Educational diagram illustrating the preoperative planning for bone allograft selection using 3D modeling and morphometric matching. The top panel shows a donor bank of 3D-segmented distal femur models, each color-coded and annotated with specific anatomical measurements. The bottom panel displays three patient-specific distal femur models: 'Healthy bone' (contralateral side), 'Tumoral bone' showing pathological cortical irregularities and osteoblastic/osteolytic changes, and a 'Mirror bone' generated by reflecting the healthy side to simulate the original anatomy. A separate 'Size measurements' legend defines the three primary landmarks for matching: (A) Transepicondylar width, (B) Medial condyle anterior-posterior diameter, and (C) Lateral condyle anterior-posterior diameter. This visual summarizes the digital workflow for oncological orthopedic surgery, emphasizing the use of 3D registration and segmentation to achieve anatomical congruency between donor tissue and the host site.

A clinical photograph of a human bone specimen representing the femoral diaphysis of a left femur. The visual content is organized into multiple views: labeled 1A (posterior), 1B (medial), and 1C (lateral) showing the longitudinal shaft, and label 2 showing a transverse cross-section. The bone fragment is approximately 218 mm in length and appears off-white to grey, with visible reconstruction seams and irregular transverse breaks at both the proximal and distal ends. The cortical surface is generally well-preserved on the posterior and medial aspects, though some anterior cortical bone is missing. Image 2 demonstrates the internal anatomy through a cross-sectional view, highlighting a markedly thick and dense cortical bone layer surrounding a central medullary cavity filled with dark granular material. The cross-section reveals an oval morphology with significant mediolateral expansion and a lack of a distinct pilaster. Clinical and educational significance includes the demonstration of paleoanthropological bone morphology, cortical thickness variations, and perimortem or post-mortem surface modifications such as carnivore tooth-marks (pits and notches) located at the extremities.

This clinical photograph displays a labeled anterior view of a femur bone, highlighting anatomical landmarks and research parameters for densitometric analysis. The image is divided into three main longitudinal segments: the proximal metaphysis, the central diaphysis (shaft), and the distal metaphysis. Key anatomical landmarks identified with text labels include the femur head, femur neck, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter, and third trochanter at the proximal end, as well as the lateral and medial epicondyles at the distal end. A white rectangular box outlines the 'Densitometric region of interest (9mm²)' located within the distal metaphysis, specifically positioned between the epicondyles on the femoral condyles. The bone surface shows visible remnants of fibrous connective tissue. This anatomical diagram serves as a reference for standardize bone mineral density measurements in experimental osteopenia studies, illustrating the precise location where densitometry data is collected to evaluate bone quality and the effects of pharmaceutical interventions like doxycycline.

An anatomical diagram of a human femur bone, presented on a neutral background to illustrate common fracture sites and regional anatomy. The image identifies four primary proximal and mid-shaft regions using black labels and arrows. Starting from the proximal end, the 'Femoral neck' is indicated between the femoral head and the trochanters. Immediately distal to this is the 'Intertrochanteric' region, spanning the space between the greater and lesser trochanters. Below this lies the 'Subtrochanteric' region, representing the transition into the main body of the bone. Finally, the long, central portion is labeled as the 'Femoral shaft or diaphysis'. This illustration serves as an educational tool for medical professionals to classify orthopedic injuries, such as hip fractures or atypical femoral fractures (AFF), by precisely defining anatomical zones. The diagram emphasizes the proximal femur’s morphology, including the head, neck, and trochanteric areas, which are critical in radiology and surgical planning.

This composite educational resource comprises four panels (A-D) illustrating the complex intraosseous arterial anatomy of the femoral head using a combination of vascular casting and schematic diagrams. Panels A, B, and C present physical macerated bone specimens featuring a red epoxy resin vascular cast of the arterial supply. Panel A (Forward) and B (Backward) show the three-dimensional distribution of the retinacular arteries and the Medial Femoral Circumflex Artery (MFCA). Panel C provides a labeled close-up of the vascular cast, identifying the Superior (SRA), Inferior (IRA), Anterior (ARA), and Posterior (PRA) Retinacular Arteries, as well as the Anterior (AEA) and Inferior (IEA) Epiphyseal Arteries. These vessels converge to form a dense, interconnected 'Epiphyseal arterial network' within the apex of the femoral head. Panel D is a corresponding schematic diagram that maps these vessels and their anastomotic connections, including the Round Ligament Artery (RLA). This content is designed to illustrate the collateral circulation and vascular zones of the proximal femur, critical for understanding the pathophysiology of femoral neck fractures and avascular necrosis (AVN).

