Classification of Partially Edentulous Arches
Simple Explanation of All Concepts from Your Book
🦷 First — What is "Partially Edentulous"?
It simply means some teeth are missing, but not all. These patients need a Removable Partial Denture (RPD) to replace the missing teeth.
1. GODFREY'S CLASSIFICATION (1951)
Who proposed it? Godfrey
Based on? Location + extent of edentulous spaces
Special feature: NO subdivisions, NO modifications - just 4 clean classes
Think of it like this - A & B are ANTERIOR, C & D are POSTERIOR
And A & C are TOOTH-BORNE, B & D are MUCOSA-BORNE
| Class | Location | Support |
|---|
| A | Anterior | Tooth-borne |
| B | Anterior | Mucosa-borne |
| C | Posterior | Tooth-borne |
| D | Posterior | Mucosa-borne |
Easy trick to remember:
Anterior Tooth → Before Mucosa → Class C Posterior Tooth → Down Mucosa
Class A (Tooth-borne, Anterior):
Missing teeth in the front. Has teeth on both sides supporting the denture. Can be:
- Unbroken 5-tooth space
- Broken 5-tooth space
- Unbroken 4-tooth space
Class B (Mucosa-borne, Anterior):
Missing teeth in the front. The gum/mucosa supports the denture (no tooth support). Can be:
- Unbroken 6-tooth space
- Unbroken 5-tooth space
- Broken 5-tooth space
Class C (Tooth-borne, Posterior):
Missing teeth at the back. Teeth support the denture. Can be:
- Unbroken 3-tooth space
- Broken 3-tooth space
- Unbroken 2-tooth space
- Broken 2-tooth space
Class D (Mucosa-borne, Posterior):
Missing teeth at the back. Gum supports the denture. Can be:
- Unbroken 4-tooth space
- 3-tooth, 2-tooth, or single-tooth space
2. BECKETT'S CLASSIFICATION (1953)
Who proposed it? Beckett (based on Bailyn's classification)
Based on? How much support the teeth and tissue give to the denture
4 factors considered:
- Quality of abutment support
- Magnitude of occlusal support
- Harmony of occlusion
- Quality of mucosa and residual ridge
Think of it as 3 classes based on saddle support:
Class 1 - Fully Tooth-Supported
- Saddle is completely held by teeth
- Bounded saddle with sound abutment teeth
- Best situation!
Class 2 - Fully Mucosa-Supported
Two types:
- Free-end saddle (no tooth behind)
- Bounded saddle where the abutment teeth are too weak/unhealthy to provide support
Class 3 - Tooth-borne BUT teeth cannot give full support
- Due to poor abutment health, long edentulous spans, or poor bone/mucosa
- Mixed situation
Combinations possible: Class 1.2, Class 1.3, Class 2.3, Class 1.2.3 etc.
So partial dentures can be grouped into 7 groups functionally.
3. FRIEDMAN'S CLASSIFICATION (1953)
Who proposed it? Friedman
Called: ABC Classification
Based on: 3 types of segments (spaces) in the arch
The 3 Segment Types:
- A = Anterior space
- B = Bounded posterior space
- C = Cantilever situation (posterior free-end)
Each of these is further divided into:
- Single missing tooth
- Two or more continuous missing teeth
So combinations of A, B, C can exist together in one patient (e.g., a patient can have A + B + C spaces at the same time).
4. AUSTIN-LIDGE CLASSIFICATION (1957)
Who proposed it? Austin and Lidge
Based on: Position of teeth
Super simple - only 3 categories:
- A = Anterior space or spaces
- P = Posterior space or spaces
- Bi = Bilateral spaces
A combination of any of these can be present in a patient.
Example: A patient can have A + P, or P + Bi, etc.
5. SKINNER'S CLASSIFICATION (1957)
Who proposed it? Skinner
Based on: Relationship of abutment teeth to the supporting residual alveolar ridge
Key idea: The value of a removable partial denture depends on quality and degree of support from abutment teeth AND residual ridge.
