GROUP – A (LAQ-15 MARKS) 1. A study is being designed to determine the effects of radiation among workers in a nuclear plant over the next 5 years. a. What would be the ideal study design for the above scenario? b. Describe the steps involved in conducting this study. c. Discuss the possible disadvantages of this type of study design. (2+8+5 = 15) [JNM] 2. A village reported 85 cases of acute diarrhoeal disease within 3 days following a community feast. Justify whether this is epidemic or outbreak. Describe the steps involved in investigating this occurrence. Justify what epidemiological study design would you use to identify the source of infection. Mention two control measures that should be instituted immediately. (2+8+3+2=15) [MMC] 3. Describe the salient features of different types of time trends in disease occurrence with suitable examples. Explain how knowledge of transmission dynamics is applied in prevention and control of diseases. What are the indications of a cohort study? (6+6+3=15 )[MldMCH] 4. The Framingham Study, in which a group of residents have been followed since the 1950s to identify occurrence and risk factors for heart disease, is an example of which type of study? Explain in brief the steps for conducting this study. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of the study. Briefly mention the criteria for judging causal association. (1+5+4+5=15) [KPC] 5. There is an outbreak of fever with rash and bronchopneumonia among under-five children, few deaths reported in the border district of West Bengal. i. What is the probable diagnosis? (2) ii. What outbreak investigations should be undertaken? (6) iii. What action will you take for containment of the outbreak? (7) [SRIMS] 6. Mention any two distinct differences between epidemiology and clinical medicine. Describe the primary epidemiological characteristics of a point-source epidemic. Discuss the periodic fluctuations of epidemics with appropriate real-world examples. How may geographic distribution affect descriptive epidemiology findings? Mention any one major function of descriptive epidemiology. (2+3+4+5+1) [SSKM] 7. An epidemiologist hypothesizes that long-term exposure to urban air pollution increases the risk of developing bronchial asthma among school-going children. Which epidemiological study design would be most appropriate to investigate this specific relationship? Justify your choice. Outline the step-by-step methodology for conducting your chosen study in this scenario. Comment on the inherent strengths of this study design in establishing a temporal and causal relationship. Enlist the potential sources of bias you anticipate while conducting this study. (3+6+3+3=15) [SCCGMCH] 8. After conducting a Cross-sectional survey, a researcher has formulated a hypothesis that osteoarthritis of knee joints is associated with obesity. Which study do you like to conduct next to accept or reject this hypothesis? Describe the steps of the study along with three advantages and three disadvantages. (2+8+5=15) [NRS] 9. What is Epidemiology? Classify epidemiological studies. Design a suitable study to find out the association between occupational exposure of asbestos and lung carcinoma. What is the outcome of such study? Mention advantages and disadvantages of such study. (2+3+6+1+3 = 15) [RPHGMCH] 10. Describe the salient features of different types of time trends in disease occurrence with examples. What are the different possible changes that you should keep in mind while interpreting time trends? (12+3=15) [RGKar] 11. Define Epidemiology. Classify the types of epidemiological studies. Describe the steps of any one observational study. (2 + 3 + 10) [JIMSH] 12. A 9-month-old child was brought to a Primary Health Centre for routine immunization and received Measles-Rubella (MR) vaccine. Within 30 minutes of vaccination, the child developed difficulty in breathing, generalized rash, and became unconscious. The child was immediately referred to the district hospital. On the same day, four other children vaccinated from the same session site developed mild fever and local swelling at the injection site. a. What is the most probable diagnosis in the first child? Justify your answer. b. How will you investigate this case at the field level? c. What preventive measures can be taken to avoid such events in future immunization sessions? d. Enumerate different types of reactions observed following immunization. (2 + 6 + 4 + 3 = 15) [JIMSH] 13. A few workers of ceramics industry reported cough, shortness of breath and chest pain. X-ray chest shows ground glass appearance. Write down a suitable epidemiological study design with diagram to establish the association. Step by step describe the epidemiological study to establish such association. What are the types of association? What is confounding? How can it be removed from the study?(2+6+2+2+3) [JHARGRAM]

Create a study design decision tree (flowchart) for quick selection of appropriate epidemiological study