Robbins, Cotran & Kumar Pathologic Basis of Disease (Latest Edition)

Complete Table of Contents / Index

CHAPTER 1 - The Cell: Unit of Health and Disease (pp. 17-44)

• Noncoding DNA
• Histone Organization
• MicroRNA and Long Noncoding RNA (MicroRNA; Long Noncoding RNA)
• Gene Editing

• Intracellular Organelles
• Plasma Membrane: Protection and Nutrient Acquisition
• Membrane Transport (Passive Diffusion; Carriers and Channels; Receptor-Mediated and Fluid-Phase Uptake)
• Cytoskeleton
• Cell-Cell Interactions
• Biosynthesis and Secretion: Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus
• Waste Disposal: Lysosomes and Proteasomes

• Cellular Signaling
• Signal Transduction Pathways
• Modular Signaling Proteins, Hubs, and Nodes
• Transcription Factors

• Extracellular Matrix
• Components of the Extracellular Matrix
• Adhesive Glycoproteins and Adhesion Receptors

• Proliferation and the Cell Cycle
• Stem Cells
• Regenerative Medicine

CHAPTER 2 - Cellular Responses to Stress and Toxic Insults (pp. 45-62)

• Introduction to Pathology
• Overview of Cellular Responses to Stress and Noxious Stimuli
• Causes of Cell Injury (Oxygen Deprivation; Physical Agents; Chemical Agents and Drugs; Infectious Agents; Immunologic Reactions; Genetic Abnormalities; Nutritional Imbalances)
• Pathways of Cellular Response to Stress and Injury (Integrated Stress Response; Unfolded Protein Response and ER Stress; Autophagy)
• Progression of Cell Injury and Death
• Reversible Cell Injury
• Cell Death: Necrosis; Patterns of Tissue Necrosis; Apoptosis; Necroptosis; Pyroptosis; Ferroptosis
• Mechanisms of Cell Injury (Mitochondrial Damage; Membrane Damage; Damage to DNA; Oxidative Stress; Free Radicals; Calcium Homeostasis)
• Clinicopathologic Correlations: Hypoxia and Ischemia; Chemical (Toxic) Injury
• Adaptations of Cellular Growth and Differentiation

CHAPTER 3 - Inflammation and Repair (pp. 64-99)

• Overview of Inflammation: Definitions and General Features
• Historical Highlights; Causes; Recognition of Microbes and Damaged Cells
• Acute Inflammation (Vascular Changes; Increased Vascular Permeability; Lymphatic Response; Leukocyte Recruitment; Leukocyte Adhesion; Migration; Chemotaxis; Phagocytosis; Neutrophil Extracellular Traps; Leukocyte-Mediated Tissue Injury)
• Mediators of Inflammation (Vasoactive Amines; Arachidonic Acid Metabolites; Cytokines and Chemokines; Complement System; Other Mediators)
• Morphologic Patterns of Acute Inflammation (Serous; Fibrinous; Purulent/Abscess; Ulcers)
• Outcomes of Acute Inflammation
• Chronic Inflammation (Causes; Morphologic Features; Macrophages; Lymphocytes; Granulomatous Inflammation)
• Systemic Effects of Inflammation

CHAPTER 4 - Hemodynamic Disorders, Thromboembolic Disease, and Shock (pp. 100-121)

• Edema and Effusions (Increased Hydrostatic Pressure; Reduced Plasma Osmotic Pressure; Sodium/Water Retention; Lymphatic Obstruction)
• Hyperemia and Congestion
• Hemostasis, Hemorrhagic Disorders, and Thrombosis (Platelets; Coagulation Cascade; Endothelium; Hemorrhagic Disorders; Thrombosis; DIC)
• Embolism (Pulmonary; Systemic; Fat; Air; Amniotic Fluid)
• Infarction; Factors That Influence Development of an Infarct
• Shock; Stages of Shock

CHAPTER 5 - Genetic Disorders (pp. 122-168)

