müllerian malformation and fertility, create a table with each malformation and the effect on perinatal outcome

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Mullerian anomalies AND perinatal outcomes

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ASRM müllerian anomalies fertility perinatal outcomes guideline

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Finding Sources
Searching PubMed

congenital uterine anomalies AND reproductive outcome

Reading Web Page

https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-do…

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Finding Sources
Reading Article

PMID: 39227392

Searching the Web

congenital uterine anomalies adverse pregnancy outcomes septate bicornuate didelphys unicornuate systematic review meta-analysis

Müllerian anomalies usually affect pregnancy maintenance and obstetric outcome more than the ability to conceive. Important exceptions are uterine agenesis and severe cervical/vaginal agenesis. Outcomes also depend on whether a functional uterine cavity and cervix are present, and whether there is an obstructed rudimentary horn.
MalformationFertility effectEffect on perinatal / pregnancy outcome
Müllerian agenesis / MRKH syndromeNo functional uterus, so carrying a pregnancy is not possible. Ovarian function is usually normal, allowing genetic parenthood with IVF and a gestational carrier.No intrauterine pregnancy outcome because the uterus is absent.
Unicornuate uterus with or without a rudimentary hornConception may occur, but overall reproductive potential and live-birth rates can be reduced, especially in ART.Increased miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy in a rudimentary horn, fetal growth restriction/small-for-gestational-age infant, malpresentation, preterm birth, cesarean birth, and uterine rupture if pregnancy occurs in a noncommunicating rudimentary horn. Multifetal pregnancy should be avoided where possible.
Uterus didelphysUsually little or no major reduction in conception.Increased preterm birth, malpresentation, low birth weight, cesarean birth, and sometimes cervical insufficiency. A normal term pregnancy remains possible.
Bicornuate uterusOften conception is preserved; infertility is not the dominant problem.Increased first- and second-trimester loss, preterm birth, PPROM, malpresentation, fetal growth restriction, placental complications, and cesarean birth. This is one of the fusion defects most consistently associated with miscarriage.
Septate uterus - partial or completeMost strongly associated with recurrent miscarriage among common uterine anomalies; implantation on poorly vascularized septal tissue is a proposed mechanism.Increased early miscarriage, second-trimester loss, preterm birth, malpresentation, fetal growth restriction, and cesarean delivery. Hysteroscopic septum incision may reduce pregnancy loss in selected patients, particularly those with recurrent loss, but it is not a universal fertility treatment.
Arcuate uterusUsually no meaningful effect on fertility.Generally considered a mild variant with live-birth outcomes close to those of a normal uterus. Some studies report associations with preterm birth, but evidence is inconsistent and the diagnosis overlaps with normal uterine shape.
T-shaped / dysmorphic uterus - classically associated with in-utero DES exposure, but may be congenitalMay reduce implantation and increase infertility or recurrent pregnancy loss.Higher risks of miscarriage, preterm labor/birth, cervical insufficiency, and abnormal placentation. Evidence varies because diagnostic definitions differ.
Cervical agenesis or severe cervical dysgenesisUsually markedly impairs fertility; may cause outflow obstruction. Pregnancy is exceptionally uncommon and high risk.If pregnancy occurs, risks include miscarriage, preterm birth, infection, and inability to achieve safe vaginal delivery. Management is highly specialized.
Cervical duplication / duplicated cervix, often with didelphysFertility may be normal if there is no obstruction.Outcome is driven mainly by the associated uterine anomaly. May add cervical insufficiency or labor-management issues.
Longitudinal vaginal septumUsually no direct effect unless it causes dyspareunia, obstruction, or coexists with a uterine anomaly.Typically does not impair fetal growth or placentation itself, but may obstruct vaginal examination or delivery. Resection may be considered if it obstructs labor.
Transverse vaginal septum / vaginal atresiaCan impair fertility indirectly through menstrual outflow obstruction, endometriosis, or difficult intercourse.Does not intrinsically alter placental function, but may make vaginal delivery impossible or unsafe; cesarean birth may be needed unless corrected.
Obstructed hemivagina with ipsilateral renal anomaly - OHVIRA syndrome, commonly with didelphysFertility may be reduced on the obstructed side because of hematocolpos, endometriosis, or infection; fertility can remain good after appropriate treatment.Perinatal risks are mainly those of the associated didelphys uterus: preterm birth, malpresentation, and cesarean delivery.

Practical summary

  • Highest miscarriage association: septate uterus, then bicornuate uterus.
  • Highest preterm and malpresentation concern: unicornuate, bicornuate, and didelphys uterus.
  • Little or no expected effect: arcuate uterus and isolated longitudinal vaginal septum.
  • Pregnancy not possible without uterine factor treatment/gestational carrier: MRKH or complete uterine agenesis.
  • All confirmed Müllerian anomalies: assess for associated renal anomalies and define anatomy with high-quality imaging, usually 3D transvaginal ultrasound, with MRI when needed.
A recent meta-analysis found that septate/subseptate, bicornuate, and didelphys uteri were associated with higher risks of miscarriage, preterm birth, malpresentation, fetal growth restriction, and cesarean birth, though individual risk varies substantially by anatomy and prior obstetric history (meta-analysis). The ASRM classification is useful because it distinguishes septate from bicornuate uterus, an important distinction for counseling and potential treatment. A 2024 systematic review of ART outcomes found poorer miscarriage and live-birth outcomes particularly with unicornuate and septate uteri, while didelphys, bicornuate, and arcuate uteri did not consistently reduce ART success, although didelphys increased preterm birth and low birth weight risk (PMID 39227392).

