Answer all the above questions in detail
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Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
All 12 questions have been answered. Here is a quick navigation guide:
Quick Reference — All Questions Answered
| # | Topic | Key Takeaway |
|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Vitamin D | 7-dehydrocholesterol → Cholecalciferol (UV) → 25(OH)D₃ (liver) → 1,25(OH)₂D₃ (kidney/calcitriol); functions: Ca²⁺/PO₄ homeostasis; deficiency: rickets (children), osteomalacia (adults) |
| Q2 | Phe & Tyr metabolism | Phe → Tyr (PAH+BH4) → catecholamines/melanin/thyroid hormones/fumarate+acetoacetate; inborn errors: PKU, alkaptonuria, albinism, tyrosinemia |
| Q3 | Glycine products | Heme, purines, glutathione, creatine, conjugated bile acids, hippuric acid, serine, collagen, neurotransmitter |
| Q4 | Purine catabolism | AMP/GMP → Hypoxanthine/Xanthine → Uric acid (xanthine oxidase); clinical: gout, Lesch-Nyhan |
| Q5 | Iron absorption | Fe³⁺ → Fe²⁺ (DcytB) → DMT-1 → enterocyte → ferroportin → transferrin; mucosal block = ferritin storage when stores replete; hepcidin is master regulator |
| Q6 | Glutathione | Antioxidant (GPx), RBC protection, detoxification (Phase II), γ-glutamyl cycle (AA transport), NADPH-dependent regeneration |
| Q7 | Van den Berg | Tests bilirubin with diazo reagent; Direct = conjugated (water-soluble); Indirect = unconjugated (needs alcohol); differentiates jaundice types |
| Q8 | Transmethylation products | SAM is methyl donor → creatine, epinephrine, lecithin, melatonin, methylated DNA/RNA |
| Q9 | Calcium homeostasis | PTH (↑Ca²⁺), Calcitriol (↑Ca²⁺+PO₄), Calcitonin (↓Ca²⁺); 99% in bone; CaSR senses plasma Ca²⁺ |
| Q10 | Transmethylation & Deamination | SAM cycle (methylation); Oxidative deamination by GDH releases NH₃ for urea cycle |
| Q11 | Lesch-Nyhan & Orotic aciduria | HGPRT deficiency → ↑↑ uric acid + self-mutilation + neurological damage; Orotic aciduria = UMP synthase defect → megaloblastic anemia, treat with uridine |
| Q12 | Urea cycle | 5 steps (CPS-I → OTC → ASS → ASL → Arginase); mitochondria + cytoplasm; 3 ATP; 2 N atoms in urea |
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