• Genes and Human Diseases; Mutations
• Single-Gene Disorders (Autosomal Dominant/Recessive; X-Linked; Structural Proteins; Receptors; Enzyme Defects)
• Marfan Syndrome; Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
• Familial Hypercholesterolemia
• Lysosomal Storage Diseases; Glycogen Storage Diseases
• Disorders of Epigenetic Machinery
• Complex Multigenic Disorders
• Chromosomal Disorders (Trisomy 21/Down Syndrome; Other Trisomies; 22q11.2 Deletion; Klinefelter; Turner; Hermaphroditism)
• Single-Gene Disorders With Nonclassic Inheritance (Trinucleotide-Repeat Expansions; Fragile X Syndrome; Mitochondrial Mutations; Genomic Imprinting; Prader-Willi/Angelman; Gonadal Mosaicism)
• Molecular Genetic Diagnosis

CHAPTER 6 - Diseases of the Immune System (pp. ~170-212)

• Innate and Adaptive Immunity (overview)
• Hypersensitivity Reactions (Types I-IV)
• Autoimmune Diseases (Tolerance; Mechanisms; SLE; Sjögren Syndrome; Rheumatoid Arthritis)
• Immunodeficiency Syndromes (Primary and Secondary)
• Amyloidosis

CHAPTER 7 - Neoplasia (pp. ~237-300)

• Nomenclature (Benign Tumors; Malignant Tumors; Mixed Tumors)
• Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Neoplasms (Differentiation and Anaplasia; Metaplasia/Dysplasia; Local Invasion; Metastasis; Pathways of Spread)
• Epidemiology of Cancer (Global Impact; Environmental Factors; Age; Acquired Predisposing Conditions; Genetic Predisposition)
• Molecular Basis of Cancer: Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations
• Cellular and Molecular Hallmarks of Cancer:
  • Self-Sufficiency in Growth Signals: Oncogenes; Growth Factors/Receptors; RAS; MYC; Cyclins
  • Insensitivity to Growth Inhibition: Tumor Suppressor Genes (RB; TP53)
  • Growth-Promoting Metabolic Alterations; Autophagy; Oncometabolism
  • Evasion of Cell Death; Limitless Replicative Potential; Angiogenesis
  • Invasion and Metastasis

CHAPTER 8 - Infectious Diseases (pp. 304-367)

• General Principles of Microbial Pathogenesis (Entry; Dissemination; Microbiome; Immune Evasion; Host Damage)
• Viral Infections (COVID-19; Measles; Mumps; Polio; West Nile; Dengue; Poxviruses; Herpesvirus Infections - HSV, VZV, CMV; EBV)
• Bacterial Infections (Staphylococcal; Streptococcal; Diphtheria; Listeriosis; Anthrax; Nocardia; Neisserial; Pertussis; Pseudomonal; Plague; Chancroid; Granuloma Inguinale; Tuberculosis; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Leprosy; Spirochetal - Syphilis, Lyme; Rickettsial; Chlamydial)
• Fungal Infections (Candidiasis; Cryptococcosis; Aspergillosis; Mucormycosis; Histoplasmosis; Coccidioidomycosis)
• Parasitic Infections (Malaria; Babesiosis; Leishmaniasis; Trypanosomiasis; Toxoplasmosis; Cryptosporidiosis; Nematodes; Filariasis; Schistosomiasis)

CHAPTER 9 - Environmental and Nutritional Diseases (pp. ~368-410)

• Health Disparities; Health Effects of Climate Change
• Toxicity of Chemical and Physical Agents
• Environmental Pollution: Air Pollution (Outdoor; Indoor)
• Metals as Environmental Pollutants (Lead; Mercury; Arsenic; Cadmium)
• Occupational Health Risks
• Effects of Tobacco (Lung Cancer; Other Diseases)
• Effects of Alcohol
• Injury by Therapeutic Drugs (Anticoagulants; HRT; Oral Contraceptives; Acetaminophen; Aspirin)
• Injury by Nontherapeutic Agents (Cocaine; Opioids; Amphetamines; Marijuana)
• Injury by Physical Agents (Mechanical Trauma; Thermal Injury; Burns; Hyperthermia; Hypothermia; Electrical Injury; Ionizing Radiation)
• Nutritional Diseases (Dietary Insufficiency; Marasmus; Kwashiorkor; Cachexia; Obesity; Vitamins; Diet and Cancer)