Create a one-page PDF reference table

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Reading File
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Searching PubMed

congenital uterine anomalies AND pregnancy outcome

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~/

Running Command

mkdir -p "/tmp/workspace/mullerian-reference/output"  cat > "/tmp/workspace/mullerian-reference/create_pdf.py" <<'PY' from reportlab.lib import colors from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import letter, landscape from reportlab.lib.styles import getSampleStyleSheet, ParagraphStyle from reportlab.lib.enums import TA_CENTER, TA_LEFT from reportlab.lib.units import inch from reportlab.platypus import SimpleDocTemplate, Table, TableStyle, Paragraph, Spacer, KeepTogether from reportlab.pdfbase.pdfmetrics import stringWidth out = '/tmp/workspace/mullerian-reference/output/Mullerian_Malformations_Fertility_Perinatal_Reference.pdf' page = landscape(letter) margin = 0.32*inch doc = SimpleDocTemplate(out, pagesize=page, leftMargin=margin, rightMargin=margin, topMargin=0.28*inch, bottomMargin=0.28*inch) styles = getSampleStyleSheet() title = ParagraphStyle('Title', parent=styles['Title'], fontName='Helvetica-Bold', fontSize=15, leading=17, alignment=TA_CENTER, textColor=colors.HexColor('#17365D'), spaceAfter=3) sub = ParagraphStyle('Sub', parent=styles['Normal'], fontName='Helvetica', fontSize=7.4, leading=9, alignment=TA_CENTER, textColor=colors.HexColor('#404040'), spaceAfter=7) head = ParagraphStyle('Head', parent=styles['Normal'], fontName='Helvetica-Bold', fontSize=7.4, leading=8.5, textColor=colors.white, alignment=TA_CENTER) cell = ParagraphStyle('Cell', parent=styles['Normal'], fontName='Helvetica', fontSize=6.9, leading=8.1, alignment=TA_LEFT) cell_bold = ParagraphStyle('CellBold', parent=cell, fontName='Helvetica-Bold') foot = ParagraphStyle('Foot', parent=styles['Normal'], fontName='Helvetica-Oblique', fontSize=6.1, leading=7.3, textColor=colors.HexColor('#444444'), spaceBefore=5) P=lambda s, st=cell: Paragraph(s,st) data=[ [P('Malformation',head),P('Fertility',head),P('Pregnancy and perinatal outcome',head)], [P('Müllerian agenesis / MRKH',cell_bold),P('No capacity to carry pregnancy; ovarian function usually preserved. Genetic parenthood possible via IVF with gestational carrier.',cell),P('No intrauterine pregnancy outcome because there is no functional uterus.',cell)], [P('Unicornuate uterus<br/>± rudimentary horn',cell_bold),P('Conception possible, but lower live-birth rates in some studies; avoid multifetal gestation where feasible.',cell),P('↑ Miscarriage, ectopic/rudimentary-horn pregnancy, growth restriction, malpresentation, preterm birth and cesarean. Rudimentary-horn pregnancy can rupture.',cell)], [P('Uterus didelphys',cell_bold),P('Usually little effect on ability to conceive.',cell),P('↑ Preterm birth, malpresentation, low birth weight and cesarean; cervical insufficiency may contribute. Term birth remains possible.',cell)], [P('Bicornuate uterus',cell_bold),P('Conception often preserved; infertility is not the main association.',cell),P('↑ First/second-trimester loss, PPROM/preterm birth, malpresentation, fetal growth restriction and cesarean.',cell)], [P('Septate uterus<br/>partial or complete',cell_bold),P('Strong association with recurrent pregnancy loss; infertility effect less clear.',cell),P('↑ Early loss, later loss, preterm birth, malpresentation, growth restriction and cesarean. Selected recurrent-loss patients may benefit from hysteroscopic septum incision.',cell)], [P('Arcuate uterus',cell_bold),P('Typically no important fertility effect.',cell),P('Usually a mild variant: live-birth outcomes generally comparable with a normal uterus. Data on preterm birth are inconsistent.',cell)], [P('T-shaped / dysmorphic uterus',cell_bold),P('May impair implantation and be associated with infertility or recurrent loss.',cell),P('↑ Miscarriage, cervical insufficiency and preterm birth; definitions and evidence vary.',cell)], [P('Vaginal/cervical anomalies<br/>(longitudinal or transverse vaginal septum, cervical dysgenesis)',cell_bold),P('Effect ranges from none to marked impairment if obstruction or absent/dysgenetic cervix is present.',cell),P('Isolated longitudinal septum usually has no direct fetal effect but may obstruct delivery. Severe cervical anomalies carry high loss/preterm/delivery risk.',cell)], ] widths=[1.55*inch,2.45*inch,5.95*inch] t=Table(data,colWidths=widths, repeatRows=1, hAlign='CENTER') t.setStyle(TableStyle([ ('BACKGROUND',(0,0),(-1,0),colors.HexColor('#1F4E78')),('TEXTCOLOR',(0,0),(-1,0),colors.white), ('VALIGN',(0,0),(-1,-1),'MIDDLE'),('GRID',(0,0),(-1,-1),0.32,colors.HexColor('#B7C9D6')), ('ROWBACKGROUNDS',(0,1),(-1,-1),[colors.white,colors.HexColor('#EEF5F9')]), ('LEFTPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),5),('RIGHTPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),5),('TOPPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),3.6),('BOTTOMPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),3.6), ])) story=[Paragraph('Müllerian Malformations: Fertility and Perinatal Outcome',title), Paragraph('Quick clinical reference. Risks are relative to a normal uterus and vary with anatomy, cervical involvement, and prior obstetric history.',sub), t, Paragraph('<b>Key points:</b> Uterine anomalies more often affect pregnancy maintenance and obstetric outcome than conception. Confirm anatomy with 3D ultrasound (MRI when needed) and assess for associated renal anomalies. This table is educational and not a substitute for individualized maternal-fetal medicine or reproductive endocrinology care.',foot), Paragraph('<b>Sources:</b> Berek & Novak’s Gynecology, “Congenital Anomalies of the Uterus,” pp. 2886-2890; Creasy & Resnik’s Maternal-Fetal Medicine, “Uterine Abnormalities,” p. 4437; ASRM Müllerian Anomalies Classification 2021; Fedele et al. systematic review, 2024, PMID 39227392.',foot)] doc.build(story) print(out) PY python "/tmp/workspace/mullerian-reference/create_pdf.py"

