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MONOGRAPH: Syzygium cumini (Linn.) Skeels

Jamun Seed Kernel

Source: Quality Standards of Indian Medicinal Plants, Vol. 7

PAGE 1

DESCRIPTION

Macroscopic Characters

Seeds 1 to 2 in number, obliquely compressed and fused into a single seed; oval to roundish, approximately 1.5-2 cm long and 1-1.5 cm wide. Testa is light brownish, coriaceous, and easily separable from the kernel. Kernel consists of irregularly folded, dark violet to brownish cotyledons. Hilum forms a circular, slightly elevated scar at one end of the seed; a grooved micropyle lies adjacent to it. Embryo consists of two large cotyledons enclosing a radicle and plumule. Taste: astringent. Odour: not characteristic.

Microscopic Characters

Diagrammatic sections: Transverse section (TS) shows thin-walled testa followed by 2-3 layered tegmen; embryo is semi-circular in shape with abundant oleoresin canals. Longitudinal section (LS) shows outer narrow testa and tegmen; the inner wide and thick embryo occupies the major part, with a small radicle centrally placed and two thick cotyledons on either side containing oleoresin canals and starch grains.

Detailed TS: Epidermis of testa often attached externally with brownish remnants of mesocarp parenchyma; 1-3 rows of parenchymatous subepidermis below; remaining tissue is the tegmen, traversed by bands of fibrous sclereids, isolated or grouped stone cells, and obliquely cut vascular strands at the periphery. Tannin cells and cluster crystals of calcium oxalate are present. Innermost hyaline layer of testa consists of tangentially elongated, thin-walled parenchymatous cells. Cotyledons are very wide and bulky, containing oleoresin canals and starch grains.

Powder Characters

Coloured testa fragments in different views; stone cells and sclereids of varying shapes and sizes; simple, triangular, or oval starch grains, isolated and in groups; tannin cells; cluster crystals of calcium oxalate; oleoresin canals; fragments of scalariform tracheids; fibres.

PAGE 2

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS

Major

Tannins yielding on hydrolysis: corilagin, gallic acid, ellagic acid, and glucose; free gallic acid; 3,6-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-glucose; 4,6-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-glucose; 1-galloyl glucose; 3-galloyl glucose; 3,3'-di-O-methyl ellagic acid; 3,3',4-tri-O-methyl ellagic acid; quercetin. Seed oil contains lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, malvalic, sterculic, and vernolic fatty acids.

Others

β-Sitosterol.

TLC IDENTITY TEST

Test solution: Reflux 1 g powdered drug with 10 ml water, 20 ml methanol, and 5 ml conc. hydrochloric acid for 20 h. Cool, filter, and make up to 50 ml with methanol.

Standard solution: Dissolve 10 mg gallic acid in 10 ml methanol; dilute 1 ml to 10 ml with methanol.

Solvent system: Toluene : Ethyl acetate : Formic acid (5 : 5 : 1).

Procedure: Apply 10 µl each of standard and test solutions on precoated silica gel 60 F₂₅₄ TLC plate (E. Merck, 0.2 mm thickness); develop to 8 cm.

Visualization: Spray with anisaldehyde-sulphuric acid reagent; heat at 110° for 10 min.

Evaluation: A band at Rf 0.50 corresponding to gallic acid is visible in both standard and test tracks.

TLC Band Profile (Table 31.1):

Rf value	Colour of Band
0.27	Light green
0.33	Light grey
0.46	Light blue
0.50	Light brown (Gallic acid)
0.58	Blue
0.69	Pink
0.73	Dark violet
0.76	Dark violet

ASSAY / ANALYTICAL METHODS

HPTLC Densitometric Estimation of Gallic Acid

TLC plates: Precoated silica gel 60 F₂₅₄ (E. Merck), 0.2 mm uniform thickness.
Solvent system: Toluene : Ethyl acetate : Formic acid : Methanol (6 : 6 : 1.8 : 0.25).
Scanning wavelength: 280 nm.
Test solution: Accurately weigh ~0.3 g powdered drug in a conical flask; add 10 ml water, 20 ml methanol, and 5 ml conc. hydrochloric acid; reflux 20 h; cool, filter, and make up to 50 ml with methanol.
Standard solution: Dissolve 10 mg gallic acid in methanol in a 100 ml volumetric flask; prepare working standards of 15-75 µg/ml by transferring 1.5-7.5 ml aliquots to 10 ml volumetric flasks and adjusting volume with methanol.
Calibration curve: Apply 10 µl of each standard solution (150-750 ng) on TLC plate; develop to 8 cm; dry; scan at 280 nm; plot peak area vs. concentration.
Estimation: Apply 10 µl of test solution on TLC plate; develop and record chromatogram in triplicate; calculate gallic acid content from calibration curve.
Result: Gallic acid content ranges from 0.42 to 0.58% in samples analyzed.

PAGE 3

QUANTITATIVE STANDARDS

Parameter	Limit
Foreign matter	Not more than 0.4%
Total ash	Not more than 1.9%
Acid-insoluble ash	Not more than 0.4%
Ethanol-soluble extractive	Not less than 5.7%
Water-soluble extractive	Not less than 14.5%

PHARMACOLOGY

Aqueous suspension of seed kernels demonstrated hypoglycaemic activity in normal rabbits and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Seed powder lowered cholesterol, free fatty acids, and triglyceride levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rabbits. Decoction of seeds reduced blood glucose, blood urea, serum cholesterol, and serum triglycerides in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Ethanolic extract showed hypoglycaemic effects in normal mice and alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Seed powder reduced fasting and postprandial blood glucose in diabetic patients. The chloroform fraction demonstrated antipyretic and anti-inflammatory action in rats. The 50% ethanolic extract showed antifertility effects in male rats.

MAJOR THERAPEUTIC CLAIMS

Antidiarrhoeal
Antidiabetic

ADULTERANTS / SUBSTITUTES

Not specified in the monograph.

SAFETY ASPECTS

The drug, used traditionally in prescribed doses, may be considered safe.

DOSE

Seed powder: 3 to 5 g
Decoction: 50 to 100 ml

KEY REFERENCES

The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Part-I, Vol. II, 1st edn. New Delhi: Govt. of India, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare; 1999.
Bhatia IS, Bajaj KL, Ghangas GS. Tannins in black plum seeds. Phytochemistry 1971; 10: 219-220.
Bhatia IS, Bajaj KL. Chemical constituents of seeds and bark of S. cumini. Planta Med 1975; 28: 346-352.
Nair RB, Santhakumari G. Anti-diabetic activity of the seed kernel of S. cumini Linn. Ancient Sci Life 1986; 6: 80-84.
Kedar P, Chakrabarti CH. Effects of jambolan seed treatment on blood sugar, lipids and urea in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1983; 27: 135-140.
Srivastava Y, Bhatt HV, Gupta OP, Gupta PS. Hypoglycemia induced by S. cumini seeds in diabetes mellitus. Asian Med J 1983; 26: 489-491.
Chaudhuri AKN, Pal S, Gomes A, Bhattacharya S. Anti-inflammatory actions of S. cuminii seed extract. Phytother Res 1990; 4: 5-10.

Source: Quality Standards of Indian Medicinal Plants - Vol. 7 (CSIR-NISCAIR), Chapter 31, pp. 296-302.

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