cd /tmp/workspace/attachments/bcb0bbb4-18dd-47cd-92ac-2c2be37b6f8e/ && python3 -c " import pdfplumber with pdfplumber.open('research skills final (1).pdf') as pdf: print(f'Total pages: {len(pdf.pages)}') for i, page in enumerate(pdf.pages): text = page.extract_text() print(f'--- PAGE {i+1} ---') print(text) print() "

cd /tmp/workspace/attachments/bcb0bbb4-18dd-47cd-92ac-2c2be37b6f8e/ && python3 -c " import pdfplumber with pdfplumber.open('research skills final (1).pdf') as pdf: # Check first few pages for any annotation marks for i in range(min(5, len(pdf.pages))): page = pdf.pages[i] # Check for annotations annots = page.annots if hasattr(page, 'annots') else [] print(f'Page {i+1} annotations: {annots}') # Check for form fields widgets = page.chars[:5] if page.chars else [] print(f'Page {i+1} first chars sample: {[c[\"text\"] for c in page.chars[:20]]}') "

mkdir -p /tmp/workspace/research-skills && cat << 'PYEOF' > /tmp/workspace/research-skills/make_pdf.py from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import A4 from reportlab.lib.styles import getSampleStyleSheet, ParagraphStyle from reportlab.lib.units import cm from reportlab.lib import colors from reportlab.platypus import SimpleDocTemplate, Paragraph, Spacer, HRFlowable from reportlab.lib.enums import TA_LEFT, TA_CENTER doc = SimpleDocTemplate( "/tmp/workspace/research-skills/research_skills_answers.pdf", pagesize=A4, rightMargin=2*cm, leftMargin=2*cm, topMargin=2*cm, bottomMargin=2*cm ) styles = getSampleStyleSheet() title_style = ParagraphStyle('Title', parent=styles['Title'], fontSize=16, spaceAfter=12, textColor=colors.HexColor('#1a1a2e')) set_style = ParagraphStyle('Set', parent=styles['Heading1'], fontSize=13, spaceAfter=6, spaceBefore=14, textColor=colors.HexColor('#0d3b66'), backColor=colors.HexColor('#e8f4fd'), borderPad=4) q_style = ParagraphStyle('Q', parent=styles['Normal'], fontSize=10, spaceAfter=2, spaceBefore=8, fontName='Helvetica-Bold', textColor=colors.HexColor('#222222')) opt_style = ParagraphStyle('Opt', parent=styles['Normal'], fontSize=10, leftIndent=14, spaceAfter=1, fontName='Helvetica', textColor=colors.HexColor('#444444')) correct_style = ParagraphStyle('Correct', parent=styles['Normal'], fontSize=10, leftIndent=14, spaceAfter=1, fontName='Helvetica-Bold', textColor=colors.HexColor('#007a00')) note_style = ParagraphStyle('Note', parent=styles['Normal'], fontSize=9, leftIndent=14, spaceAfter=2, fontName='Helvetica-Oblique', textColor=colors.HexColor('#555555')) open_q_style = ParagraphStyle('OpenQ', parent=styles['Normal'], fontSize=10, spaceAfter=2, spaceBefore=8, fontName='Helvetica-Bold', textColor=colors.HexColor('#222222')) open_a_style = ParagraphStyle('OpenA', parent=styles['Normal'], fontSize=9.5, leftIndent=14, spaceAfter=2, fontName='Helvetica', textColor=colors.HexColor('#003366')) story = [] def section(title): story.append(Spacer(1, 0.3*cm)) story.append(Paragraph(title, set_style)) def q(num, text): story.append(Paragraph(f"{num}. {text}", q_style)) def opt(letter, text, correct=False): marker = "✔ " if correct else " " style = correct_style if correct else opt_style story.append(Paragraph(f"{marker}{letter}. {text}", style)) def note(text): story.append(Paragraph(f"[Note: {text}]", note_style)) def open_q(num, text): story.append(Paragraph(f"Q{num}. {text}", open_q_style)) def open_a(text): for line in text.strip().split('\n'): if line.strip(): story.append(Paragraph(line.strip(), open_a_style)) story.append(Paragraph("Research Skills – Questions with Correct Answers", title_style)) story.append(Paragraph("Correct answers are marked in <font color='#007a00'><b>green with ✔</b></font>. Where the question asks for an INCORRECT option, the wrong/false option is marked.", note_style)) story.append(HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=1, color=colors.HexColor('#aaaaaa'), spaceAfter=8)) # ─────────────── MIDTERM SET 1 ─────────────── section("MIDTERM SET 1 – Multiple Choice") q(1, "IF ALL PERSONS WITH TYPE I DIABETES... THE EXPLANATION IS ACCORDING TO:") opt("a","Deduction (deducting modes of inference)", correct=True) opt("b","Induction (inducting modes of inference)") opt("c","Abduction (abducting modes of inference)") note("Rule + Case → Conclusion = Deduction") q(2, "Knut Erik Tranøy – THREE DIFFERENT TYPES OF NORMS:") opt("a","Internal norms, external norms, mandatory norms") opt("b","External norms, linkage norms, relevance norms") opt("c","Internal norms, epistemic norms, linkage norms", correct=True) opt("d","Internal norms, epistemic norms, social norms") q(3, "In animal experimentation REDUCTION of the number of complex animals is achieved by:") opt("a","Replacing warm-blooded animals with organisms like chicken embryos", correct=True) opt("b","Replacing zebrafish with organisms like chicken embryos") opt("c","Replacing zebrafish with organisms like mice") opt("d","Replacing warm-blooded animals with organisms like a rat") q(4, "In a cross-over study, the comparison is: (choose correct answer)") opt("a","Between individuals") opt("b","Within individuals", correct=True) opt("c","Within-group of individuals") opt("d","Between different historical controls") q(5, "Historical controls are:") opt("a","The previously untreated patients") opt("b","Patients within the group") opt("c","Vulnerable patients") opt("d","The previously treated patients", correct=True) q(6, "In 'the three R concept' REPLACEMENT refers to:") opt("a","The use of statistical power analyses") opt("b","The use of perfuse organs and tissue slices instead of experimental animals", correct=True) opt("c","Replace warm-blooded animals with organisms like chicken embryos") opt("d","Replace warm-blooded animals with organisms like zebrafish") q(7, "A well-designed study will have:") opt("a","A large number of endpoints") opt("b","One primary endpoint and a small number of secondary endpoints", correct=True) opt("c","Retrospectively selected endpoints") opt("d","Historical endpoints") q(8, "The FIRST THREE principal points of a trial protocol are:") opt("a","Purpose of the study; Trial plan; Inclusion and exclusion criteria", correct=True) opt("b","Trial plan; Inclusion and exclusion criteria; Patient report") opt("c","Power; Number of patients; Patient report") opt("d","Trial plan; Number of patients; Exclusion criteria") q(9, "Three areas for ethical principles – ONE IS INCORRECT:") opt("a","The maintain high commercial standard", correct=True) note("'High commercial standard' is NOT an area for ethical principles. Correct areas: informed consent, risk/benefit assessment, selection of subjects.") opt("b","The informed consent processes") opt("c","The assessment of risk and benefits") opt("d","The selection of human subjects") q(10, "Bias is traditionally classified as – (INCORRECT answer):") opt("a","The selection bias") opt("b","The information bias") opt("c","The exposure bias", correct=True) note("'Exposure bias' is NOT a traditional bias classification. Traditional: selection bias, information bias, statistical confounding.") opt("d","The statistical confounding") q(11, "In parallel-group study the comparison is: (choose correct answer)") opt("a","Between individuals") opt("b","Within individuals") opt("c","Within experimental animal") opt("d","Between groups of individuals", correct=True) q(12, "Gift authorship happens:") opt("a","When someone who contributed significantly is NOT named in the by-line") opt("b","When someone who has NOT fulfilled authorship criteria is offered authorship", correct=True) opt("c","When someone is listed as author without their knowledge/consent") opt("d","When the professional writer is not listed as author") q(13, "The statistical confounding may occur or arise:") opt("a","In retrospective studies where issues are known to both observer and observed") opt("b","Due to a flaw in study design, when groups have been selected in different ways") opt("c","When there is a strong association between a measured variable and a confounding factor that is not measured or is measured with large random error", correct=True) opt("d","In prospective studies where issues are known to the observer") q(14, "The study sample is:") opt("a","The population to which conclusions are to be generalized") opt("b","The subset of the target population, all with measurable or quantifiable characteristics") opt("c","Group of people, objects, or items taken from a source population for measurement", correct=True) q(15, "Main principles of research ethics – correct or incorrect?") opt("a","The potential harm to research participants should be ignored — INCORRECT statement", correct=True) note("a is the WRONG principle (harm should NOT be ignored). b and c as stated are also wrong – participation SHOULD be voluntary and participants DO have right to withdraw.") opt("b","Participation should be voluntary and based on adequate understanding — CORRECT statement") opt("c","Participants shouldn't have absolute right to withdraw — INCORRECT statement") q(16, "Exclusion from authorship happens:") opt("a","When someone who contributed significantly and fulfils criteria is NOT named in the by-line", correct=True) opt("b","When someone who has not fulfilled criteria is offered authorship") opt("c","When someone is listed as author without their knowledge/consent") opt("d","When the professional writer is not listed") q(17, "Blood pressure and age are