Running Command

mkdir -p "/tmp/workspace/mullerian-reference/output"

Writing File

~/mullerian-reference/create_pdf.py

from reportlab.lib import colors
from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import letter, landscape
from reportlab.lib.styles import getSampleStyleSheet, ParagraphStyle
from reportlab.lib.enums import TA_CENTER, TA_LEFT
from reportlab.lib.units import inch
from reportlab.platypus import SimpleDocTemplate, Table, TableStyle, Paragraph

out = '/tmp/workspace/mullerian-reference/output/Mullerian_Malformations_Fertility_Perinatal_Reference.pdf'
margin = 0.32 * inch
doc = SimpleDocTemplate(out, pagesize=landscape(letter), leftMargin=margin, rightMargin=margin, topMargin=0.28*inch, bottomMargin=0.28*inch)
styles = getSampleStyleSheet()
title = ParagraphStyle('Title', parent=styles['Title'], fontName='Helvetica-Bold', fontSize=15, leading=17, alignment=TA_CENTER, textColor=colors.HexColor('#17365D'), spaceAfter=3)
sub = ParagraphStyle('Sub', parent=styles['Normal'], fontName='Helvetica', fontSize=7.4, leading=9, alignment=TA_CENTER, textColor=colors.HexColor('#404040'), spaceAfter=7)
head = ParagraphStyle('Head', parent=styles['Normal'], fontName='Helvetica-Bold', fontSize=7.4, leading=8.5, textColor=colors.white, alignment=TA_CENTER)
cell = ParagraphStyle('Cell', parent=styles['Normal'], fontName='Helvetica', fontSize=6.9, leading=8.1, alignment=TA_LEFT)
cell_bold = ParagraphStyle('CellBold', parent=cell, fontName='Helvetica-Bold')
foot = ParagraphStyle('Foot', parent=styles['Normal'], fontName='Helvetica-Oblique', fontSize=6.1, leading=7.3, textColor=colors.HexColor('#444444'), spaceBefore=5)
P = lambda s, st=cell: Paragraph(s, st)

