Explain me this for my exam it’s research in medicine Final Exam Topics and Required Readings: 1. Basic Statistics and Epidemiology Basic Statistics and Epidemiology – A Practical Guide (Antony Stewart, 5th edition, 2022) Chapter 6: Types of Data Chapter 24: Bias and Confounding 2. Statistics and SPSS Introduction Topics: Hypothesis formulation, research questions, study methodology and limitations. Introduction to SPSS: data entry, variability, and basic data analysis. A Guide to Quantitative Methods – Y. B. Almquist, S. Ashir & L. Brännström (2019/2020) Chapter 1: Introduction to SPSS and the Data Editor 3. Measures of Central Tendency Topics: Mean, median, mode. Basic Biostatistics: Statistics for Public Health Practice – Burt Gerstman (2nd edition, 2015) Chapter 4: Summary Statistics 4. Data Collection and Data Checking Topics: Data collection methods, data validation, and missing data. Basic Biostatistics: Statistics for Public Health Practice – Burt Gerstman (2nd edition, 2015) Chapter 1: Measurement Chapter 4: Summary Statistics 5. Data and Types of Data Topics: Qualitative vs. quantitative data, discrete vs. continuous data, and scales of measurement. Basic Biostatistics: Statistics for Public Health Practice – Burt Gerstman (2nd edition, 2015) Chapter 1: Measurement Chapter 4: Summary Statistics 6. Bias and Confounding Topics: Types of bias, the concept of confounding, and the impact of confounding on research findings. Fundamentals of Biostatistics – Bernard Rosner (8th edition, 2015) Chapter 13: Design and Analysis Techniques for Epidemiologic Studies 7. Study Designs I – Observational Studies Topics: Cohort studies, case–control studies, and prevalence (cross-sectional) studies. Fundamentals of Biostatistics – Bernard Rosner (8th edition, 2015) Chapter 13: Design and Analysis Techniques for Epidemiologic Studies 8. Study Designs II – Experimental Studies Topics: Randomized controlled trials, study subjects, allocation methods, and ethical issues. Fundamentals of Biostatistics – Bernard Rosner (8th edition, 2015) Chapter 14: Clinical Trials 9. Measures of Variability Topics: Standard deviation, standard error, and confidence intervals. A Guide to Quantitative Methods – Y. B. Almquist, S. Ashir & L. Brännström (2019/2020) Chapter 3: Descriptive Statistics Chapter 6: Statistical Significance (especially Section 6.3) 10. Tables, Graphs, Frequencies, Percentages, Proportions, and Rates Topics: Presentation and summarization of data using tables and graphs; frequencies, percentages, proportions, and rates. Mandatory Reading: Basic Biostatistics: Statistics for Public Health Practice – Burt Gerstman (2nd edition, 2015) Chapter 2: Descriptive Statistics Please make sure to review all relevant topics from the syllabus and the corresponding chapters from the recommended books. The final exam will cover the concepts, applications, and examples discussed during the course.