typical examples of:") opt("a","Ordinal data") opt("b","Nominal data") opt("c","Categorical data") opt("d","Continuous data", correct=True) q(18, "Research on Experimental Animals – CORRECT approaches (differentiate correct/incorrect):") story.append(Paragraph("✔ CORRECT (good for animal research): a, c, f, g", correct_style)) story.append(Paragraph(" INCORRECT/not best suited: b (psychosocial disorders), d (chronic fatigue), e (some tinnitus), h (malignant epithelial tumors)", opt_style)) q(19, "Which models include species in which a certain disease does NOT develop:") opt("a","Orphan models") opt("b","Induced models") opt("c","Negative models", correct=True) opt("d","Spontaneous models") q(20, "Animal models can be divided into: (choose all correct)") story.append(Paragraph("✔ a. Induced models", correct_style)) story.append(Paragraph(" b. Positive models — NOT a standard type", opt_style)) story.append(Paragraph(" c. Orphan models ✔", correct_style)) story.append(Paragraph(" d. Specific models — NOT a standard type", opt_style)) story.append(Paragraph("✔ e. Negative models", correct_style)) story.append(Paragraph(" f. Longitudinal models — NOT a standard type", opt_style)) story.append(Paragraph(" g. Independent models — NOT a standard type", opt_style)) story.append(Paragraph("✔ h. Spontaneous models", correct_style)) story.append(Paragraph(" i. Linkage models — NOT a standard type", opt_style)) note("The FOUR standard types are: Induced, Spontaneous, Negative, Orphan") q(21, "The study sample is: (same as Q14)") opt("c","Group of people, objects, or items taken from a source population for measurement", correct=True) q(22, "Papillomavirus in rabbits causing Malignant epithelial tumors is an example of:") opt("a","Orphan models") opt("b","Induced models") opt("c","Negative models") opt("d","Spontaneous models", correct=True) note("Papillomavirus naturally occurs in rabbits – this is a spontaneous model") q(23, "Which animal models are PREFERABLE to use:") opt("a","Induced and Orphan animal models") opt("b","Spontaneous and negative animal models") opt("c","Spontaneous and Induced animal models", correct=True) opt("d","Spontaneous and Orphan animal models") q(24, "Genetically modified animals are one of the most important groups of:") opt("a","Induced models", correct=True) opt("b","Orphan models") opt("c","Negative models") opt("d","Spontaneous models") q(25, "Animal models can be divided into four groups:") opt("a","Spontaneous models, induced models, unusual models, and negative models") opt("b","Induced models, negative models, extraordinary models, and orphan model") opt("c","Nonconstructive models, impulsive models, negative models, and orphan model") opt("d","Induced models, spontaneous models, negative models, and orphan model", correct=True) # ─────────────── SET 1 OPEN QUESTIONS ─────────────── section("SET 1 – Open Questions (Correct Written Answers)") open_q(1, "What constitutes a literature review?") open_a("""A literature review is a piece of academic writing demonstrating knowledge and understanding of the academic literature on a specific topic placed in context. It includes a critical evaluation of the material. Structure: introduction/background → body (discussion of sources) → conclusion/recommendations. The five C's: Cite, Compare, Contrast, Critique, Connect.""") open_q(2, "Aim of information handling process and information literacy abilities?") open_a("""Information literacy abilities: Recognize need for information; Identify and locate relevant sources; Know how to access sources; Evaluate quality of information; Organize information; Use information efficiently. Aim: to use the best sources and establish a plan/structure to avoid random and fortuitous results.""") open_q(3, "Primary, secondary and tertiary literature resources") open_a("""Primary: original materials (journals, theses, conferences, reports, patents). Secondary: analyze/interpret primary sources (review journals, textbooks, databases like MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL). Tertiary: collected/distilled primary+secondary info (encyclopedias, almanacs, fact books, library course pages).""") open_q(4, "Systematic reviews and meta-analysis") open_a("""Systematic review: a systematic search for all available studies to answer a particular clinical question. Meta-analysis: statistical pooling of results from all included studies identified in the systematic review – treats results of several studies as one single study.""") open_q(5, "When can you use Boolean operators and why?") open_a("""Boolean Operators (AND, OR, NOT) are used to combine or exclude keywords in a database search to produce more focused and productive results. AND = narrows search; OR = broadens search; NOT = excludes terms.""") open_q(6, "Expanding and Narrowing the literature searching process") open_a("""Expanding: use synonyms, related terms, contrasting terms, broaden the timescale, check subject headings of relevant articles. Narrowing: limit by focus/major topic, use subheadings cautiously, use 'human' limit, limit to age groups, language, publication type (done at the END of a search).""") open_q(7, "Impact Factor") open_a("""Indicates citation frequency of journals. High IF = high quality standards (but IF does NOT reflect quality of individual articles). Includes self-citations. Preclinical journals cited more than clinical. Cannot be compared across disciplines. Review articles cited more often. Calculated for selected indexed journals, mainly English, mainly US-published.""") open_q(8, "Personal Reference Databases") open_a("""Bibliographic management software (e.g., Reference Manager / EndNote by ISI Researchsoft) enables filing, organizing, and retrieving references. Supports manual entry, direct export from databases, import of text files, and direct import using RefMan/EndNote as search engines.""") open_q(9, "What distinguishes imalas from salami publications?") open_a("""Salami: carving results into thinnest possible publishable slices. Imalas: sequential publishing of essentially the same results, but with a few new data added each time. Both maximize papers from minimal work. Problems: harms science, wastes peer reviewers' time, unfairly inflates citation record, is unethical. Duplicate publication: acceptable only if 1st is in international journal, 2nd in national language, and relationship is stated clearly.""") open_q(10, "What distinguishes Falsification from Fabrication?") open_a("""Fabrication: inventing data or results and recording/reporting them (making up data). Falsification: manipulating research materials, changing or omitting data/results so the research is not accurately represented in the record.""") open_q(11, "Main types of misconduct related to authorship") open_a("""1. Exclusion from authorship 2. Gift authorship 3. Authorship achieved by coercion 4. Unsolicited authorship 5. Refusal to accept responsibility as an author when other misconduct is detected""") open_q(12, "Main aspects of experimental protocol") open_a("""Describe the scientific problem/goal; clarify how to find answers; explain what has been done previously; analyze consequences and possible results; decide how extensive experiments should be; plan to avoid systematic error; state how results will be processed; agree on responsibilities and deadlines; compile a register form for individual experiments.""") open_q(13, "Five characteristics of research process (Tuckman) + one addition") open_a("""1. Systematic 2. Logical 3. Empirical 4. Reductive 5. Replicable and transmittable 6. Contributes to generalizable knowledge (Belmont addition)""") open_q(14, "Principal points of a protocol") open_a("""Purpose of the study; Trial plan; Inclusion and exclusion criteria; Number of patients/power; Description of treatment; Patient follow-up; Randomization/blinding; Outcome variables; Adverse events; Statistical analysis; Administrative matters; Ethics.""") open_q(15, "Characteristics of the Research Hypothesis") open_a("""1. Should reflect an inference about variables 2. Stated as a grammatically complete, declarative sentence 3. Expressed simply and unambiguously 4. Provides an adequate answer to the research problem 5. Should be testable""") open_q(16, "Types of Research Hypotheses") open_a("""Conceptual vs Operational; Single Variable vs Multiple Variable; Causality vs Association or Difference; Mechanistic vs Non-mechanistic""") open_q(17, "Definitions of epidemiology") open_a("""1. Scientific discipline concerning disease occurrence in the population. 