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Sabhi antibiotics ki naam list and used aur mechanical ki pdf for medical student ke liye

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Antibiotics - Complete Guide for Medical Students

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Antibiotics Complete Guide

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PDF mein kya hai - Summary:

CLASSIFICATION (Target ke mutabiq)

TargetClassExamples
Cell Wall SynthesisBeta-lactams, GlycopeptidesAmoxicillin, Vancomycin
Cell MembranePolymyxins, LipopeptidesColistin, Daptomycin
Protein (30S)Aminoglycosides, TetracyclinesGentamicin, Doxycycline
Protein (50S)Macrolides, Lincosamides, LinezolidAzithromycin, Clindamycin
DNA/RNAFluoroquinolones, Metronidazole, RifampicinCiprofloxacin, Flagyl
Folic AcidSulfonamides, TMPTMP-SMX

CLASS-WISE SUMMARY

1. Beta-Lactams (Bactericidal)
  • MOA: PBPs se bind karke cell wall ka cross-linking rokta hai
  • Penicillins: Amoxicillin (URTI, H. pylori), Pip-Tazo (Pseudomonas, sepsis)
  • Cephalosporins: 1G (surgical prophylaxis) - 2G (Otitis) - 3G (Meningitis, Typhoid) - 4G (Febrile neutropenia) - 5G (MRSA)
  • Carbapenems: Meropenem (Meningitis, MDR), Ertapenem (NO Pseudomonas)
  • Monobactam: Aztreonam (GN only, penicillin-allergic patients ke liye safe)
2. Glycopeptides (Bactericidal)
  • MOA: D-Ala-D-Ala se bind karke cell wall synthesis band
  • Vancomycin: MRSA, C. diff (oral), Red Man Syndrome - nephrotoxic+ototoxic
3. Aminoglycosides (Bactericidal, Concentration-dependent)
  • MOA: 30S ribosome se irreversibly bind - misreading of mRNA
  • Gentamicin, Amikacin: Severe GN infections; Tobramycin: CF/Pseudomonas
  • Side effects: NEPHROTOXICITY + OTOTOXICITY (irreversible)
4. Tetracyclines (Bacteriostatic)
  • MOA: 30S ribosome se reversibly bind - tRNA attachment rokta hai
  • Doxycycline: CAP, Chlamydia, Lyme disease, malaria prophylaxis
  • CI: Pregnancy + Children <8 yrs (tooth staining, bone growth stunted)
5. Macrolides (Bacteriostatic)
  • MOA: 50S ribosome (23S rRNA) - translocation block
  • Azithromycin: CAP (atypicals), Chlamydia, MAC prophylaxis
  • QTc prolongation - always check ECG with other QT-prolonging drugs
6. Fluoroquinolones (Bactericidal, Concentration-dependent)
  • MOA: DNA gyrase + Topoisomerase IV inhibit - DNA strand breakage
  • Ciprofloxacin: UTI, Pseudomonas, Anthrax; Moxifloxacin: CAP+anaerobes
  • Black Box: Tendon rupture, peripheral neuropathy; CI: Pregnancy, <18 yrs
7. Metronidazole (Bactericidal)
  • MOA: DNA damage via reactive nitro radicals
  • Anaerobes, C. diff, Giardia, Trichomonas, Amoeba
  • Disulfiram reaction - absolutely no alcohol!
8. Anti-TB (RIPE)
  • Rifampicin: RNA pol inhibitor - orange urine, CYP inducer
  • Isoniazid: Mycolic acid inhibitor - peripheral neuropathy (give B6!)
  • Pyrazinamide: Intracellular (macrophages) - hyperuricemia
  • Etambutol: Arabinosyl transferase inhibitor - optic neuritis (check vision!)

Resistance Mechanisms

  1. Beta-lactamase - penicillin/cephalosporin destroy kar deta hai (ESBL, KPC, NDM)
  2. PBP2a (mecA gene) - MRSA me penicillin bind nahi hota
  3. Efflux pumps - drug ko bahar phenk deta hai
  4. Porin modification - drug andar nahi ja pata (Pseudomonas, Carbapenems)
  5. Target methylation - macrolide/aminoglycoside resistance
  6. Biofilm - 100-1000x higher MIC needed
Sources: Lee's Essential Otolaryngology, Jawetz Medical Microbiology, Katzung Pharmacology, Goodman & Gilman's Pharmacology

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