data = [
 [P('Malformation', head), P('Fertility', head), P('Pregnancy and perinatal outcome', head)],
 [P('Müllerian agenesis / MRKH', cell_bold), P('No capacity to carry pregnancy; ovarian function usually preserved. Genetic parenthood possible via IVF with gestational carrier.'), P('No intrauterine pregnancy outcome because there is no functional uterus.')],
 [P('Unicornuate uterus<br/>± rudimentary horn', cell_bold), P('Conception possible, but lower live-birth rates in some studies; avoid multifetal gestation where feasible.'), P('↑ Miscarriage, ectopic/rudimentary-horn pregnancy, growth restriction, malpresentation, preterm birth and cesarean. Rudimentary-horn pregnancy can rupture.')],
 [P('Uterus didelphys', cell_bold), P('Usually little effect on ability to conceive.'), P('↑ Preterm birth, malpresentation, low birth weight and cesarean; cervical insufficiency may contribute. Term birth remains possible.')],
 [P('Bicornuate uterus', cell_bold), P('Conception often preserved; infertility is not the main association.'), P('↑ First/second-trimester loss, PPROM/preterm birth, malpresentation, fetal growth restriction and cesarean.')],
 [P('Septate uterus<br/>partial or complete', cell_bold), P('Strong association with recurrent pregnancy loss; infertility effect less clear.'), P('↑ Early loss, later loss, preterm birth, malpresentation, growth restriction and cesarean. Selected recurrent-loss patients may benefit from hysteroscopic septum incision.')],
 [P('Arcuate uterus', cell_bold), P('Typically no important fertility effect.'), P('Usually a mild variant: live-birth outcomes generally comparable with a normal uterus. Data on preterm birth are inconsistent.')],
 [P('T-shaped / dysmorphic uterus', cell_bold), P('May impair implantation and be associated with infertility or recurrent loss.'), P('↑ Miscarriage, cervical insufficiency and preterm birth; definitions and evidence vary.')],
 [P('Vaginal/cervical anomalies<br/>(longitudinal or transverse vaginal septum, cervical dysgenesis)', cell_bold), P('Effect ranges from none to marked impairment if obstruction or absent/dysgenetic cervix is present.'), P('Isolated longitudinal septum usually has no direct fetal effect but may obstruct delivery. Severe cervical anomalies carry high loss/preterm/delivery risk.')],
]

table = Table(data, colWidths=[1.55*inch, 2.45*inch, 5.95*inch], repeatRows=1, hAlign='CENTER')
table.setStyle(TableStyle([
 ('BACKGROUND', (0,0), (-1,0), colors.HexColor('#1F4E78')),
 ('TEXTCOLOR', (0,0), (-1,0), colors.white),
 ('VALIGN', (0,0), (-1,-1), 'MIDDLE'),
 ('GRID', (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.32, colors.HexColor('#B7C9D6')),
 ('ROWBACKGROUNDS', (0,1), (-1,-1), [colors.white, colors.HexColor('#EEF5F9')]),
 ('LEFTPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 5), ('RIGHTPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 5),
 ('TOPPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 3.6), ('BOTTOMPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 3.6),
]))
story = [
 Paragraph('Müllerian Malformations: Fertility and Perinatal Outcome', title),
 Paragraph('Quick clinical reference. Risks are relative to a normal uterus and vary with anatomy, cervical involvement, and prior obstetric history.', sub),
 table,
 Paragraph('<b>Key points:</b> Uterine anomalies more often affect pregnancy maintenance and obstetric outcome than conception. Confirm anatomy with 3D ultrasound (MRI when needed) and assess for associated renal anomalies. This table is educational and not a substitute for individualized maternal-fetal medicine or reproductive endocrinology care.', foot),
 Paragraph('<b>Sources:</b> Berek & Novak’s Gynecology, “Congenital Anomalies of the Uterus,” pp. 2886-2890; Creasy & Resnik’s Maternal-Fetal Medicine, “Uterine Abnormalities,” p. 4437; ASRM Müllerian Anomalies Classification 2021; Fedele et al. systematic review, 2024, PMID 39227392.', foot),
]
doc.build(story)
print(out)
Running Command

python "/tmp/workspace/mullerian-reference/create_pdf.py" && python -c "from pypdf import PdfReader; p='/tmp/workspace/mullerian-reference/output/Mullerian_Malformations_Fertility_Perinatal_Reference.pdf'; r=PdfReader(p); print('pages=',len(r.pages)); print('chars=',len(r.pages[0].extract_text() or '')); print((r.pages[0].extract_text() or '')[:160])" && ls -lh "/tmp/workspace/mullerian-reference/output/Mullerian_Malformations_Fertility_Perinatal_Reference.pdf"

Mullerian Malformations Fertility Perinatal Reference

PDF Document · PDF

Add a second page with diagnostic imaging and management notes

Reading File
Reading File
Browsing Directory

~/

Browsing Directory

~/mullerian-reference

Finding Sources
Searching the Web

ASRM 2024 uterine septum guideline 3D transvaginal ultrasound MRI diagnostic imaging management müllerian anomalies

Searching PubMed

Mullerian anomalies diagnosis management

Reading File
Reading Web Page

https://asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-docume…

Finding Sources
Writing File

~/mullerian-reference/create_pdf.py

from reportlab.lib import colors
from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import letter, landscape
from reportlab.lib.styles import getSampleStyleSheet, ParagraphStyle
from reportlab.lib.enums import TA_CENTER, TA_LEFT
from reportlab.lib.units import inch
from reportlab.platypus import SimpleDocTemplate, Table, TableStyle, Paragraph, PageBreak, Spacer