2. Scientific discipline concerning occurrence and variation of disease in the population, factors determining this variation, and how health problems can best be treated and controlled.""") open_q(18, "Research strategy using historical group") open_a("""Steps: Identify idea/topic/research question → conduct background literature review → refine research idea and questions → determine historical methods will be used → identify and locate primary and secondary data sources.""") open_q(19, "Role of epidemiology") open_a("""Describes variations in morbidity and mortality in time and space; identifies variables/factors/exposures explaining variations; performs risk assessment. Three aims: (1) Describe disease occurrence/distribution and trends; (2) Identify cause of disease (etiology); (3) Conduct experiments to assess effects of treatments or preventive efforts.""") open_q(20, "Case-control, cohort, cross-sectional studies") open_a("""Case-control: observational, starts with cases and controls, goes backwards in time. Advantage: simple, quick, cheap, good for rare diseases. Disadvantage: inverse direction of data on exposure. Cohort: prospective/follow-up study. Advantage: includes time dimension – supports causal conclusions. Disadvantage: long duration, costly. Cross-sectional: collects all data at one time point. Advantage: clear, permits many variables. Disadvantage: no time dimension – cannot support causal or risk conclusions. Suited for prevalence, NOT incidence.""") open_q(21, "Main aspects of informed consent document") open_a("""Explains: Purpose; Procedures; Potential benefits; Potential risks.""") open_q(22, "Order the steps of the Research Process (correct order)") open_a("""1. Identify the problem or question 2. Restate the question as a hypothesis 3. Review published literature 4. Identify all relevant study variables and operational definitions 5. Develop research design and analytical plan 6. Specify/construct data collection instruments and plan 7. Collect and process data 8. Perform statistical analyses 9. Draw (careful) conclusions 10. Draft the research report or scientific publication""") # ─────────────── SET 2 ─────────────── section("SET 2 – Multiple Choice") q(1, "Three most often used ethical theories:") opt("a","Deontological ethics, Virtue ethics, Logical ethics") opt("b","Consequentialism, Deontological ethics, Virtue ethics", correct=True) opt("c","Linkage ethics, Consequentialism, Deontological ethics") opt("d","Consequentialism, Virtue ethics, Logical ethics") q(2, "The guiding idea for consequentialists:") opt("a","Do what is right, regardless of the outcome") opt("b","The morally right action is the action that a virtuous person performs") opt("c","The ethical choice is the one which will produce the greatest good for the greatest number, regardless of the action", correct=True) q(3, "Tranøy – three types of norms:") opt("a","Internal norms, external norms, mandatory norms") opt("b","External norms, linkage norms, relevance norms") opt("c","Internal norms, external norms, linkage norms", correct=True) opt("d","Internal norms, epistemic norms, social norms") q(4, "Insulin/Deduction question (same as Set 1 Q1):") opt("a","Deduction (deducting modes of inference)", correct=True) opt("b","Induction") opt("c","Abduction") q(5, "Manipulation of research materials / omitting data = :") opt("a","Fabrication") opt("b","Falsification", correct=True) opt("c","Plagiarism") q(6, "ICMJE rules of authorship – which ones apply? (choose all that are correct)") story.append(Paragraph("✔ a. Final approval of the version to be published", correct_style)) story.append(Paragraph(" b. ONLY the first author has to answer questions — INCORRECT rule", opt_style)) story.append(Paragraph("✔ c. Substantial contributions to conception, design, acquisition of data, or analysis", correct_style)) story.append(Paragraph("✔ d. Drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content", correct_style)) story.append(Paragraph("✔ e. Acquisition of funding / collection of data / general supervision ALONE does not justify authorship", correct_style)) note("Option b is the INCORRECT rule – ALL authors must be accountable, not just the first.") q(7, "Ethics of human experimentation – which one is INCORRECT?") opt("a","Informed consent — correct principle") opt("b","Financial benefits — INCORRECT (financial benefit is not an ethics mechanism)", correct=True) opt("c","Risk disclosure — correct principle") opt("d","Non-maleficence (do no harm) — correct principle") opt("e","Correct formulation of a scientific protocol — correct principle") q(8, "10 principles of Nuremberg Code – which THREE are formulated INCORRECTLY? (c, e, f)") story.append(Paragraph(" a. Voluntary consent – CORRECT", opt_style)) story.append(Paragraph(" b. Fruitful results for society – CORRECT", opt_style)) story.append(Paragraph("✔ c. 'shouldn't' should be 'should' – INCORRECTLY formulated", correct_style)) story.append(Paragraph(" d. Avoid unnecessary suffering – CORRECT", opt_style)) story.append(Paragraph("✔ e. 'even' should be 'except, perhaps' – INCORRECTLY formulated", correct_style)) story.append(Paragraph("✔ f. Risk should NEVER exceed humanitarian importance – this option reverses that – INCORRECTLY formulated", correct_style)) story.append(Paragraph(" g–j. All correctly formulated", opt_style)) q(9, "PICO acronym:") opt("a","Prevention, intervention, conclusion, outcome") opt("b","Patient/problem, interesting, conclusion, others") opt("c","Population/patient/problem, information, comparison, outcome") opt("d","Population/patient/problem, intervention, comparison, outcome", correct=True) q(10, "Three aims of epidemiological studies – INCORRECT answer:") opt("•","Describing disease occurrence and distribution – CORRECT") opt("•","Observing social activity and reliability – INCORRECT (not an aim of epidemiology)", correct=True) opt("•","Identifying cause of disease – CORRECT") opt("•","Undertaking experiments to assess treatments – CORRECT") q("10b", "Choice of study design depends on: (choose those that are CORRECT)") story.append(Paragraph("✔ Population", correct_style)) story.append(Paragraph("✔ Problem", correct_style)) story.append(Paragraph(" Social characteristics — NOT a determinant", opt_style)) story.append(Paragraph(" Researcher's authority — NOT a determinant", opt_style)) q(11, "Types of Observational epidemiological studies – INCORRECT answer:") opt("","Ecological studies – correct") opt("","Cross-sectional studies – correct") opt("","Intervention trials – INCORRECT (these are experimental, not observational)", correct=True) opt("","Correlation studies – correct") q(12, "Types of experimental studies – INCORRECT answer:") opt("","Case-control studies – INCORRECT (these are observational)", correct=True) opt("","Randomized, controlled trials – correct experimental") opt("","Intervention trials – correct experimental") opt("","Interventions in populations or communities – correct experimental") q(13, "Observational units are NOT individuals in:") opt("","Randomized controlled trials – individuals ARE units") opt("","Ecological studies – correct, units are POPULATIONS/groups not individuals", correct=True) opt("","Case-control studies – individuals ARE units") opt("","Cohort studies – individuals ARE units") q(14, "The incidence rate is:") opt("","The number of new events divided by the total observation time during the period", correct=True) opt("","The number of new events divided by the total amount of affected") opt("","The number of new events divided by the total size of the population") opt("","The number of new events divided by the total number of ill people") q("14b", "Probability that a person will become ill in a population AT A TIME is:") opt("","Point prevalence", correct=True) opt("","Period prevalence") opt("","Affected prevalence") opt("","Health prevalence") q(15, "Main uses of vital statistics – INCORRECT answer:") opt("","Description of the population mortality trends – correct") opt("","Comparison of age- and gender-specific death rates – correct") opt("","Comparison of healthy- and affected-specific death rates – INCORRECT (not a standard use)", correct=True) opt("","Description of cause-specific, age- and gender-specific death rates – correct") q(16, "Case-control study is: – choose INCORRECT answer:") opt("","Prospective study – INCORRECT (case-control is retrospective)", correct=True) opt("","Retrospective study – correct") opt("","Longitudinal study – correct") q(17, "Main advantage of case-control studies – choose INCORRECT answer:") opt("","Relatively simple to carry out – correct") opt("","Relatively cheap – correct") opt("","Good for diseases with very short latency – INCORRECT (case-control is good for RARE diseases and long latency)", correct=True) opt("","Good for rare disease – correct") q(18, "Inverse time aspect in case-control – INCORRECT answer:") opt("","A problem because researcher knows who are cases and controls – correct disadvantage") opt("","A problem because examiner may assess patients differently – correct disadvantage") opt("","A disadvantage because many sources for systematic error – correct disadvantage") opt("","A disadvantage because they are of long duration and costly – INCORRECT (long duration/costly is a cohort drawback)", correct=True) q(19, "Examples of longitudinal studies – INCORRECT answer:") opt("","Case-control study – case-control can be longitudinal BUT…") opt("","Cohort study – correct longitudinal") opt("","Experimental study – correct longitudinal") opt("","Cross-sectional study – INCORRECT (cross-sectional is NOT longitudinal; it's a single time point)", correct=True) q(20, "In cohort studies subjects are identified by:") opt("","By exposure (risk factor)", correct=True) opt("","By illness") opt("","By mortality") opt("","By nationality") q(21, "Disadvantages of cohort study: (choose the actual disadvantages)") story.append(Paragraph(" Numerous variables can be assessed — this is an ADVANTAGE", opt_style)) story.append(Paragraph("✔ It is possible to lose some test subjects — disadvantage", correct_style)) story.append(Paragraph(" It has no dimension of time — FALSE, cohort DOES