CHAPTER 10 - Diseases of Infancy and Childhood (pp. 411-440)

• Congenital Anomalies (Definitions; Causes)
• Prematurity and Fetal Growth Restriction; Neonatal RDS; Necrotizing Enterocolitis
• Perinatal Infections
• Fetal Hydrops (Immune; Nonimmune)
• Inherited Metabolic Disorders (Phenylketonuria; Galactosemia; Cystic Fibrosis)
• Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
• Tumors of Infancy and Childhood (Hemangiomas; Teratomas; Neuroblastic Tumors; Wilms Tumor)

CHAPTER 11 - Blood Vessels (pp. 441-479)

• Vascular Structure and Function
• Vascular Anomalies
• Vascular Wall Response to Injury (Endothelial Cells; Smooth Muscle; Intimal Thickening)
• Hypertensive Vascular Disease (Blood Pressure Regulation; Secondary/Essential Hypertension)
• Arteriosclerosis
• Atherosclerosis (Epidemiology; Risk Factors; Consequences; Acute Plaque Change)
• Aneurysms and Dissection (Abdominal Aortic; Thoracic Aortic; Aortic Dissection)
• Vasculitis (Infectious; Noninfectious; Large Vessel - Giant Cell/Temporal Arteritis; Takayasu; Medium Vessel - PAN; Kawasaki; Small Vessel - Wegener/GPA; Churg-Strauss; MPA)
• Raynaud Phenomenon; Venous Disorders; Lymphatic Disorders; Tumors of Blood Vessels

CHAPTER 12 - Heart (pp. 480-530)

• Cardiac Structure and Specializations (Myocardium; Valves; Conduction System; Blood Supply; Aging)
• Overview of Cardiac Pathophysiology
• Heart Failure (Pathophysiology; Left-Sided; Right-Sided)
• Congenital Heart Disease (Left-to-Right Shunts: ASD, VSD, PDA; Right-to-Left Shunts: Tetralogy of Fallot, Transposition; Obstructive Lesions: Coarctation, Pulmonary/Aortic Stenosis)
• Ischemic Heart Disease (Epidemiology; Pathogenesis; Angina Pectoris; Myocardial Infarction; Complications; Chronic IHD)
• Arrhythmias; Sudden Cardiac Death
• Hypertensive Heart Disease (Systemic; Pulmonary/Cor Pulmonale)
• Valvular Heart Disease (Calcific Degeneration; Aortic Stenosis; Mitral Valve Prolapse; Rheumatic Fever/RHD; Infective Endocarditis; Nonbacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis)
• Cardiomyopathies (Dilated; Arrhythmogenic; Hypertrophic; Restrictive)
• Myocarditis; Pericardial Disease; Cardiac Tumors; Transplant Pathology

CHAPTER 13 - Diseases of White Blood Cells, Lymph Nodes, Spleen, and Thymus (pp. 531-575)

• Normal Hematopoiesis
• Disorders of White Cells; Leukopenia; Neutropenia/Agranulocytosis
• Reactive Proliferations: Leukocytosis; Lymphadenitis; Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis
• Neoplastic Proliferations - Overview; Etiology (Chromosomal Translocations; Inherited; Viruses)
• Lymphoid Neoplasms (ALL/Lymphoma; CLL/SLL; Follicular Lymphoma; DLBCL; Burkitt; Mantle Cell; Marginal Zone; Hairy Cell; Peripheral T- and NK-Cell Neoplasms; Hodgkin Lymphoma)
• Myeloid Neoplasms (AML; MDS; CML; Polycythemia Vera; Essential Thrombocythemia; Myelofibrosis)
• Histiocytic Neoplasms; Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
• Spleen; Thymus

CHAPTER 14 - Red Blood Cells and Bleeding Disorders (pp. 577-611)

• Anemias of Blood Loss (Acute; Chronic)
• Hemolytic Anemias (Hereditary Spherocytosis; G6PD Deficiency; Sickle Cell Disease; Thalassemia; PNH; Immunohemolytic Anemia; Trauma-Induced)
• Anemias of Diminished Erythropoiesis (Megaloblastic; Pernicious Anemia; Folate Deficiency; Iron Deficiency; Anemia of Chronic Inflammation; Aplastic Anemia)
• Polycythemia
• Bleeding Disorders (Vessel Wall Abnormalities; Thrombocytopenia; ITP; Drug-Induced; TTP/HUS; Defective Platelet Function; Coagulation Factor Disorders; Hemophilia; von Willebrand Disease; DIC)