out = '/tmp/workspace/mullerian-reference/output/Mullerian_Malformations_Fertility_Perinatal_Reference.pdf'
page = landscape(letter)
margin = 0.32 * inch
doc = SimpleDocTemplate(out, pagesize=page, leftMargin=margin, rightMargin=margin, topMargin=0.28*inch, bottomMargin=0.28*inch)
styles = getSampleStyleSheet()
title = ParagraphStyle('Title', parent=styles['Title'], fontName='Helvetica-Bold', fontSize=15, leading=17, alignment=TA_CENTER, textColor=colors.HexColor('#17365D'), spaceAfter=3)
sub = ParagraphStyle('Sub', parent=styles['Normal'], fontName='Helvetica', fontSize=7.4, leading=9, alignment=TA_CENTER, textColor=colors.HexColor('#404040'), spaceAfter=7)
head = ParagraphStyle('Head', parent=styles['Normal'], fontName='Helvetica-Bold', fontSize=7.4, leading=8.5, textColor=colors.white, alignment=TA_CENTER)
cell = ParagraphStyle('Cell', parent=styles['Normal'], fontName='Helvetica', fontSize=6.9, leading=8.1, alignment=TA_LEFT)
cellbold = ParagraphStyle('CellBold', parent=cell, fontName='Helvetica-Bold')
small = ParagraphStyle('Small', parent=styles['Normal'], fontName='Helvetica', fontSize=6.6, leading=7.8, alignment=TA_LEFT)
smallbold = ParagraphStyle('SmallBold', parent=small, fontName='Helvetica-Bold')
foot = ParagraphStyle('Foot', parent=styles['Normal'], fontName='Helvetica-Oblique', fontSize=6.1, leading=7.3, textColor=colors.HexColor('#444444'), spaceBefore=5)
P=lambda x, st=cell: Paragraph(x,st)

def styled_table(data,widths, font=cell):
    t=Table(data,colWidths=widths,repeatRows=1,hAlign='CENTER')
    t.setStyle(TableStyle([
      ('BACKGROUND',(0,0),(-1,0),colors.HexColor('#1F4E78')),('TEXTCOLOR',(0,0),(-1,0),colors.white),
      ('VALIGN',(0,0),(-1,-1),'MIDDLE'),('GRID',(0,0),(-1,-1),0.32,colors.HexColor('#B7C9D6')),
      ('ROWBACKGROUNDS',(0,1),(-1,-1),[colors.white,colors.HexColor('#EEF5F9')]),
      ('LEFTPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),5),('RIGHTPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),5),('TOPPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),3.3),('BOTTOMPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),3.3),
    ]))
    return t

page1=[
 [P('Malformation',head),P('Fertility',head),P('Pregnancy and perinatal outcome',head)],
 [P('Müllerian agenesis / MRKH',cellbold),P('No capacity to carry pregnancy; ovarian function usually preserved. Genetic parenthood possible via IVF with gestational carrier.'),P('No intrauterine pregnancy outcome because there is no functional uterus.')],
 [P('Unicornuate uterus<br/>± rudimentary horn',cellbold),P('Conception possible, but lower live-birth rates in some studies; avoid multifetal gestation where feasible.'),P('↑ Miscarriage, ectopic/rudimentary-horn pregnancy, growth restriction, malpresentation, preterm birth and cesarean. Rudimentary-horn pregnancy can rupture.')],
 [P('Uterus didelphys',cellbold),P('Usually little effect on ability to conceive.'),P('↑ Preterm birth, malpresentation, low birth weight and cesarean; cervical insufficiency may contribute. Term birth remains possible.')],
 [P('Bicornuate uterus',cellbold),P('Conception often preserved; infertility is not the main association.'),P('↑ First/second-trimester loss, PPROM/preterm birth, malpresentation, fetal growth restriction and cesarean.')],
 [P('Septate uterus<br/>partial or complete',cellbold),P('Strong association with recurrent pregnancy loss; infertility effect less clear.'),P('↑ Early loss, later loss, preterm birth, malpresentation, growth restriction and cesarean. Selected recurrent-loss patients may benefit from hysteroscopic septum incision.')],
 [P('Arcuate uterus',cellbold),P('Typically no important fertility effect.'),P('Usually a mild variant: live-birth outcomes generally comparable with a normal uterus. Data on preterm birth are inconsistent.')],
 [P('T-shaped / dysmorphic uterus',cellbold),P('May impair implantation and be associated with infertility or recurrent loss.'),P('↑ Miscarriage, cervical insufficiency and preterm birth; definitions and evidence vary.')],
 [P('Vaginal/cervical anomalies',cellbold),P('Effect ranges from none to marked impairment if obstruction or absent/dysgenetic cervix is present.'),P('Isolated longitudinal septum usually has no direct fetal effect but may obstruct delivery. Severe cervical anomalies carry high loss/preterm/delivery risk.')],
]