have time dimension", opt_style)) story.append(Paragraph("✔ Many possible sources for systematic error — disadvantage", correct_style)) q(22, "Study effects of various doses of a drug = Phase:") opt("","Phase I – Toxicity and side-effects") opt("","Phase II – Dose-response", correct=True) opt("","Phase III – Comparison with established treatment or placebo") opt("","Phase IV – Postmarketing") q(23, "First phase of planning clinical trial – three main aspects (correct answers):") story.append(Paragraph(" How to review the published literature — NOT a first-phase aspect", opt_style)) story.append(Paragraph("✔ Which patients will be included — correct", correct_style)) story.append(Paragraph(" How to draft the research report — NOT a first-phase aspect", opt_style)) story.append(Paragraph("✔ How will adverse events be recorded — correct", correct_style)) note("Third correct aspect = How will the primary endpoint be measured/defined") q(24, "Correct equation for Relative Risk Ratio (RR):") story.append(Paragraph("✔ RR = (a/(a+b)) / (c/(c+d)) — Risk in exposed ÷ Risk in unexposed", correct_style)) note("RR = (Incidence in exposed) / (Incidence in unexposed)") q(25, "The ratio p/(1–p) is:") opt("","RR") opt("","IRR") opt("","OR (Odds Ratio)", correct=True) opt("","AR") q(26, "RR for myocardial infarction and cigarette smoking (table: no smoke: 490 no/10 yes; smoke: 560 no/40 yes):") story.append(Paragraph("✔ RR = (40/600) / (10/500) = 0.0667 / 0.02 = 3.33 ≈ RR = 3", correct_style)) note("Use the formula: Risk in smokers = 40/600; Risk in non-smokers = 10/500. RR ≈ 3.") q(27, "Incidence rates from person-years table:") story.append(Paragraph("✔ IRe (smokers) = 40/4800", correct_style)) story.append(Paragraph("✔ IRo (non-smokers) = 20/4600", correct_style)) q(28, "Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) is:") opt("","IRe/IRo", correct=True) opt("","IRo/IRe") opt("","IRe – IRo") opt("","IRo – IRe") q(29, "The excess risk is:") opt("","IRe/IRo") opt("","IRo/IRe") opt("","IRe – IRo", correct=True) opt("","IRo – IRe") q("29b", "Attributable risk is: – INCORRECT answer:") opt("","The risk for those who are exposed to the factor — correct") opt("","A measure of the proportion of disease occurrence ascribed to a risk factor — correct") opt("","An estimating excess risk divided by the risk for those who are exposed — INCORRECT definition of AR (this describes Attributable Fraction)", correct=True) opt("","A measure of the exposure in explaining the occurrence of disease in the exposed group — correct") q(30, "Sensitivity is:") opt("","The validity relevant to identifying those who are ILL", correct=True) opt("","The validity relevant to identifying those who are healthy") opt("","The validity relevant to identifying those who are exposed") opt("","The validity relevant to identifying those who are non-exposed") q(31, "Specificity is:") opt("","The validity relevant to identifying those who are ill") opt("","The validity relevant to identifying those who are HEALTHY", correct=True) opt("","The validity relevant to identifying those who are exposed") opt("","The validity relevant to identifying those who are non-exposed") q(32, "Attributable risk for the population (PAR) is calculated:") opt("","RR/(RR–1)") opt("","Re/(Re–R0)") opt("","p(RR–1)/(1+p(RR–1))", correct=True) opt("","p(Re–R0)/(1+(RR–1))") q(33, "Robert Koch postulates – which TWO are FALSE:") story.append(Paragraph(" 1. Organism found in diseased not healthy — CORRECT", opt_style)) story.append(Paragraph(" 2. Organism isolated from diseased animal and grown in pure culture — CORRECT", opt_style)) story.append(Paragraph("✔ 3. 'Presence is a random accident' — FALSE (presence must NOT be a random accident)", correct_style)) story.append(Paragraph("✔ 4. 'Isolated from healthy animal' — FALSE (should be from diseased/experimentally infected animal)", correct_style)) story.append(Paragraph(" 5. Cultured organism causes disease in healthy animal — CORRECT", opt_style)) story.append(Paragraph(" 6. Organism re-isolated from experimentally infected animal — CORRECT", opt_style)) q(34, "According to Robert Koch's explanations, the parasite is:") opt("1","Only necessary condition for the disease") opt("2","Only sufficient condition for the disease") opt("3","Both a necessary and sufficient condition for the disease", correct=True) opt("4","An insufficient but necessary part of a necessary and sufficient condition") q(35, "Elucidation of p53 tumor suppressor gene role in apoptosis treatment = example of:") opt("1","Fundamental research") opt("2","Applied research") opt("3","Translational research", correct=True) q(36, "Two most typical examples of PROSPECTIVE research in clinical medicine:") opt("1","Case-control studies") opt("2","Observational cohort studies", correct=True) opt("3","Experimental studies", correct=True) opt("4","Cross-sectional studies") # ─────────────── SET 3 / TEST 10 ─────────────── section("SET 3 / TEST 10 – Multiple Choice") q(1, "Points to Keep in Mind When Choosing a Research Problem – INCORRECT answer:") opt("","Do not be afraid of choosing a big, challenging research problem — correct advice") opt("","Stay away from research questions that emerged primarily from in vitro studies — correct advice") opt("","Don't select biological problems that apply to organisms, organs, or cells IN VIVO — INCORRECT (you SHOULD select in vivo problems)", correct=True) opt("","Think strategically, break big problems into smaller steps — correct advice") q(2, "Blood pressure and age are typical examples of:") opt("","Nominal data") opt("","Categorical data") opt("","Continuous data", correct=True) opt("","Ordinal data") q(3, "Strategies for data collection in Multisite ethnography – INCORRECT answer:") opt("","Follow a time — correct strategy") opt("","Follow a life — correct strategy") opt("","Follow an object — correct strategy") opt("","Follow a metaphor — correct strategy") opt("","Follow people — correct strategy") opt("","Follow a conflict — INCORRECT/not a standard multisite strategy", correct=True) q(4, "PICO acronym:") opt("","Patient/problem, Interesting, Conclusion, Others") opt("","Population/patient/problem, Information, Comparison, Outcome") opt("","Population/patient/problem, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome", correct=True) opt("","Prevention, Intervention, Conclusion, Outcome") q(5, "Regression analysis – INCORRECT answer:") opt("","Non-parametric model — INCORRECT (non-parametric is NOT a type of regression analysis)", correct=True) opt("","Simple linear model — correct") opt("","Nonlinear model — correct") q(6, "Information literacy – INCORRECT answer:") opt("","Evaluate the quality of information — correct ability") opt("","Recognize a need for information — correct ability") opt("","Identify transitional sources of information — INCORRECT ('transitional' is not a standard term; correct is 'relevant' sources)", correct=True) opt("","Know how to access sources — correct ability") opt("","Use information efficiently — correct ability") q(7, "Three areas for ethical principles – ONE INCORRECT:") opt("","They maintain high commercial standard — INCORRECT", correct=True) opt("","The assessment of risk and benefit — correct") opt("","The informed consent process — correct") opt("","The selection of human subjects — correct") q(8, "Systematic reviews and meta-analysis (open question – see Set 1 Q4 answer above)", open_q_style) q(9, "Which characteristic of research hypothesis is INCORRECT?") opt("","Expressed simply and unambiguously — correct") opt("","Should be testable — correct") opt("","Must be clear in meaning, contain only one answer — correct") opt("","Should provide adequate answer to the research problem — correct") opt("","It should be retrospective — INCORRECT (hypotheses should be prospective/testable, not retrospective)", correct=True) q(10, "Belmont Report – three basic ethical principles:") opt("","Treat patients equally, beneficence, be selfless") opt("","Respect for persons, beneficence, justice", correct=True) opt("","Respect for persons, treat patients equally, beneficence") opt("","Treat patients equally, respect person confidentiality, justice") q(11, "Ratio p/(1–p) is:") opt("","AR (Attributable Risk)") opt("","OR (Odds ratio)", correct=True) opt("","IRR (Incidence Rate Ratio)") opt("","RR (Relative Risk)") q(12, "The incidence rate is:") opt("","New events / total number of ill people") opt("","New events / total size of population") opt("","New events / total observation time during the period", correct=True) opt("","New events / total amount of affected") q(13, "Which part of scientific article should be written LAST and contains most important ideas:") opt("","Abstract", correct=True) opt("","Discussion") opt("","Materials and Methods") opt("","Results") q(14, "Sensitivity is:") opt("","Identifying those who are non-exposed") opt("","Identifying those who are exposed") opt("","Identifying those who are ILL", correct=True) opt("","Identifying those who are healthy") q(15, "Tuckman – five characteristics – INCORRECT answer:") opt("","It should be reductive — correct") opt("","It should be logical — correct") opt("","It should be replacement-able — INCORRECT (not one of Tuckman's criteria)", correct=True) opt("","It should be replicable and transmittable — correct") opt("","It should be systematic — correct") q(16, "Types