Anatomical diagram consisting of three three-dimensional digital femoral models illustrating the segmentation of the femur for biomechanical or orthopedic analysis. The models are shown in a posterior view, each highlighting a specific anatomical region in blue. The first model (left) highlights the proximal end, including the femoral head, neck, and the greater and lesser trochanteric regions. The second model (center) highlights the diaphysis (shaft), showing the long, slightly curved cortical bone section between the trochanters and the supracondylar flare. The third model (right) highlights the distal end, comprising the medial and lateral condyles and the intercondylar notch. These computer-generated models facilitate the study of intramedullary nail insertion paths, curvature radius, and anatomical fit for orthopedic implants. The visualization serves an educational purpose in musculoskeletal anatomy, orthopedic surgery planning, and biomedical engineering.

This clinical photograph displays a dry specimen of a right human femur positioned for osteometric analysis. The bone is oriented horizontally on a white osteometric board with its anterior surface facing downward. The proximal end, including the femoral head and greater trochanter, is aligned to the left, while the distal end, showcasing the medial and lateral femoral condyles, is to the right. A double-headed arrow labeled 'FML' (Femur Maximum Length) indicates the measurement span between the most proximal point of the femoral head and the most distal point of the medial femoral condyle. The apparatus includes a linear metric scale for precise quantification. The specimen exhibits natural beige coloration with varying textures: a smooth diaphysis (shaft) and porous, trabecular-rich regions at the epiphyses (ends). This image illustrates standard anthropological and forensic techniques for skeletal measurement, used in stature estimation and morphological study within the fields of anatomy and forensic medicine.

Anteroposterior (AP) radiograph of the proximal femur showing a complex subtrochanteric fracture. The fracture is located distal to the lesser trochanter and exhibits a comminuted or spiral pattern with significant displacement and angulation. A large, sharp cortical spike is visible extending laterally from the proximal fragment. The distal femoral shaft is displaced laterally and superiorly relative to the proximal fragment. Notable for educational purposes is the absence of bridging callus formation three months post-injury, despite the rounding of fracture edges, which indicates a delayed union or non-union. The image demonstrates the limitations of prolonged skeletal traction in achieving anatomical reduction for subtrochanteric femoral fractures. The anatomy shown includes the femoral head, neck, greater trochanter, and the proximal femoral diaphysis.

An anatomical diagram of a human femur bone, presented on a neutral background to illustrate common fracture sites and regional anatomy. The image identifies four primary proximal and mid-shaft regions using black labels and arrows. Starting from the proximal end, the 'Femoral neck' is indicated between the femoral head and the trochanters. Immediately distal to this is the 'Intertrochanteric' region, spanning the space between the greater and lesser trochanters. Below this lies the 'Subtrochanteric' region, representing the transition into the main body of the bone. Finally, the long, central portion is labeled as the 'Femoral shaft or diaphysis'. This illustration serves as an educational tool for medical professionals to classify orthopedic injuries, such as hip fractures or atypical femoral fractures (AFF), by precisely defining anatomical zones. The diagram emphasizes the proximal femur’s morphology, including the head, neck, and trochanteric areas, which are critical in radiology and surgical planning.

This diagnostic image is a plain radiograph (X-ray) of the left upper leg following an above-knee amputation and subsequent surgical revision. The roentgenogram displays a significantly shortened femur. The proximal anatomy, including the femoral head, neck, and greater trochanter, remains intact within the acetabulum. The distal femoral stump is truncated and demonstrates an irregular, blunted morphology consistent with surgical bone resection and curettage. Notable findings include a decrease in bone density at the distal aspect of the stump, indicating a more porous or osteopenic appearance compared to the mid-shaft. The surrounding soft tissue shows mottled radiographic densities and faint silhouettes, suggestive of post-surgical changes, scarring, and edema within the residual limb. This image is clinically relevant for evaluating stump morphology, bone remodeling, and the presence of heterotopic ossification or surgical complications like gossypiboma-related changes in orthopedics and rehabilitation medicine. A radio-opaque marker 'L' indicates the left orientation.