 11.5, bold: true, color: C.white, fontFace: "Calibri", valign: "middle", margin: 0,
});
card(s, x, 1.42, 3.1, 3.8, C.white);
col.items.forEach((item, j) => {
s.addText("▸ " + item, {
x: x + 0.1, y: 1.52 + j * 0.59, w: 2.9, h: 0.55,
fontSize: 9.5, color: C.navy, fontFace: "Calibri", wrap: true, margin: 0,
});
});
});
s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 0, y: 5.25, w: 10, h: 0.375, fill: { color: C.navy } });
s.addText("Pedobarography: Reduced plantar pressure under right forefoot; increased pressure under lateral midfoot — equinovarus pattern", {
x: 0.3, y: 5.28, w: 9.4, h: 0.32,
fontSize: 9.5, color: C.gold, fontFace: "Calibri", valign: "middle",
});
}
// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// SLIDE 6 – GAIT DEVIATIONS ANALYSIS
// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
{
const s = pres.addSlide();
lightSlide(s);
addHeader(s, "Gait Deviations – Analysis and Causes", false);
sectionLabel(s, "Problem-Cause-Strategy Framework");
s.addText("Gait Cycle Phase", { x: 0.3, y: 0.95, w: 2.2, h: 0.3, fontSize: 10, bold: true, color: C.white, fontFace: "Calibri", fill: { color: C.navy }, align: "center", valign: "middle", margin: 0 });
s.addText("Deviation Observed", { x: 2.55, y: 0.95, w: 2.6, h: 0.3, fontSize: 10, bold: true, color: C.white, fontFace: "Calibri", fill: { color: C.teal }, align: "center", valign: "middle", margin: 0 });
s.addText("Primary Cause", { x: 5.2, y: 0.95, w: 2.3, h: 0.3, fontSize: 10, bold: true, color: C.white, fontFace: "Calibri", fill: { color: C.orange }, align: "center", valign: "middle", margin: 0 });
s.addText("Physiotherapy Strategy", { x: 7.55, y: 0.95, w: 2.2, h: 0.3, fontSize: 10, bold: true, color: C.white, fontFace: "Calibri", fill: { color: C.green }, align: "center", valign: "middle", margin: 0 });
const rows = [
["Initial Contact", "Foot drop (no heel strike)", "Tibialis anterior weakness", "AFO, FES, TA strengthening"],
["Loading Response", "Reduced wt acceptance right", "Weakness + fear", "WB training, biofeedback"],
["Mid-stance", "Genu recurvatum (knee hyperext.)", "Quad spasticity / weakness", "Knee brace, quad control ex."],
["Terminal Stance", "Reduced push-off", "Plantar flexor weakness", "Calf strengthening, RAGT"],
["Pre-swing", "Increased double support time", "Poor balance & timing", "Balance training, treadmill"],
["Swing Phase", "Circumduction / hip hiking", "Foot drop + weak hip flex.", "FES, hip flexor activation"],
["Trunk / Pelvis", "Lateral trunk lean", "Weak gluteus medius", "Lateral hip strengthening"],
];
rows.forEach((row, i) => {
const y = 1.35 + i * 0.52;
const bg = i % 2 === 0 ? "F0F6FA" : C.white;
[0.3, 2.55, 5.2, 7.55].forEach((x, ci) => {
const w = [2.2, 2.6, 2.3, 2.2][ci];
s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x, y, w, h: 0.48, fill: { color: bg }, line: { color: "D5E3ED", width: 0.3 } });
s.addText(row[ci], {
x: x + 0.08, y: y + 0.04, w: w - 0.14, h: 0.4,
fontSize: 9.5, color: C.navy, fontFace: "Calibri", wrap: true, valign: "middle", margin: 0,
});
});
});
}
// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// SLIDE 7 – GOAL SETTING
// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
{
const s = pres.addSlide();
lightSlide(s);
addHeader(s, "Goal Setting – SMART Framework", false);
sectionLabel(s, "Short-Term (4 weeks) & Long-Term (8 weeks)");
// Short-term
s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 0.3, y: 1.1, w: 4.5, h: 0.38, fill: { color: C.teal }, line: { type: "none" } });
s.addText("SHORT-TERM GOALS (4 Weeks)", {
x: 0.3, y: 1.1, w: 4.5, h: 0.38,
fontSize: 12, bold: true, color: C.white, fontFace: "Calibri", align: "center", valign: "middle", margin: 0,
});
card(s, 0.3, 1.48, 4.5, 3.7, C.white);
s.addText([
bullet("Improve FAC score from 2 to 3 (requires supervision)"),
subBullet("Patient able to walk 10m with supervision + AFO"),
bullet("Increase 10MWT speed to ≥ 0.6 m/s"),
subBullet("Indicate transition to limited community walking"),
bullet("Reduce TUG time to < 25 seconds"),
bullet("Improve Berg Balance Score to ≥ 32/56"),
bullet("Achieve controlled knee flexion in swing (≥ 30°)"),
subBullet("Via 3D motion analysis at Week 4"),
bullet("Activate tibialis anterior during swing (EMG biofeedback)"),
bullet("Patient education: weight-bearing and fall prevention"),
], { x: 0.45, y: 1.56, w: 4.2, h: 3.5 });
// Long-term
s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x: 5.2, y: 1.1, w: 4.5, h: 0.38, fill: { color: C.navy }, line: { type: "none" } });
s.addText("LONG-TERM GOALS (8 Weeks)", {
x: 5.2, y: 1.1, w: 4.5, h: 0.38,
fontSize: 12, bold: true, color: C.gold, fontFace: "Calibri", align: "center", valign: "middle", margin: 0,