of research quality control – INCORRECT answer:") opt("","Specificity controls — correct type") opt("","Sensitivity controls — correct type") opt("","Remarkable controls — INCORRECT (not a type of quality control)", correct=True) opt("","Negative controls — correct type") opt("","Positive controls — correct type") q(18, "What numbers are determined from Cross-sectional study?") opt("","Relative risk (RR) — NOT from cross-sectional") opt("","Prevalence of disease", correct=True) opt("","Odds Ratio (OR) — NOT typically from cross-sectional") q(19, "Unsolicited authorship happens:") opt("","When someone not fulfilling criteria is offered authorship") opt("","When the professional writer is not listed") opt("","When someone who contributed significantly is not named in by-line") opt("","When someone is listed as author WITHOUT their knowledge or consent", correct=True) q(20, "Historical controls are:") opt("","Vulnerable patients") opt("","The previously treated patients", correct=True) opt("","The previously untreated patients") opt("","Patients within the group") q(21, "Manipulation/changing/omitting data = :") opt("","Falsification", correct=True) opt("","Fabrication") opt("","Plagiarism") q(23, "Evidence-based healthcare (EBHC) – choose FALSE step:") opt("","Critically appraise the evidence — correct step") opt("","Define a research question — correct step") opt("","Implement useful findings — correct step") opt("","Search for the independent variable randomly — FALSE step", correct=True) opt("","Evaluate the practice — correct step") q(24, "Aristotle's four kinds of causes – choose CORRECT answer:") opt("","Material cause, specific cause, efficient cause, final cause") opt("","Formal cause, biological cause, specific cause, efficient cause") opt("","Formal cause, efficient cause, material cause, final cause", correct=True) opt("","Association cause, plausible cause, material cause, formal cause") q(25, "Two most typical examples of PROSPECTIVE research in medicine:") opt("","Cross-sectional studies and Qualitative studies") opt("","Cohort studies and Experimental studies", correct=True) opt("","Case-control studies and Observational studies") q(26, "In a cross-over study, the comparison is:") opt("","Between different historical controls") opt("","Between individuals") opt("","Within-group of individuals") opt("","Within individuals", correct=True) q(27, "Ways to EXPAND the research – INCORRECT answer:") opt("","Using contrasting terms — correct way to expand") opt("","Broadening the timescale — correct way to expand") opt("","Using related terms — correct way to expand") opt("","Checking the publication TYPE assigned to relevant articles — INCORRECT (checking publication type is used for NARROWING, not expanding)", correct=True) q(29, "Related and supplementary methods in qualitative data – INCORRECT answer:") opt("","Linguistic methods — correct") opt("","Peaceful methods — INCORRECT (not a real method)", correct=True) opt("","Historical methods — correct") opt("","Photographic methods — correct") q(30, "Nuremberg code – which ONE is formulated INCORRECTLY?") opt("","'The experiment shouldn't be such as to yield fruitful result... and random and unnecessary' — INCORRECT (should yield fruitful results, NOT random and unnecessary)", correct=True) opt("","Voluntary consent is absolutely essential — CORRECT") # Test 10 continued section("TEST 10 – Additional Questions") q(1, "Main uses of vital statistics – INCORRECT answer:") opt("","Description of population mortality trends — correct") opt("","Comparison of age- and gender-specific death rates — correct") opt("","Comparison of healthy- and affected-specific death rates — INCORRECT", correct=True) opt("","Description of cause-specific death rates for different groups — correct") q(2, "Epidemiological measurements – INCORRECT answer:") opt("","Disease occurrence — correct category") opt("","Association or effect measurements — correct category") opt("","Speed related measurement — INCORRECT", correct=True) opt("","Measures of importance or implication — correct category") q(3, "Confidence of the study depends on:") opt("","The magnitude of the sample", correct=True) opt("","The magnitude of the vector") opt("","Accuracy of the social network") q(4, "Part of scientific article written LAST:") opt("","Materials and Methods") opt("","Abstract", correct=True) opt("","Results") opt("","Discussion") q(5, "Linear regression – FALSE assumption:") opt("","The independent variable is not random — correct assumption") opt("","The value of the residual (error) is zero — correct assumption") opt("","The value of the residual is constant across all observations — correct assumption (homoscedasticity)") opt("","The value of the residual is DIFFERENT across all observations — FALSE assumption", correct=True) opt("","The residual values follow the normal distribution — correct assumption") q(6, "Regression analysis – INCORRECT answer:") opt("","Non-parametric model — INCORRECT (not a regression type)", correct=True) opt("","Simple linear model — correct") opt("","Nonlinear model — correct") q(7, "EBHC five steps – FALSE step:") opt("","Define a research question — correct") opt("","Search for the independent variable randomly — FALSE step", correct=True) opt("","Critically appraise the evidence — correct") opt("","Implement useful findings — correct") opt("","Evaluate the practice — correct") q(8, "Non-parametric methods should be used whenever:") opt("","The observations do NOT approximately follow a normal distribution", correct=True) opt("","The dependent variable is random") opt("","The residual is not correlated across all observations") q(9, "When comparing CATEGORICAL variables, use:") opt("","t-Test") opt("","ANOVA") opt("","Chi-Squared", correct=True) q(10, "When comparing MEAN/AVERAGE of two groups, use:") opt("","t-Test", correct=True) opt("","ANOVA") opt("","Chi-Square") q(11, "A null hypothesis is tested by:") opt("","Computing a test statistic and the associated P-value", correct=True) opt("","Providing the statistical description of interest") opt("","Including the unknown true value with 95% probability") q(12, "The hypothesis that we seek to REJECT is:") opt("","The null hypothesis H(0)", correct=True) opt("","Alternative Hypothesis H(A)") opt("","The effect measure") opt("","Confidence interval") opt("","The P-value") q(13, "The magnitude that provides the statistical description of interest:") opt("","The null hypothesis") opt("","The effect measure", correct=True) opt("","Confidence interval") opt("","The P-value") q(14, "Measurement of how much observed data disagrees with the null hypothesis:") opt("","The p-value", correct=True) opt("","Confidence interval") opt("","The effect measure") q(15, "INCORRECT rule of authorship (ICMJE):") opt("","Only the first author has to answer questions about integrity — INCORRECT rule", correct=True) opt("","Substantial contributions to conception/design/acquisition/analysis — correct rule") opt("","Drafting or revising critically for intellectual content — correct rule") opt("","Acquisition of funding/data/supervision alone does not justify authorship — correct rule") q(16, "Using ideas/concepts/words without acknowledging source = :") opt("","Fabrication") opt("","Falsification") opt("","Plagiarism", correct=True) q(17, "Manipulation/changing/omitting data = :") opt("","Fabrication") opt("","Falsification", correct=True) opt("","Plagiarism") q(18, "Qualitative research cannot be generalized because – INCORRECT answer:") opt("","Sample is usually too small — correct reason") opt("","Sample usually isn't selected randomly — correct reason") opt("","Sample usually isn't selected strategically — INCORRECT (qualitative samples ARE selected strategically)", correct=True) q(19, "Multisite ethnography strategies – INCORRECT answer:") opt("","Follow people — correct") opt("","Follow an object — correct") opt("","Follow a metaphor — correct") opt("","Follow a time — correct") note("All four listed are correct strategies. 