imaging=[
 [P('Clinical question',head),P('Preferred assessment and key interpretation',head)],
 [P('Initial anatomic definition',smallbold),P('<b>3D transvaginal ultrasound</b> is a noninvasive, reliable first-line method when available. It evaluates the cavity and external fundal contour, which is required to distinguish septate from bicornuate uterus.',small)],
 [P('Equivocal, complex, or vaginal/cervical anomaly',smallbold),P('<b>Pelvic MRI</b> maps uterine, cervical, vaginal and associated structures. Use when 3D ultrasound is unavailable or anatomy remains uncertain.',small)],
 [P('Cavity detail / intracavitary lesion',smallbold),P('<b>Saline infusion sonohysterography</b> or <b>hysteroscopy</b> helps assess subtle cavity lesions and a septum. Hysteroscopy alone cannot define the external uterine contour.',small)],
 [P('Renal tract assessment',smallbold),P('Obtain renal imaging after diagnosis of a Müllerian anomaly because urinary tract anomalies can coexist, especially with unilateral/obstructive anomalies.',small)],
 [P('Pregnancy imaging',smallbold),P('Early ultrasound: confirm implantation site and exclude rudimentary-horn pregnancy. Later: assess cervical length when history/anatomy suggests risk and monitor fetal growth/presentation according to risk profile.',small)],
]
manage=[
 [P('Situation',head),P('Management notes',head)],
 [P('Asymptomatic arcuate / most incidental anomalies',smallbold),P('Usually expectant management and individualized counseling. Do not operate solely to improve fertility without a clear indication.',small)],
 [P('Septate uterus + recurrent pregnancy loss',smallbold),P('Discuss hysteroscopic septum incision using shared decision-making. Evidence supports reduced subsequent loss in selected patients, but certainty is limited and benefit for infertility alone is unclear.',small)],
 [P('Bicornuate or didelphys uterus',smallbold),P('Corrective surgery is generally not routine. In pregnancy, counsel about preterm birth and malpresentation; arrange obstetric surveillance based on prior history and findings.',small)],
 [P('Functional rudimentary horn',smallbold),P('Refer to gynecologic surgery. Excision is generally recommended because horn pregnancy carries a major rupture risk.',small)],
 [P('Obstructed hemivagina / transverse septum',smallbold),P('Specialist evaluation and correction of obstruction when indicated to relieve symptoms and limit hematometra, endometriosis, or infection. Plan delivery route individually.',small)],
 [P('MRKH / uterine agenesis',smallbold),P('Provide multidisciplinary counseling, vaginal-function support when desired, and fertility counseling. Genetic parenthood may be possible through IVF with a gestational carrier, subject to local law and access.',small)],
 [P('During pregnancy',smallbold),P('Maternal-fetal medicine input is appropriate for prior loss/preterm birth, significant cervical involvement, rudimentary-horn history, or complex anatomy. Manage threatened preterm birth, cerclage decisions, and delivery timing by standard obstetric indications plus individualized anatomy.',small)],
]
story=[Paragraph('Müllerian Malformations: Fertility and Perinatal Outcome',title),Paragraph('Quick clinical reference. Risks are relative to a normal uterus and vary with anatomy, cervical involvement, and prior obstetric history.',sub),styled_table(page1,[1.55*inch,2.45*inch,5.95*inch]),Paragraph('<b>Key points:</b> Uterine anomalies more often affect pregnancy maintenance and obstetric outcome than conception. This table is educational and not a substitute for individualized maternal-fetal medicine or reproductive endocrinology care.',foot),Paragraph('<b>Sources:</b> Berek & Novak’s Gynecology, “Congenital Anomalies of the Uterus,” pp. 2886-2890; Creasy & Resnik’s Maternal-Fetal Medicine, “Uterine Abnormalities,” p. 4437; ASRM Müllerian Anomalies Classification 2021; Fedele et al., 2024, PMID 39227392.',foot),PageBreak(),Paragraph('Müllerian Malformations: Diagnostic Imaging and Management Notes',title),Paragraph('Use imaging to define cavity, external contour, cervix and vagina before selecting treatment. Management should be based on symptoms, reproductive history, and precise anatomy.',sub),styled_table(imaging,[2.05*inch,7.9*inch]),Spacer(1,7),styled_table(manage,[2.05*inch,7.9*inch]),Paragraph('<b>Practice note:</b> Most patients with a uterine anomaly can have a successful pregnancy. Surgical intervention is anomaly-specific and should not be assumed to improve fertility or obstetric outcomes in every case.',foot),Paragraph('<b>Sources:</b> Creasy & Resnik’s Maternal-Fetal Medicine, “Congenital Müllerian Anomalies,” pp. 1284-1288; Berek & Novak’s Gynecology, “Congenital Anomalies of the Uterus,” pp. 2886-2890; ASRM, Evidence-based diagnosis and treatment for uterine septum (2024).',foot)]
doc.build(story)
print(out)
Writing File