});
card(s, 5.2, 1.48, 4.5, 3.7, C.white);
s.addText([
bullet("Achieve FAC 4 (independent on level surfaces)"),
subBullet("Independent ambulation without therapist supervision"),
bullet("10MWT speed ≥ 0.8 m/s (household ambulation)"),
subBullet("Classified as limited community ambulatory"),
bullet("6MWT ≥ 250 m (community ambulation threshold)"),
bullet("TUG < 15 seconds (reduced fall risk)"),
bullet("Berg Balance Score ≥ 45/56"),
bullet("Symmetric weight distribution: 45–55% right"),
subBullet("Confirmed by pedobarography and force plates"),
bullet("Return to outdoor ambulation on uneven surfaces"),
bullet("Home exercise programme independence"),
], { x: 5.35, y: 1.56, w: 4.2, h: 3.5 });
}
// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// SLIDE 8 – REHABILITATION PROGRAMME
// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
{
const s = pres.addSlide();
lightSlide(s);
addHeader(s, "Evidence-Based Rehabilitation Programme", false);
sectionLabel(s, "Gait Analysis-Guided Intervention Plan");
const interventions = [
{
title: "1. Task-Specific Gait Training",
color: C.navy,
points: ["Overground gait training 45 min/day, 5x/week", "Progressive speed & distance targets", "Dual-task training (cognitive + motor)", "Obstacle negotiation & uneven surfaces"],
},
{
title: "2. Body-Weight Supported Treadmill (BWSTT)",
color: C.teal,
points: ["20–30% BWS initial → progressive reduction", "Treadmill speed 0.3 m/s → 0.8 m/s", "High repetition stepping for neuroplasticity", "Manual facilitation of swing-phase knee flexion"],
},
{
title: "3. Robot-Assisted Gait Training",
color: C.orange,
points: ["Lokomat 3x/week (Weeks 1–4)", "Guided physiological gait trajectory", "Real-time kinematic biofeedback", "Evidence: Meta-analysis (Chen 2024, PMID 38647534)"],
},
{
title: "4. Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES)",
color: C.green,
points: ["Peroneal nerve FES for foot drop correction", "Triggered at toe-off for swing-phase activation", "Tibialis anterior strengthening (30 min/day)", "Reduces circumduction & energy cost"],
},
{
title: "5. Neuromuscular Strengthening",
color: "7B1FA2",
points: ["Gluteus medius: clam shells, lateral band walks", "Quadriceps: sit-to-stand, step-ups", "Plantar flexors: calf raises, resistance band", "Tibialis anterior: resisted dorsiflexion"],
},
{
title: "6. Balance & Proprioception Training",
color: "0277BD",
points: ["Perturbation training on foam surface", "Single-leg stance progression", "Weight-shift biofeedback platform", "Ankle strategy facilitation"],
},
];
const colW = 3.0, colH = 2.2, gX = 0.2, gY = 0.18;
const startX = 0.28, startY = 1.05;
interventions.forEach((intv, i) => {
const col = i % 3;
const row = Math.floor(i / 3);
const x = startX + col * (colW + gX);
const y = startY + row * (colH + gY);
s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.roundRect, { x, y, w: colW, h: colH, fill: { color: intv.color }, line: { type: "none" }, rectRadius: 0.08 });
s.addText(intv.title, {
x: x + 0.1, y: y + 0.1, w: colW - 0.2, h: 0.42,
fontSize: 10, bold: true, color: C.white, fontFace: "Calibri", wrap: true, margin: 0,
});
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// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// SLIDE 9 – ASSISTIVE DEVICE PROGRESSION
// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
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addHeader(s, "Assistive Device & Orthotic Progression", false);
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{ week: "Weeks 1–2", device: "Parallel Bars\n+ Therapist Assist", reason: "Maximum support; safe initiation of stance & step training; assessment of weight-bearing capacity", gait: "3-point\ngait (modified)" },
{ week: "Weeks 3–4", device: "4-Wheeled Walker\n+ AFO (Ankle-Foot Orthosis)", reason: "Transition to device ambulation; AFO controls foot drop (rigid or hinged type based on spasticity grade)", gait: "Modified 3-point\n→ 2-point" },
{ week: "Weeks 5–6", device: "Quad Cane\n+ AFO", reason: "Improved balance allows progression from walker; quad cane provides wider base for hemiplegic gait", gait: "2-point gait\n(contralateral cane)" },
{ week: "Weeks 7–8", device: "Standard Cane\n(+ FES instead of AFO)", reason: "Near-independent ambulation; FES replaces static AFO for active muscle stimulation; cane held in left hand", gait: "Reciprocal 2-point\nor independent" },
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// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// SLIDE 10 – PROGRESS AT 4 WEEKS
// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