'Follow a conflict' (from other set) is the incorrect one.") q(20, "INCORRECT stage of qualitative research process (Klave):") opt("","The antipositivist enthusiasm phase — correct") opt("","The interview-quoting phase — correct") opt("","The peaceful phase of silence — INCORRECT stage name", correct=True) opt("","The aggressive phase of silence — correct") opt("","The final phase of exhaustion — correct") q(21, "Principal and most used methods in qualitative data collection:") opt("","Participant ethnography") opt("","Grounded interviews") opt("","Multisite interviews") opt("","Grounded theory", correct=True) note("Also accepted: Participant observation, in-depth interviews, focus groups") q(22, "Related/supplementary methods in qualitative data – INCORRECT answer:") opt("","Historical methods — correct") opt("","Linguistic methods — correct") opt("","Peaceful methods — INCORRECT", correct=True) opt("","Photographic methods — correct") q(23, "Principal methods in qualitative data collection – INCORRECT answer:") opt("","Participant observation — correct") opt("","Narratives — correct") opt("","Life-mode interviews — correct") opt("","Randomly interviews — INCORRECT (qualitative sampling is purposive/strategic, not random)", correct=True) q(24, "Samples in qualitative studies – INCORRECT answer:") opt("","Always are strategic — correct") opt("","Often cannot be selected in advance of fieldwork — correct") opt("","Are selected randomly — INCORRECT", correct=True) q(25, "Characteristic of research hypothesis – INCORRECT:") opt("","Clear in meaning, one answer — correct") opt("","Expressed simply and unambiguously — correct") opt("","Provides adequate answer to the research problem — correct") opt("","It should be retrospective — INCORRECT", correct=True) q(26, "Two most typical examples of PROSPECTIVE research in medicine:") opt("","Case-control studies and Observational studies") opt("","Cohort studies and Experimental studies", correct=True) opt("","Cross-sectional studies and Qualitative studies") q(27, "Lung cancer rates in New Yorkers/Texans/Californians from national database. Type of study:") opt("","Case-control study") opt("","Retrospective cohort study") opt("","Experimental study") opt("","Cross-sectional study", correct=True) q(28, "Same scenario. What can be determined?") opt("","Odds Ratio") opt("","Prevalence of disease", correct=True) opt("","Relative risk") opt("","Regression coefficient") q(29, "100 New Yorkers identified as smokers vs non-smokers, followed 3 years for lung cancer. Type of study:") opt("","Case-control study") opt("","Retrospective cohort study") opt("","Experimental study") opt("","Cross-sectional study") opt("","Prospective cohort study", correct=True) q(30, "Same prospective cohort scenario. What can be determined?") opt("","Odds Ratio") opt("","Prevalence of disease") opt("","Relative risk", correct=True) q(31, "Specificity is:") opt("","Identifying those who are ill") opt("","Identifying those who are HEALTHY", correct=True) opt("","Identifying those who are exposed") opt("","Identifying those who are non-exposed") q(32, "Sensitivity is:") opt("","Identifying those who are ILL", correct=True) opt("","Identifying those who are healthy") opt("","Identifying those who are exposed") opt("","Identifying those who are non-exposed") q(33, "Information bias may arise or occur:") opt("","In retrospective studies where issues are known to both observer and observed", correct=True) opt("","Due to a flaw in study design (groups selected differently)") opt("","Strong association between measured variable and unmeasured confounding factor") opt("","In prospective studies where issues are known to the observer") q(34, "Selection bias may occur or arise:") opt("","In retrospective studies where issues are known to both observer and observed") opt("","Strong association between measured variable and unmeasured confounding factor") opt("","Due to a flaw in study design, when groups have been selected in different ways", correct=True) opt("","In prospective studies where issues are known to the observer") q(35, "Statistical confounding may occur or arise:") opt("","In retrospective studies where issues are known to both observer and observed") opt("","Due to a flaw in study design") opt("","When there is a strong association between measured variable and an unmeasured confounding factor", correct=True) opt("","In prospective studies where issues are known to the observer") q(36, "Bias traditionally classified as – INCORRECT answer:") opt("","Selection bias — correct") opt("","Information bias — correct") opt("","Exposure bias — INCORRECT classification", correct=True) opt("","Statistical confounding — correct") q(37, "PAR calculated:") opt("","RR/(RR–1)") opt("","Re/(Re–R0)") opt("","p(RR–1)/(1+p(RR–1))", correct=True) opt("","p(Re–R0)/(1+(RR–1))") q(38, "Attributable risk – INCORRECT answer:") opt("","The measure of risk for those exposed — correct") opt("","Measure of proportion of disease ascribed to a risk factor — correct") opt("","Estimating excess risk divided by risk for those exposed — INCORRECT (this is Attributable Fraction/EF)", correct=True) opt("","Measure of exposure in explaining disease in the exposed group — correct") q(39, "Excess risk is:") opt("","IRe/IRo") opt("","IRo/IRe") opt("","IRe – IRo", correct=True) opt("","IRo – IRe") q(40, "Incidence rate ratio (IRR) is:") opt("","IRe/IRo", correct=True) opt("","IRo/IRe") opt("","IRe – IRo") opt("","IRo – IRe") q(41, "Ratio p/(1–p) is:") opt("","RR") opt("","IRR") opt("","OR (Odds ratio)", correct=True) opt("","AR") q(42, "Disadvantages of cohort study:") story.append(Paragraph(" Numerous variables can be assessed — ADVANTAGE", opt_style)) story.append(Paragraph("✔ Loss of some test subjects — disadvantage", correct_style)) story.append(Paragraph(" No dimension of time — FALSE (cohort DOES have time)", opt_style)) story.append(Paragraph("✔ Many possible sources for systematic error — disadvantage", correct_style)) q(43, "Examples of longitudinal studies – INCORRECT answer:") opt("","Case-control study — longitudinal") opt("","Cohort study — longitudinal") opt("","Experimental study — longitudinal") opt("","Cross-sectional study — INCORRECT (cross-sectional is NOT longitudinal)", correct=True) q(44, "A case-control study is – INCORRECT answer:") opt("","An observational study — correct") opt("","Prospective study — INCORRECT (case-control is retrospective)", correct=True) opt("","Retrospective study — correct") opt("","Longitudinal study — correct") q(45, "Expression of probability that an individual will EVER have been ill during a defined period:") opt("","Point prevalence") opt("","Period prevalence", correct=True) opt("","Affected prevalence") opt("","Health prevalence") q(46, "Probability that a person will become ill in a population AT A TIME:") opt("","Point prevalence", correct=True) opt("","Period prevalence") opt("","Affected prevalence") opt("","Health prevalence") q(47, "Incidence rate is:") opt("","New events / total observation time during the period", correct=True) opt("","New events / total amount of affected") opt("","New events / total size of population") opt("","New events / total number of ill people") q(48, "The study sample is:") opt("","Population to which conclusions are generalized") opt("","Subset of target population with measurable characteristics") opt("","Group of people, objects, or items taken from source population for measurement", correct=True) q(49, "Observational units are NOT individuals in:") opt("","Randomized controlled trials") opt("","Ecological studies", correct=True) opt("","Case-control studies") opt("","Cohort studies") q(50, "Types of experimental studies – INCORRECT answer:") opt("","Case-control studies — INCORRECT (observational, not experimental)", correct=True) opt("","Randomized controlled trials — correct experimental") opt("","Intervention trials — correct experimental") opt("","Interventions in populations or communities — correct experimental") q(51, "Types of observational epidemiological studies – INCORRECT answer:") opt("","Ecological studies — correct observational") opt("","Cross-sectional studies — correct observational") opt("","Interventions in populations or communities — INCORRECT (interventional, not observational)", correct=True) opt("","Correlation studies — correct observational") q(52, "Choice of study design depends on:") story.append(Paragraph("✔ Population", correct_style)) story.append(Paragraph("✔ Problem", correct_style)) story.append(Paragraph(" Social characteristics — NOT a determinant", opt_style)) story.append(Paragraph(" Researcher's authority — NOT a determinant", opt_style)) q(53, "Three aims of epidemiological studies – INCORRECT answer:") opt("","Describing disease occurrence and distribution — correct aim") opt("","Observing social activity and reliability — INCORRECT aim", correct=True) opt("","Identifying the cause of disease — correct aim") opt("","Undertaking experiments to assess treatments — correct aim") q(54, "Main key point to recognize a Cross-sectional Study:") opt("","Lack of time frame or just a snapshot in time", correct=True) opt("","Patients are not selected by disease") opt("","Patients are not selected by exposure") opt("","Patients are not selected by nationality") q(55, "Gene + diabetes questionnaire study. Main outcome measure:") opt("","Odds Ratio") opt("","Prevalence of disease", correct=True) opt("","Relative risk") q(56, "Same gene/diabetes study. Type of study:") opt("","Case-control study") opt("","Retrospective cohort study") opt("","Experimental study") opt("","Cross-sectional study", correct=True) opt("","Prospective cohort study") q(57, "Hospital records analysed going back 5 years (retrospective cohort). Main outcome measure:") opt("","Odds Ratio") opt("","Prevalence of disease") opt("","Relative risk", correct=True) opt("","Mortality risk") q(58, "Same retrospective hospital record study. Type of study:") opt("","Case-control study") opt("","Retrospective cohort study", correct=True) opt("","Experimental study") opt("","Cross-sectional study") opt("","Prospective cohort study") q(59, "New Yorkers surveyed for smoking and morning cough. Main outcome measure:") opt("","Odds Ratio") opt("","Prevalence of disease", correct=True) opt("","Relative risk") q(60, "Same survey study. Type of study:") opt("","Case-control study") opt("","Retrospective cohort study") opt("","Experimental study") opt("","Cross-sectional study", correct=True) q(61, "Lung cancer patients vs non-lung cancer, questioned about smoking. Patients identified by:") opt("","By location/group") opt("","By exposure/risk factors") opt("","By disease", correct=True) q(62, "Same case-control