CHAPTER 15 - Lung (pp. 613-662)

• Congenital Anomalies; Atelectasis
• Pulmonary Edema (Hemodynamic; Microvascular Injury)
• Acute Lung Injury and ARDS (Diffuse Alveolar Damage)
• Obstructive Lung Diseases: COPD (Emphysema; Chronic Bronchitis); Asthma; Bronchiectasis
• Chronic Diffuse Interstitial (Restrictive) Diseases: Fibrosing (IPF; NSIP; Cryptogenic OP); Pneumoconioses; Granulomatous (Sarcoidosis; Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis); Smoking-Related
• Diseases of Vascular Origin (PE and Infarction; Pulmonary Hypertension)
• Pulmonary Infections (Bacterial; Viral; Fungal; Lung Abscess)
• Pleural Disease (Pleuritis; Pneumothorax; Pleural Effusion; Mesothelioma)
• Lung Tumors (Carcinoma - Adenocarcinoma; Squamous Cell; Small Cell; Large Cell; Carcinoid; Metastatic)

CHAPTER 16 - Head and Neck (pp. 664-681)

• Diseases of Teeth and Supporting Structures (Caries; Gingivitis; Periodontitis)
• Inflammatory/Reactive Lesions (Aphthous Ulcers; Fibrous Proliferative Lesions)
• Infections (HSV; Oral Candidiasis; Deep Fungal)
• Oral Manifestations of Systemic Disease; Hairy Leukoplakia
• Precancerous and Cancerous Lesions (Leukoplakia; Erythroplakia; Squamous Cell Carcinoma)
• Odontogenic Cysts and Tumors

• Nose (Inflammatory Lesions; Nasal Polyps; Sinusitis; Necrotizing Lesions)
• Nasopharynx (Inflammatory Lesions; Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma)
• Tumors of Nose, Sinuses, and Nasopharynx (Sinonasal Angiofibroma; Papilloma; Olfactory Neuroblastoma; NUT Carcinoma)
• Larynx (Reactive Nodules; Squamous Papilloma; Carcinoma)

CHAPTER 17 - Gastrointestinal Tract (pp. 685-748)

• Congenital Abnormalities (Atresia/Fistulae; Diaphragmatic Hernia; Meckel Diverticulum; Pyloric Stenosis; Hirschsprung Disease)
• Esophagus (Obstruction; Achalasia; Esophagitis; Reflux; Barrett Esophagus; Varices; Tumors - Adenocarcinoma; Squamous Cell Carcinoma)
• Stomach (Gastropathy; Acute/Chronic Gastritis; H. pylori; Autoimmune Atrophic Gastritis; Peptic Ulcer Disease; Hypertrophic Gastropathies; Gastric Polyps and Tumors - Adenocarcinoma; Lymphoma; GISTs)
• Small Intestine and Colon (Diarrhea/Dysentery; Malabsorption - Celiac Disease; IBD - Crohn Disease and Ulcerative Colitis; Infectious Colitis; Polyps and Neoplasms - Adenomatous Polyps; Colorectal Carcinoma; Appendix; Peritoneum)

CHAPTER 18 - Liver and Gallbladder (pp. 749-810)

• General Features of Liver Disease (Mechanisms of Injury; Liver Failure; Cirrhosis; Portal Hypertension)
• Infectious Disorders: Viral Hepatitis (HAV; HBV; HCV; HDV; HEV); Bacterial/Fungal/Parasitic
• Autoimmune Hepatitis
• Drug- and Toxin-Induced Liver Injury
• Steatotic Liver Disease (Alcohol-Associated; Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated/MASLD)
• Inherited Liver Disease (Hemochromatosis; Wilson Disease; α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency)
• Cholestatic Disease (Bile Formation; Hyperbilirubinemia; Neonatal Cholestasis; Primary Biliary Cholangitis; Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis)
• Circulatory Disorders; Hepatic Vein Thrombosis; Portal Vein Thrombosis
• Benign and Malignant Tumors (Hepatocellular Adenoma; Hepatocellular Carcinoma; Cholangiocarcinoma; Metastatic Tumors)
• Gallbladder (Cholelithiasis/Gallstones; Cholecystitis; Carcinoma)