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["FAC Score", "2", "3 ✓", "+1 level", true],
["Berg Balance", "22/56", "35/56 ✓", "+13 pts", true],
["Stride Length (m)", "0.65", "0.88", "+35%", true],
["Knee flex. swing (°)", "5°", "28°", "+23°", true],
["TA EMG (swing)", "Absent", "Present (partial)", "Goal met", true],
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// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// SLIDE 11 – FINAL OUTCOMES AT 8 WEEKS
// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
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["TUG", "14.2 sec ✓ (Goal: <15)"],
["FAC Score", "4 – Independent level ✓"],
["Berg Balance", "47/56 ✓ (Goal: 45)"],
["Stride Length", "1.18 m (Norm: 1.3)"],
["Knee flex. swing", "48° (Norm: 60°)"],
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bullet("Discharge plan:", true),
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// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// SLIDE 12 – GAIT ANALYSIS TOOLS USED
// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
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{ name: "3D Motion Capture", icon: "🎥", desc: "Retroreflective markers on skeletal landmarks; high-speed cameras from multiple angles; 3D kinematic waveforms for each joint", use: "Kinematic analysis at baseline & discharge" },
{ name: "Force Plates", icon: "⚡", desc: "Ground reaction force measurement; timing and magnitude of loading, weight acceptance, and push-off", use: "Kinetic analysis; symmetry ratios" },
{ name: "Surface EMG", icon: "📡", desc: "Activation patterns of TA, gastrocnemius, quadriceps, hamstrings, gluteus medius during gait cycle", use: "Muscle timing analysis; FES targeting" },
{ name: "Pedobarography", icon: "👣", desc: "Foot pressure distribution mapping; identification of equinovarus, lateral loading patterns, toe-off deficits", use: "AFO prescription; plantar pressure outcomes" },
{ name: "IMU Wearables", icon: "📱", desc: "Accelerometers + gyroscopes in wearable patches; real-world gait monitoring outside the lab", use: "Weekly community ambulation monitoring" },
{ name: "Clinical Tests", icon: "📋", desc: "10MWT, 6MWT, TUG, FAC, Berg Balance Scale — standardised outcome tools applied at each assessment point", use: "Functional outcome measurement" },
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// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// SLIDE 13 – RECENT ADVANCES
// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
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items: [
"CNN models classify stroke gait patterns from IMU data automatically",
"Deep learning estimates EMG-equivalent muscle activity without electrodes (Khant et al., 2025)",
"Real-time fall risk prediction via edge-AI / TinyML on wearable chips",
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{
title: "Robot-Assisted Gait Training",
color: "1A7A5A",
items: [
"Lokomat: exoskeleton + BWSTT with kinematic feedback",
"Meta-analysis (Chen et al., 2024): RAGT significantly improves gait speed, balance, kinematics post-stroke",
"Cochrane review (Mehrholz 2025): Electromechanical training improves independent walking odds post-stroke",
]
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{
title: "Wearable IMU Systems",
color: "6E2FA0",
items: [
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"Validated for spatiotemporal gait parameters (Bavan et al., 2026)",
"Enables telerehabilitation and remote gait monitoring post-discharge",
]
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{
title: "Virtual Reality & Biofeedback",
color: "1A5E8A",
items: [
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"Real-time visual/auditory gait biofeedback during walking",
"Increases engagement and task specificity in gait retraining",
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{
title: "Markerless Motion Capture",
color: "7A4010",
items: [
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title: "FES & Closed-Loop Control",
color: "1A7085",
items: [
"Gait event-triggered FES activates TA at toe-off automatically",
"Closed-loop FES systems adapt stimulation to real-time gait kinematics",
"Portable FES systems (e.g. WalkAide, Bioness) shown effective in community use",
]
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];
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// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// SLIDE 14 – CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
