Handwritten medical notes on lined paper about hypertension, including definition (persistent blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg), classification (Stage 1: 130-139/80-89, Stage 2: ≥140/90), causes (primary/essential 90-95%, secondary causes: renal, endocrine, medications), symptoms (mostly asymptomatic, headache, blurred vision, epistaxis in hypertensive urgency), complications (heart failure, stroke, CKD, retinopathy, aortic dissection), treatment (lifestyle: DASH diet, exercise, weight loss, reduce sodium/alcohol; medications: ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, thiazide diuretics, beta blockers), written in blue and black ink with underlines and small diagrams, realistic handwriting style on white notebook paper

Handwritten medical student notes on ruled notebook paper about Hypertension for D Pharm 5 marks exam answer. Written in blue ballpoint pen with neat handwriting. Content includes: HYPERTENSION Definition: Persistent elevation of blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg on at least 2 separate occasions. Normal BP: 120/80 mmHg. Etiopathogenesis: 1. Primary/Essential HTN (90-95%): Unknown cause. Risk factors - obesity, sedentary lifestyle, high salt intake, stress, family history, age 2. Secondary HTN (5-10%): Renal disease (CKD, renal artery stenosis), Endocrine (Cushing's, pheochromocytoma, hyperaldosteronism), Drugs (OCPs, NSAIDs, steroids) Pathogenesis: Increased CO or increased TPR → ↑BP. RAAS activation → Na+ retention → ↑blood volume Clinical Manifestations: - Often asymptomatic ("Silent Killer") - Headache (occipital, morning) - Dizziness, blurred vision - Epistaxis - Hypertensive urgency/emergency: severe headache, chest pain, confusion Non-Pharmacological Management: - DASH diet (low sodium <2g/day) - Weight reduction (BMI <25) - Regular aerobic exercise 30 min/day - Alcohol restriction, Smoking cessation - Stress management Pharmacological Management: First line drugs: 1. ACE Inhibitors - Enalapril, Ramipril (block angiotensin conversion) 2. ARBs - Losartan, Telmisartan (block AT1 receptor) 3. Calcium Channel Blockers - Amlodipine, Nifedipine 4. Thiazide Diuretics - Hydrochlorothiazide 5. Beta Blockers - Atenolol, Metoprolol Written neatly with underlined headings, some words circled or boxed for emphasis, small arrows showing mechanisms, on white lined paper with margin line