scenario. What can be determined:") opt("","Odds Ratio", correct=True) opt("","Prevalence of disease") opt("","Relative risk") q(63, "Same case-control scenario. Type of study:") opt("","Case-control study", correct=True) opt("","Cohort study") opt("","Experimental study") opt("","Cross-sectional study") q(64, "Numbers determined from Case-control study:") opt("","Prevalence of disease (possibly by group)") opt("","Relative risk (RR)") opt("","Odds Ratio (OR)", correct=True) q(65, "Numbers determined from Cohort study:") opt("","Prevalence of disease") opt("","Relative risk (RR)", correct=True) opt("","Odds Ratio (OR)") q(66, "Numbers determined from Cross-sectional study:") opt("","Prevalence of disease", correct=True) opt("","Relative risk (RR)") opt("","Odds Ratio (OR)") q(67, "How are patients identified in Case-control study?") opt("","By location/group") opt("","By exposure/risk factors") opt("","By disease", correct=True) q(68, "How are patients identified in Cohort study?") opt("","By location/group") opt("","By exposure/risk factors", correct=True) opt("","By disease") q(69, "How are patients identified in Cross-sectional study?") opt("","By location/group", correct=True) opt("","By exposure") opt("","By disease") opt("","By risk factors") q(70, "All persons with insulin deficiency have Type I symptoms → general population conclusion. Explanation:") opt("","Deduction") opt("","Induction", correct=True) note("Observing instances in a general population and drawing a general conclusion = Induction") opt("","Abduction") opt("","Coherence") q(71, "Rule + Case → Conclusion (insulin/diabetes). Explanation:") opt("","Deduction (deducting modes of inference)", correct=True) opt("","Induction") opt("","Abduction") opt("","Temporality") q(72, "The pragmatic theory of truth argues:") opt("","It is circular — truth depends on what works, and what works depends on conception of truth", correct=True) opt("","Something is true if it corresponds to truth maker things in the world") opt("","True if it coheres with other hypotheses/theories") q(73, "The correspondence theory of truth argues:") opt("","Circular — depends on what works") opt("","Something is true if it corresponds to some truth maker things in the world", correct=True) opt("","True if it coheres with other hypotheses") q(74, "The coherence theory of truth argues:") opt("","Circular — depends on what works") opt("","Something is true if it corresponds to truth maker things") opt("","A scientific hypothesis is true if it coheres with other hypotheses/theories", correct=True) q(75, "Tranøy – three types of norms (choose CORRECT answer):") opt("","Internal norms, external norms, mandatory norms") opt("","External norms, linkage norms, relevance norms") opt("","Internal norms, external norms, linkage norms", correct=True) opt("","Internal norms, epistemic norms, social norms") q(76, "The guiding idea for consequentialists:") opt("","Do what is right, regardless of the outcome") opt("","The morally right action is that of a virtuous person") opt("","The ethical choice produces the greatest good for the greatest number, regardless of the action", correct=True) q(77, "Three most often used ethical theories:") opt("","Deontological ethics, Virtue ethics, Logical ethics") opt("","Consequentialism, Deontological ethics, Virtue ethics", correct=True) opt("","Linkage ethics, Consequentialism, Deontological ethics") opt("","Consequentialism, Virtue ethics, Logical ethics") q(78, "Gift authorship happens:") opt("","When someone who contributed significantly is NOT named in by-line") opt("","When someone who has NOT fulfilled criteria is offered authorship", correct=True) opt("","When someone is listed without their knowledge/consent") opt("","When the professional writer is not listed") q(79, "Unsolicited authorship happens:") opt("","When someone who contributed significantly is NOT named in by-line") opt("","When someone who has not fulfilled criteria is offered authorship") opt("","When someone is listed as author WITHOUT their knowledge or consent", correct=True) opt("","When the professional writer is not listed") q(80, "Exclusion from authorship happens:") opt("","When someone who contributed significantly and fulfils criteria is NOT named in the by-line", correct=True) opt("","When someone who has not fulfilled criteria is offered authorship") opt("","When someone is listed as author without their knowledge/consent") opt("","When the professional writer is not listed") q(83, "Tuckman – five characteristics – INCORRECT answer:") opt("","It should be systematic — correct") opt("","It should be logical — correct") opt("","It should be replacement-able — INCORRECT", correct=True) opt("","It should be reductive — correct") opt("","It should be replicable and transmittable — correct") q(85, "The number of times an event occurs is typical example of:") opt("","Ordinal data") opt("","Nominal data") opt("","Continuous data") opt("","Count data", correct=True) q(87, "Three main types of validity:") opt("","Concept or conclusion validity, internal validity and external validity", correct=True) opt("","Internal validity, external validity and linkage validity") opt("","Conclusion validity, internal validity and important validity") opt("","Concept or conclusion validity, remarkable validity and positive validity") q(88, "Types of research quality control – INCORRECT answer:") opt("","Positive controls — correct") opt("","Sensitivity controls — correct") opt("","Remarkable controls — INCORRECT", correct=True) opt("","Negative controls — correct") opt("","Specificity controls — correct") q(89, "Blood pressure and age are examples of:") opt("","Ordinal data") opt("","Nominal data") opt("","Categorical data") opt("","Continuous data", correct=True) q(90, "Types of categorical data:") opt("","Nominal and ordinal", correct=True) opt("","Nominal and continuous") opt("","Ordinal and numerical") opt("","Counts and continuous") q(92, "Three areas for ethical principles – ONE INCORRECT:") opt("","They maintain high commercial standard — INCORRECT", correct=True) opt("","The informed consent process — correct") opt("","The assessment of risk and benefit — correct") opt("","The selection of human subjects — correct") q(93, "Belmont Report – three basic ethical principles:") opt("","Treat patients equally, respect person confidentiality, justice") opt("","Respect for persons, beneficence, justice", correct=True) opt("","Treat patients equally, beneficence, be selfless") opt("","Respect for persons, treat patients equally, beneficence") q(95, "Nuremberg code – which ONE is formulated INCORRECTLY?") opt("","Voluntary consent is absolutely essential — correct") opt("","'Experiment shouldn't be such as to yield fruitful results... and random and unnecessary' — INCORRECTLY formulated", correct=True) opt("","Experiment should be designed based on animal experimentation — correct") opt("","No experiment where death/injury likely, except where physicians also serve as subjects — correct") q(96, "Methodology filters – INCORRECT answer:") opt("","Used to elicit quantity rather than quality — INCORRECT (filters elicit QUALITY)", correct=True) opt("","Adapted to structures of individual databases — correct") opt("","Devised to retrieve high-quality research papers — correct") q(97, "Ways to EXPAND research – INCORRECT answer:") opt("","Using related terms — correct expansion") opt("","Using contrasting terms — correct expansion") opt("","Broadening the timescale — correct expansion") opt("","Checking the publication type assigned to relevant articles — INCORRECT for expansion (used for narrowing)", correct=True) q(98, "Subject heading means:") opt("","Limiting a search") opt("","Describe a category of reference") opt("","Articles using similar topic words are grouped under one heading", correct=True) opt("","Finds more, but less likely relevant articles") q(99, "PICO acronym:") opt("","Prevention, Intervention, Conclusion, Outcome") opt("","Patient/problem, Interesting, Conclusion, Others") opt("","Population/patient/problem, Information, Comparison, Outcome") opt("","Population/patient/problem, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome", correct=True) q(100, "Information literacy – INCORRECT answer:") opt("","Recognize a need for information — correct") opt("","Identify transitional sources of information — INCORRECT", correct=True) opt("","Know how to access sources — correct") opt("","Evaluate quality of information — correct") opt("","Use information efficiently — correct") q(101, "Aristotle's four kinds of causes – CORRECT answer:") opt("","Material cause, specific cause, efficient cause, final cause") opt("","Formal cause, biological cause, specific cause, efficient cause") opt("","Formal cause, efficient cause, material cause, final cause", correct=True) opt("","Association cause, plausible cause, material cause, formal cause") q(102, "Bradford Hill criteria – which one does NOT determine causal link?") opt("","Strength of association — causal criterion") opt("","Substantial cause — NOT a Bradford Hill criterion", correct=True) opt("","Temporality — causal criterion") opt("","Consistency of the observed association — causal criterion") q(103, "Koch postulates – which ONE is FALSE?") opt("","Organism found in diseased AND healthy animals — FALSE (should be diseased, NOT healthy)", correct=True) opt("","Organism