~/mullerian-reference/create_pdf_v2.py

from reportlab.lib import colors
from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import letter, landscape
from reportlab.lib.styles import getSampleStyleSheet, ParagraphStyle
from reportlab.lib.enums import TA_CENTER, TA_LEFT
from reportlab.lib.units import inch
from reportlab.platypus import SimpleDocTemplate, Table, TableStyle, Paragraph, PageBreak, Spacer

out = '/tmp/workspace/mullerian-reference/output/Mullerian_Malformations_Fertility_Perinatal_Reference.pdf'
margin = 0.32 * inch
doc = SimpleDocTemplate(out, pagesize=landscape(letter), leftMargin=margin, rightMargin=margin, topMargin=0.28*inch, bottomMargin=0.28*inch)
styles = getSampleStyleSheet()
title = ParagraphStyle('Title', parent=styles['Title'], fontName='Helvetica-Bold', fontSize=15, leading=17, alignment=TA_CENTER, textColor=colors.HexColor('#17365D'), spaceAfter=3)
sub = ParagraphStyle('Sub', parent=styles['Normal'], fontName='Helvetica', fontSize=7.4, leading=9, alignment=TA_CENTER, textColor=colors.HexColor('#404040'), spaceAfter=7)
head = ParagraphStyle('Head', parent=styles['Normal'], fontName='Helvetica-Bold', fontSize=7.4, leading=8.5, textColor=colors.white, alignment=TA_CENTER)
cell = ParagraphStyle('Cell', parent=styles['Normal'], fontName='Helvetica', fontSize=6.9, leading=8.1, alignment=TA_LEFT)
cellbold = ParagraphStyle('CellBold', parent=cell, fontName='Helvetica-Bold')
small = ParagraphStyle('Small', parent=styles['Normal'], fontName='Helvetica', fontSize=6.6, leading=7.8, alignment=TA_LEFT)
smallbold = ParagraphStyle('SmallBold', parent=small, fontName='Helvetica-Bold')
foot = ParagraphStyle('Foot', parent=styles['Normal'], fontName='Helvetica-Oblique', fontSize=6.1, leading=7.3, textColor=colors.HexColor('#444444'), spaceBefore=5)
P=lambda x, st=cell: Paragraph(x,st)

def styled_table(data,widths):
    t=Table(data,colWidths=widths,repeatRows=1,hAlign='CENTER')
    t.setStyle(TableStyle([('BACKGROUND',(0,0),(-1,0),colors.HexColor('#1F4E78')),('TEXTCOLOR',(0,0),(-1,0),colors.white),('VALIGN',(0,0),(-1,-1),'MIDDLE'),('GRID',(0,0),(-1,-1),0.32,colors.HexColor('#B7C9D6')),('ROWBACKGROUNDS',(0,1),(-1,-1),[colors.white,colors.HexColor('#EEF5F9')]),('LEFTPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),5),('RIGHTPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),5),('TOPPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),3.3),('BOTTOMPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),3.3)]))
    return t

page1=[[P('Malformation',head),P('Fertility',head),P('Pregnancy and perinatal outcome',head)],
[P('Müllerian agenesis / MRKH',cellbold),P('No capacity to carry pregnancy; ovarian function usually preserved. Genetic parenthood possible via IVF with gestational carrier.'),P('No intrauterine pregnancy outcome because there is no functional uterus.')],
[P('Unicornuate uterus<br/>± rudimentary horn',cellbold),P('Conception possible, but lower live-birth rates in some studies; avoid multifetal gestation where feasible.'),P('↑ Miscarriage, ectopic/rudimentary-horn pregnancy, growth restriction, malpresentation, preterm birth and cesarean. Rudimentary-horn pregnancy can rupture.')],
[P('Uterus didelphys',cellbold),P('Usually little effect on ability to conceive.'),P('↑ Preterm birth, malpresentation, low birth weight and cesarean; cervical insufficiency may contribute. Term birth remains possible.')],
[P('Bicornuate uterus',cellbold),P('Conception often preserved; infertility is not the main association.'),P('↑ First/second-trimester loss, PPROM/preterm birth, malpresentation, fetal growth restriction and cesarean.')],
[P('Septate uterus<br/>partial or complete',cellbold),P('Strong association with recurrent pregnancy loss; infertility effect less clear.'),P('↑ Early loss, later loss, preterm birth, malpresentation, growth restriction and cesarean. Selected recurrent-loss patients may benefit from hysteroscopic septum incision.')],
[P('Arcuate uterus',cellbold),P('Typically no important fertility effect.'),P('Usually a mild variant: live-birth outcomes generally comparable with a normal uterus. Data on preterm birth are inconsistent.')],
[P('T-shaped / dysmorphic uterus',cellbold),P('May impair implantation and be associated with infertility or recurrent loss.'),P('↑ Miscarriage, cervical insufficiency and preterm birth; definitions and evidence vary.')],
[P('Vaginal/cervical anomalies',cellbold),P('Effect ranges from none to marked impairment if obstruction or absent/dysgenetic cervix is present.'),P('Isolated longitudinal septum usually has no direct fetal effect but may obstruct delivery. Severe cervical anomalies carry high loss/preterm/delivery risk.')]]

