This sequence of three historical illustrations, labeled Figure 1 through Figure 3, depicts the temporal and spatial progression of a visual migraine aura (fortification spectra). Each figure presents a circular visual field with a central white fixation crosshair against a black background. The images demonstrate the characteristic 'march' of the aura from a central point toward the periphery. In Figure 1, a small, luminous, yellow-gold zig-zagged arc appears near the fixation point. In Figure 2, the disturbance has expanded into a larger crescent shape with a distinct crenellated or 'fortress-wall' border, accompanied by a trailing area of relative scotoma or blurred vision. Figure 3 illustrates the advanced stage, where the jagged, iridescent arc has migrated to the superior periphery of the visual field, significantly increasing in scale. These illustrations by James Mackenzie serve as a classic clinical representation of the neurological phenomenon of cortical spreading depression as perceived by a patient, highlighting the hallmark characteristics of teichopsia: jagged morphology, peripheral expansion, and associated visual field deficit.

This historical medical illustration, titled 'Stages of Teichopsia' (1870), is a landmark clinical diagram representing the progression of a migraine aura across the visual field. The image depicts nine chronological stages (numbered 1-9) of a visual disturbance known as a scintillation scotoma or 'fortification spectrum'. The sequence begins with a small, central point of light and evolves into an expanding, crescentic arc. The figures are characterized by their jagged, crenellated edges, resembling the bastions of a fortified town, which Hubert Airy termed 'teichopsia'. These edges feature a prismatic or polychromatic effect, with alternating segments of red, green, blue, and yellow against a dark background, illustrating the 'shimmering' or 'boiling' nature of the aura. The diagram is an important record in the history of neurology and ophthalmology, providing a subjective yet scientifically detailed mapping of transient hemiopsia and the physiological manifestation of cortical spreading depression as perceived by a patient. This content is relevant for studying the clinical presentation of migraine with aura and the history of diagnostic visualization in neurology.

This diagnostic image displays resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) seed-to-voxel connectivity analysis results for patients with migraine with aura (MWA). The visual is divided into two sections, A and B, each showing three orthogonal brain views (coronal, sagittal, and axial) and an accompanying bar graph. Section A illustrates increased functional connectivity between the right antero-dorsal insula (ROI 1 R) and a posterior cluster colored in red/orange. Section B illustrates increased functional connectivity between the left antero-dorsal insula (ROI 1 L) and a similar cluster colored in blue. Blue crosshairs in both sections localize the primary cluster to the cerebellar vermis (Vermis VI/VII) and the lingual gyrus. The bar graphs compare 'Effect Sizes' between Healthy Controls (HC) and Migraine with Aura (MWA) patients, indicating significantly higher connectivity in the MWA group (p-FDR < 0.001). Anatomical landmarks visible include the cerebral cortex, corpus callosum, brainstem, and cerebellar hemispheres. This image is used to demonstrate neuro-pathophysiological differences in functional brain networks associated with migraine disorders.