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OPIUM - Notes
Chemical Tests
| Test | Reagent | Result | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Meconic acid test | Ferric chloride + filtrate | Deep reddish-purple colour | Persists even on addition of HCl |
| Morphine on HNO₃ | Concentrated HNO₃ | Orange-red colour | Codeine does NOT respond |
| Morphine solution | Potassium ferricyanide + FeCl₃ | Bluish-green colour | Codeine does NOT respond |
| Papaverine in HCl | Potassium ferricyanide solution | Lemon-yellow colour | - |
Pharmacological Actions & Uses
| Alkaloid | Action / Use |
|---|---|
| Morphine | Potent analgesic; central narcotic effects; causes addiction. Used only in severe pain unresponsive to other analgesics. Also causes respiratory depression, constipation; stimulates chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) in medulla → nausea & vomiting |
| Codeine | Antitussive (relieves bronchial tract irritation); mild analgesic; used in cough medicines |
| Papaverine | Smooth muscle relaxant (intestinal tract, bronchial tract, blood vessels) |
| Narcotine (Noscapine) | Specific depressant action on cough reflex; used in cough linctuses |
Morphine Derivatives
- Diacetylmorphine (Heroin) - more narcotic and analgesic than morphine
- Apomorphine - formed by losing one molecule of water from morphine; emetic; used SC to treat poisoning
- Hydromorphone - formed by replacing a hydroxyl group + removing adjacent double bond; potent analgesic but less habit-forming
- Opioids - synthetic morphine-like compounds with similar medicinal activity
Doses
| Drug | Dose |
|---|---|
| Morphine sulphate | 10 mg, 6 times/day, parenterally |
| Codeine sulphate/phosphate | 10-20 mg every 4-6 hours, orally |
| Narcotine (Noscapine) | 15 mg, 4 times/day, orally |
| Papaverine hydrochloride | 150 mg orally / 30 mg parenterally |
Commercial Varieties of Opium
| Variety | Key Feature |
|---|---|
| Indian Opium | - |
| Persian Opium | - |
| Turkish Opium | Also called Druggist opium / Soft opium |
| Chinese Opium | Flat globular cakes; 4-11% morphine content |
Different Forms of Opium
Powdered Opium
- 10% anhydrous morphine with lactose, caramel, and powdered cocoa husks
Opium Concentratum (Composition)
| Constituent | % |
|---|---|
| Anhydrous morphine | 47.5-52.5% |
| Codeine | 2.5-5% |
| Narcotine | 16-22% |
| Papaverine | 2.5-7% |
Camphorated Opium Tincture (Paregoric)
- Alcoholic solution of opium, benzoic acid, camphor, and anise oil
- Prepared in alcohol
- Used in treatment of diarrhoea as an antiperistaltic
Storage
- Preserved in a well-closed container to prevent loss of morphine
Adulteration
- Production is under government control - rarely adulterated
- Adulterated forms show presence of: opium capsules in powdered form, gum, and sugary fruits
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