imaging=[[P('Clinical question',head),P('Preferred assessment and key interpretation',head)],
[P('Initial anatomic definition',smallbold),P('<b>3D transvaginal ultrasound</b> is a noninvasive, reliable first-line method when available. It evaluates the cavity and external fundal contour, required to distinguish septate from bicornuate uterus.',small)],
[P('Equivocal or complex anatomy',smallbold),P('<b>Pelvic MRI</b> maps uterine, cervical, vaginal and associated structures. Use when 3D ultrasound is unavailable or anatomy remains uncertain.',small)],
[P('Cavity detail',smallbold),P('<b>Saline infusion sonohysterography</b> or <b>hysteroscopy</b> helps assess subtle cavity lesions and a septum. Hysteroscopy alone cannot define the external uterine contour.',small)],
[P('Renal tract assessment',smallbold),P('Obtain renal imaging after diagnosis because urinary tract anomalies can coexist, especially with unilateral or obstructive anomalies.',small)],
[P('Pregnancy imaging',smallbold),P('Early ultrasound: confirm implantation site and exclude rudimentary-horn pregnancy. Later: assess cervical length when history/anatomy suggests risk; monitor fetal growth and presentation according to risk profile.',small)]]
manage=[[P('Situation',head),P('Management notes',head)],
[P('Asymptomatic arcuate / most incidental anomalies',smallbold),P('Usually expectant management and individualized counseling. Do not operate solely to improve fertility without a clear indication.',small)],
[P('Septate uterus + recurrent pregnancy loss',smallbold),P('Discuss hysteroscopic septum incision using shared decision-making. Evidence supports reducing subsequent loss in selected patients, but certainty is limited and benefit for infertility alone is unclear.',small)],
[P('Bicornuate or didelphys uterus',smallbold),P('Corrective surgery is generally not routine. In pregnancy, counsel about preterm birth and malpresentation; arrange surveillance based on prior history and findings.',small)],
[P('Functional rudimentary horn',smallbold),P('Refer to gynecologic surgery. Excision is generally recommended because horn pregnancy carries a major rupture risk.',small)],
[P('Obstructed hemivagina / transverse septum',smallbold),P('Specialist evaluation and correction of obstruction when indicated to relieve symptoms and limit hematometra, endometriosis, or infection. Plan delivery route individually.',small)],
[P('MRKH / uterine agenesis',smallbold),P('Provide multidisciplinary counseling, vaginal-function support when desired, and fertility counseling. Genetic parenthood may be possible through IVF with a gestational carrier, subject to local law and access.',small)],
[P('During pregnancy',smallbold),P('Maternal-fetal medicine input is appropriate for prior loss/preterm birth, major cervical involvement, rudimentary-horn history, or complex anatomy. Make cerclage, preterm-birth and delivery decisions individually.',small)]]

story=[Paragraph('Müllerian Malformations: Fertility and Perinatal Outcome',title),Paragraph('Quick clinical reference. Risks are relative to a normal uterus and vary with anatomy, cervical involvement, and prior obstetric history.',sub),styled_table(page1,[1.55*inch,2.45*inch,5.95*inch]),Paragraph('<b>Key points:</b> Uterine anomalies more often affect pregnancy maintenance and obstetric outcome than conception. This table is educational and not a substitute for individualized specialist care.',foot),Paragraph('<b>Sources:</b> Berek & Novak’s Gynecology, “Congenital Anomalies of the Uterus,” pp. 2886-2890; Creasy & Resnik’s Maternal-Fetal Medicine, “Uterine Abnormalities,” p. 4437; ASRM Müllerian Anomalies Classification 2021; Fedele et al., 2024, PMID 39227392.',foot),PageBreak(),Paragraph('Müllerian Malformations: Diagnostic Imaging and Management Notes',title),Paragraph('Define the cavity, external contour, cervix and vagina before choosing treatment. Management depends on symptoms, reproductive history, and precise anatomy.',sub),styled_table(imaging,[2.05*inch,7.9*inch]),Spacer(1,7),styled_table(manage,[2.05*inch,7.9*inch]),Paragraph('<b>Practice note:</b> Most patients with a uterine anomaly can have a successful pregnancy. Surgical intervention is anomaly-specific and should not be assumed to improve fertility or obstetric outcomes in every case.',foot),Paragraph('<b>Sources:</b> Creasy & Resnik’s Maternal-Fetal Medicine, “Congenital Müllerian Anomalies,” pp. 1284-1288; Berek & Novak’s Gynecology, “Congenital Anomalies of the Uterus,” pp. 2886-2890; ASRM, Evidence-based diagnosis and treatment for uterine septum (2024).',foot)]
doc.build(story)
print(out)
Running Command

python "/tmp/workspace/mullerian-reference/create_pdf_v2.py" && python -c "from pypdf import PdfReader; p='/tmp/workspace/mullerian-reference/output/Mullerian_Malformations_Fertility_Perinatal_Reference.pdf'; r=PdfReader(p); print('pages=',len(r.pages)); [print('page',i+1,'chars=',len(pg.extract_text() or ''),'first=',(pg.extract_text() or '')[:90].replace(chr(10),' ')) for i,pg in enumerate(r.pages)]" && ls -lh "/tmp/workspace/mullerian-reference/output/Mullerian_Malformations_Fertility_Perinatal_Reference.pdf"

The updated two-page PDF includes diagnostic imaging and management notes on page 2.

Mullerian Malformations Fertility Perinatal Reference

PDF Document · PDF

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