isolated from diseased animal — correct") opt("","'Presence isn't a random accident' — correct (presence is meaningful)") opt("","Cultured organism causes disease in healthy animal — correct") q(104, "According to Koch, the parasite is:") opt("1","Only necessary condition") opt("2","Only sufficient condition") opt("3","Both a necessary and sufficient condition", correct=True) opt("4","An insufficient but necessary part") q(106, "Main types of authorship misconduct – INCORRECT answer:") opt("","Exclusion from authorship — correct type") opt("","Gift authorship — correct type") opt("","Authorship achieved by productivity — INCORRECT (should be 'by coercion')", correct=True) opt("","Unsolicited authorship — correct type") q(107, "In SOCIAL norms Tranøy includes:") opt("","Truth seeking, testability, consistency, coherency and simplicity — these are EPISTEMIC norms") opt("","Honesty, openness and open-mindedness", correct=True) opt("","Utility, relevance and fruitfulness — these are LINKAGE norms") opt("","Stability, productivity and effortlessness") q(108, "Which norms guide EACH INDIVIDUAL researcher?") opt("","External norms") opt("","Linkage norms") opt("","Epistemic norms", correct=True) opt("","Social norms") q(110, "Ancient Chinese medical ethics – INCORRECTLY formulated:") opt("","To improve clinical skill — correct principle") opt("","To be greedy for wealth and fame — INCORRECT principle", correct=True) opt("","To treat patients equally, as family members — correct principle") opt("","To be modest and prudent toward other physicians — correct principle") q(111, "An act of lying should not be performed even if it has good consequences. This is according to:") opt("","Consequentialism") opt("","Deontological ethics", correct=True) opt("","Virtue ethics") opt("","Linkage ethics") q(113, "First three principal points of a trial protocol:") opt("","Purpose of the study; Trial plan; Inclusion and exclusion criteria", correct=True) opt("","Trial plan; Inclusion and exclusion criteria; Patient report") opt("","Power; Number of patients; Patient report") opt("","Trial plan; Number of patients; Exclusion criteria") q(114, "A well-designed study will have:") opt("","A large number of endpoints") opt("","One primary endpoint and a small number of secondary endpoints", correct=True) opt("","Retrospectively selected endpoints") opt("","Historical endpoints") q(115, "The FIRST step in the stratification process is:") opt("","Identify one or a small number of prognostic factors", correct=True) opt("","Select different bias") opt("","Influence a patient's response") opt("","Select vulnerable patients") q(116, "Historical controls are:") opt("","The previously untreated patients") opt("","Patients within the group") opt("","Vulnerable patients") opt("","The previously treated patients", correct=True) q(117, "In a cross-over study, comparison is:") opt("","Between individuals") opt("","Within individuals", correct=True) opt("","Within-group of individuals") opt("","Between different historical controls") q(118, "In parallel-group study, comparison is:") opt("","Between individuals") opt("","Within individuals") opt("","Within experimental animal") opt("","Between groups of individuals", correct=True) q(119, "Today 'clinical trial' is used synonymously with:") opt("","Phase I study") opt("","Phase II study") opt("","Phase III study", correct=True) opt("","Phase IV study") q(120, "Phase III in development of a drug describes:") opt("","Effects of various doses") opt("","Toxicity in placebo group") opt("","Side-effects in volunteers") opt("","Comparative effect of two or more different treatments, either active drugs or placebo", correct=True) q(121, "Phase II in development of a drug describes:") opt("","Effects of various doses of a drug", correct=True) opt("","Toxicity in volunteer test subjects") opt("","Side-effects in the placebo group") opt("","Effects of two or more different treatments") q(122, "Phases in development of drug – INCORRECT answer:") opt("","Phase I – Toxicity and side-effects — correct") opt("","Phase II – Dose-response — correct") opt("","Phase III – Comparison with established treatment or placebo — correct") opt("","Phase IV – Conclusion — INCORRECT (Phase IV = Post-marketing)", correct=True) q(123, "Phases in development of drug – INCORRECT answer:") opt("","Phase I – Toxicity and side-effects — correct") opt("","Phase II – Dose-response — correct") opt("","Phase III – Comparison with HISTORICAL CONTROL — INCORRECT (should be comparison with established treatment or placebo)", correct=True) opt("","Phase IV – Post marketing — correct") q(125, "Compared with conventional animals, SPF varieties:") opt("","Not better standardized — incorrect") opt("","Have higher resistance to some endotoxin, drugs and physical insults — correct", correct=True) opt("","Have higher morbidity and mortality — incorrect") q(126, "Compared with SPF and conventional animals, gnotobiotic animals have:") opt("","A well-developed immune system — incorrect") opt("","Slower passage of intestinal contents", correct=True) opt("","Higher turnover of intestinal epithelium") opt("","Better basal metabolic rate and cardiac output") note("Gnotobiotic animals have SLOWER intestinal passage, LOWER turnover, UNDERDEVELOPED immune system") q(128, "Animal models can be divided into four groups:") opt("","Spontaneous, induced, unusual, and negative") opt("","Induced, negative, extraordinary, and orphan") opt("","Nonconstructive, impulsive, negative, and orphan") opt("","Induced, spontaneous, negative, and orphan", correct=True) q(129, "Reduction of number of complex animals achieved by:") opt("","Replacing warm-blooded animals with chicken embryos", correct=True) opt("","Replacing zebrafish with chicken embryos") opt("","Replacing zebrafish with mice") opt("","Replacing warm-blooded animals with a rat") q(131, "Three R concept: examples of REPLACEMENT – INCORRECT answer:") opt("","Replacement with computerized models and video — correct") opt("","Replacement with Internet programs — INCORRECT (not a standard R replacement example)", correct=True) opt("","Replacement with sub-cellular systems — correct") opt("","Replacement with chicken embryos — correct") q(132, "Three R concept: REPLACEMENT refers to:") opt("","The use of statistical power analyses") opt("","The use of perfuse organs and tissue slices instead of experimental animals", correct=True) opt("","Replace warm-blooded animals with chicken embryos") opt("","Replace warm-blooded animals with zebrafish") q(133, "Research on Experimental Animals – INCORRECT (not best suited):") opt("","Studies of integrated regulation of body function — correct") opt("","Studies of vaccination against human/animal infectious diseases — correct") opt("","Studies of experimental therapies in HEALTHY models — INCORRECT (should be disease models)", correct=True) opt("","Intervention studies crucial to understanding many diseases — correct") q(134, "Research on Experimental Animals – INCORRECT answer:") opt("","Studies of mechanisms of disease — correct") opt("","Studies of integrated regulation of body function — correct") opt("","Studies of vaccination against infectious diseases — correct") opt("","Cross-sectional studies — INCORRECT (not a type suited to animal experimentation)", correct=True) q(135, "Points when Choosing a Research Problem – INCORRECT answer:") opt("","Select biological problems applying to organisms in vivo — correct advice") opt("","Don't stay away from in vitro research questions if they apply to in vivo — correct advice") opt("","Think strategically — correct advice") opt("","Do not be so afraid of having ideas stolen — correct advice") note("ALL options listed here are CORRECT advice. The incorrect answer from the original question is: 'Don't select biological problems that apply to organisms, organs, or cells in vivo' — you SHOULD select them.") q(139, "Points during literature review – INCORRECT answer:") opt("","Limit review to papers available electronically — INCORRECT (do not limit to electronic only)", correct=True) opt("","Go back 100 years if necessary — correct advice") opt("","Put your ideas in writing — correct advice") opt("","Think broadly — correct advice") q(140, "Points during literature review – INCORRECT answer:") opt("","Don't limit review to papers available electronically — correct (do NOT limit)") opt("","Don't go back 100 years – discoveries were NOT made that long ago — INCORRECT (you SHOULD go back 100 years)", correct=True) opt("","Put your ideas in writing — correct") opt("","Think broadly — correct") story.append(Spacer(1, 0.5*cm)) story.append(HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=1, color=colors.HexColor('#aaaaaa'), spaceAfter=8)) story.append(Paragraph("End of Answer Key", ParagraphStyle('Footer', parent=styles['Normal'], fontSize=9, textColor=colors.grey, alignment=TA_CENTER))) doc.build(story) print("PDF created successfully!") PYEOF python3 /tmp/workspace/research-skills/make_pdf.py

sed -i 's/q(8, "Systematic reviews and meta-analysis (open question – see Set 1 Q4 answer above)", open_q_style)/q(8, "Systematic reviews and meta-analysis (open question – see Set 1 Q4 answer above)")/' /tmp/workspace/research-skills/make_pdf.py && python3 /tmp/workspace/research-skills/make_pdf.py

ls -lh /tmp/workspace/research-skills/research_skills_answers.pdf