Total possible combinations = 131,072
5 Classes:
| Class | Description | % of all classes |
|---|
| I | Abutment teeth BOTH anterior AND posterior to the edentulous space | 14% |
| II | Abutment teeth only POSTERIOR to the denture base | 8.5% |
| III | Abutment teeth only ANTERIOR to the denture base | 72% |
| IV | Denture bases BOTH anterior AND posterior to remaining teeth | 3% |
| V | Abutment teeth are UNILATERAL only | 2.5% |
Easy memory trick:
Class III is the most COMMON (72%) - think of it as the most "normal" situation where front teeth remain but back teeth are missing.
Subdivisions: Each class is subdivided by region:
- A = Anterior region
- P = Posterior region
- AP = Anterior and Posterior
6. SWENSON'S CLASSIFICATION (1955)
Who proposed it? Swenson and Terkla
Note: Very similar to Kennedy's classification with slight modifications
4 Classes:
| Class | Description |
|---|
| I | Arch with ONE free-end denture base |
| II | Arch with TWO free-end denture bases |
| III | Edentulous space posteriorly on one/both sides BUT teeth present anteriorly and posteriorly to the space |
| IV | Anterior edentulous space + 5 or more anterior teeth missing |
Key difference from Kennedy: The modifications of the 4 primary classes were changed more drastically in Swenson's system.
7. ACP CLASSIFICATION (2002)
Who proposed it? American College of Prosthodontics
Based on: Diagnostic findings (most scientific/modern system)
4 Categories - Class I (simplest) to Class IV (most complex)
What is evaluated?
- Location and extent of edentulous area
- Condition of abutments
- Occlusion
- Residual ridge characteristics
ACP Class I - IDEAL / MINIMAL compromise
- Single arch involved only
- Abutments are ideal/minimally compromised
- Occlusion is ideal (Class I molar relationship)
- Good residual bone height (at least 21 mm)
- Easy case - straightforward treatment
ACP Class II - MODERATE compromise
- Edentulous areas may be in both arches
- Abutments moderately compromised (1-2 sextants affected)
- Needs localized adjunctive therapy
- Residual bone height 16-20 mm
- Moderate case - needs some extra treatment
ACP Class III - SUBSTANTIAL compromise
- Edentulous areas in both arches, compromising abutment support
- Abutments in 3 sextants insufficient
- Occlusion substantially compromised (needs re-establishment WITHOUT changing vertical dimension)
- Residual bone height 11-15 mm
- Class II molar jaw relationship
- Complex case - needs significant treatment
ACP Class IV - SEVERE compromise
- Extensive edentulous areas, guarded prognosis
- Abutments in 4+ sextants severely compromised
- Occlusion severely compromised (needs re-establishment WITH change in vertical dimension)
- Residual bone height only 10 mm
- Most difficult case - guarded prognosis
QUICK SUMMARY TABLE - All Classifications
| Classification | Year | Proposed By | Basis |
|---|
| Godfrey's | 1951 | Godfrey | Location + extent of edentulous space |
| Beckett's | 1953 | Beckett | Support quality (teeth + tissue) |
| Friedman's | 1953 | Friedman | ABC segment types |
| Austin-Lidge | 1957 | Austin & Lidge | Position of teeth (A, P, Bi) |
| Skinner's | 1957 | Skinner | Abutment-ridge relationship |
| Swenson's | 1955 | Swenson & Terkla | Free-end vs bounded saddle |
| ACP | 2002 | ACP | Diagnostic findings (most modern) |
MOST LIKELY QUESTIONS TEACHER WILL ASK YOU
- "What is Godfrey's Class A?" - Tooth-borne, anterior, proposed 1951
- "What is the basis of Beckett's classification?" - 4 factors: abutment quality, occlusal support, harmony of occlusion, mucosa quality
- "Which is the most common class in Skinner's?" - Class III (72%)
- "What does ABC stand for in Friedman's?" - Anterior, Bounded posterior, Cantilever
- "What year was ACP classification proposed?" - 2002
- "What is Class IV in ACP?" - Most complex, severely compromised, guarded prognosis
- "How many groups can Beckett's classification produce?" - 7 groups
- "What is special about Godfrey's classification?" - NO subdivisions or modifications
You now have everything you need! Read this once before meeting your teacher and you'll be fully prepared. Good luck! 🍀