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{ num: "01", title: "Precision Treatment Planning", color: C.navy, text: "Gait analysis identifies the specific phase and mechanism of each deviation. This case: EMG showed absent TA activation → targeted FES, not generic exercise. Kinematic analysis showed stiff knee → specific RAGT and biofeedback, not generic strengthening." },
{ num: "02", title: "Objective Outcome Measurement", color: C.teal, text: "Quantitative gait data (m/s, symmetry ratio, joint angles) allows precise tracking of recovery. Surgical recommendation changes 52% of the time when objective gait data is added to clinical observation (Campbell's 2026). Same principle applies to physiotherapy decision-making." },
{ num: "03", title: "Assistive Device Optimisation", color: C.orange, text: "Gait analysis directs progression: from walker → quad cane → standard cane in this case, each justified by improved FAC, balance score, and kinematic data. AFO type (rigid vs hinged) was chosen based on spasticity grade and kinematic ankle data." },
{ num: "04", title: "Neuroplasticity-Based Training", color: C.green, text: "Task-specific, high-repetition gait training drives cortical reorganisation. BWSTT + RAGT maximise stepping repetitions. Gait analysis confirms that the correct sensory input (heel strike, weight acceptance) is being delivered to the nervous system." },
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// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// SLIDE 15 – REFERENCES & CONCLUSION
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{ text: "• Each deviation was addressed with a targeted, evidence-based intervention\n", options: { color: "B0CCE0", fontSize: 10.5, fontFace: "Calibri", breakLine: true } },
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const refs = [
"1. Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 15th Ed (2026). Gait Analysis in Cerebral Palsy.",
"2. Chen S et al. (2024). Robot-assisted gait training post-stroke. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. PMID: 38647534",
"3. Mehrholz J et al. (2025). Electromechanical-assisted training for walking after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. PMID: 40365867",
"4. Choi JY et al. (2024). Overground gait training with wearable robot in CP. JAMA Netw Open. PMID: 39037815",
"5. Bavan L et al. (2026). Wearable inertial sensors for paediatric gait assessment. Gait Posture. PMID: 42105725",
"6. Gu B et al. (2026). Wearable sensors for health monitoring. JMIR mHealth uHealth. PMID: 41511829",
"7. Khant M et al. (2025). Deep learning for stride-to-stride muscle activity estimation. Sci Rep.",
"8. O'Sullivan & Schmitz. Physical Rehabilitation, 7th Ed. JBLearning. Ch. 14.",
"9. Norkin CC & White DJ. Measurement of Joint Motion, 5th Ed.",
];
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// ── Write file ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
pres.writeFile({ fileName: "/home/daytona/workspace/gait-stroke-ppt/Gait_Analysis_Stroke_Rehab_Case_Study.pptx" })
.then(() => console.log("DONE"))
.catch(e => { console.error(e); process.exit(1); });
cd /home/daytona/workspace/gait-stroke-ppt && node build.js
ls -lh /home/daytona/workspace/gait-stroke-ppt/
Gait Analysis Stroke Rehab Case Study
Presentation · PPTX
| Slide | Content |
|---|---|
| 1 | Title slide - dark navy with gold accents |
| 2 | Presentation overview - 8-topic visual index |
| 3 | Patient introduction - Mr. A.K., 58yr, right hemiplegia post L-MCA stroke, demographics + clinical presentation |
| 4 | Baseline gait assessment - FAC 2, 10MWT, 6MWT, TUG, Berg, cadence, stride length (all flagged in red vs norms) |
| 5 | Instrumented gait analysis - 3-column layout: Kinematic / Kinetic / EMG findings |
| 6 | Gait deviations table - phase-by-phase: deviation + primary cause + PT strategy |
| 7 | SMART goals - short-term (4 weeks) vs long-term (8 weeks) side-by-side |
| 8 | Rehabilitation programme - 6 evidence-based interventions (BWSTT, RAGT, FES, neuromuscular, balance, task-specific training) |
| 9 | Assistive device progression - Week-by-week table: Parallel bars → Walker+AFO → Quad cane → Standard cane+FES |
| 10 | 4-week progress - comparison table with colour-coded improvements, goals met confirmed |
| 11 | 8-week discharge outcomes - all long-term goals met; FAC 2 → FAC 4 |
| 12 | Gait analysis tools used - 6 cards: 3D motion capture, force plates, EMG, pedobarography, IMU wearables, clinical tests |
| 13 | Recent advances - dark themed, 6 boxes: AI/ML, RAGT, wearables, VR, markerless capture, FES with citations (PMID included) |
| 14 | Clinical implications - 4 pillars: precision planning, objective measurement, device optimisation, neuroplasticity |
| 15 | Conclusion + 9 key references + thank you banner |