define anemia according to ganong
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define anemia according to ganong book of physiology
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I have all the relevant content from Ganong's. Here is the definition and explanation as given in Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, 26th Edition:
Anemia — According to Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology
Ganong does not give anemia a single isolated definition in one place; instead it is defined functionally within the context of anemic hypoxia and the classification of hypoxia:
"Anemic hypoxia [is the condition] in which the arterial PO₂ is normal but the amount of hemoglobin available to carry O₂ is reduced." — Chapter 35, Classification of Hypoxia
The book defines anemia operationally as a reduction in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood due to decreased available hemoglobin, and places it as one of the four categories of hypoxia:
| Type | Mechanism |
|---|---|
| Hypoxic hypoxia (hypoxemia) | Reduced arterial PO₂ |
| Anemic hypoxia | Normal PO₂, but reduced hemoglobin available to carry O₂ |
| Ischemic/stagnant hypoxia | Reduced blood flow to tissue |
| Histotoxic hypoxia | O₂ delivered adequately but cells cannot utilize it |
Key physiological points from Ganong:
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At rest, hypoxia due to anemia is not severe unless the hemoglobin deficiency is marked, because 2,3-DPG increases in the red blood cells (compensatory mechanism that shifts the O₂–Hb dissociation curve rightward, enhancing O₂ release).
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During exercise, anemic patients may have considerable difficulty because of a limited ability to increase O₂ delivery to active tissues.
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CO poisoning is described as a form of anemic hypoxia because the hemoglobin available to carry O₂ is reduced — even though total hemoglobin content is unaffected. This distinguishes true anemia (reduced hemoglobin mass) from functional anemia (hemoglobin present but unavailable).
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Causes mentioned include: iron deficiency, vitamin B₁₂ / cobalt deficiency (megaloblastic anemia), copper deficiency, and failure to produce erythropoietin (e.g., in chronic kidney disease).
Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, 26th Edition — Chapter 35 (Respiratory Physiology) & Chapter 38 (Regulation of Erythropoiesis)
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