CHAPTER 19 - Pancreas (covered in Block 9/10)

• Exocrine Pancreas (Pancreatitis - Acute and Chronic; Pancreatic Carcinoma)
• Endocrine Pancreas (Diabetes Mellitus - Type 1 and 2; Complications; Pancreatic Endocrine Neoplasms - Insulinoma; Gastrinoma; Others)

CHAPTER 20 - Kidney (Block 10)

• Glomerular Diseases (Nephrotic Syndrome; Nephritic Syndrome; Minimal Change Disease; FSGS; Membranous Nephropathy; MPGN; IgA Nephropathy; Postinfectious GN; Rapidly Progressive/Crescentic GN)
• Tubular and Interstitial Diseases (Acute Tubular Injury; Acute Pyelonephritis; Chronic Pyelonephritis; Drug/Toxin-Induced; Nephrolithiasis)
• Diseases Involving Blood Vessels (Hypertensive Nephrosclerosis; Renal Artery Stenosis; Thrombotic Microangiopathy)
• Cystic Diseases (ADPKD; ARPKD; Medullary Sponge Kidney; Medullary Cystic Disease)
• Tumors (Renal Cell Carcinoma; Urothelial Carcinoma; Wilms Tumor)

CHAPTER 21 - Lower Urinary Tract and Male Genital System (Block 10/11)

• Urinary Bladder (Cystitis; Urothelial Tumors - Carcinoma)
• Penis (Inflammatory Lesions; STI-Related; Carcinoma)
• Testis and Epididymis (Cryptorchidism; Orchitis; Germ Cell Tumors - Seminoma; NSGCT; Lymphoma)
• Prostate (Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatitis; Prostatic Carcinoma)

CHAPTER 22 - Female Genital System (Block 11)

• Vulva (Inflammatory Lesions; VIN; Carcinoma)
• Vagina
• Cervix (Cervicitis; HPV-Related Disease; Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia; Squamous Cell Carcinoma; Adenocarcinoma)
• Uterus (Endometritis; Endometriosis; Adenomyosis; Endometrial Hyperplasia/Carcinoma; Leiomyoma; Leiomyosarcoma)
• Fallopian Tubes; Ovary (Cysts; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome; Surface Epithelial Tumors; Germ Cell Tumors; Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors)
• Placenta; Gestational Trophoblastic Disease

CHAPTER 23 - Breast (Block 11/12)

• Fibrocystic Changes
• Inflammatory Lesions
• Benign Epithelial Lesions; Fibroadenoma; Phyllodes Tumor
• Carcinoma of the Breast (Epidemiology; Risk Factors; LCIS; DCIS; Invasive Carcinoma - Ductal and Lobular; Molecular Subtypes; Male Breast Cancer)

CHAPTER 24 - Endocrine System (Block 12)

• Pituitary (Adenomas; Hypopituitarism; Craniopharyngioma)
• Thyroid (Goiter; Hyperthyroidism/Graves Disease; Hypothyroidism; Thyroiditis - Hashimoto; Tumors - Follicular; Papillary; Medullary; Anaplastic Carcinoma)
• Parathyroid (Hyperparathyroidism - Primary/Secondary; Hypoparathyroidism)
• Adrenal Cortex (Hyperadrenalism - Cushing; Hyperaldosteronism - Conn; Adrenal Insufficiency - Addison; Tumors)
• Adrenal Medulla (Pheochromocytoma; Neuroblastoma)
• MEN Syndromes; Pineal Gland

CHAPTER 25 - Musculoskeletal System (Block 12/13)

• Bone (Developmental Abnormalities; Osteoporosis; Paget Disease; Rickets/Osteomalacia; Hyperparathyroidism; Fractures and Repair; Osteomyelitis; Bone Tumors - Osteosarcoma; Chondrosarcoma; Ewing Sarcoma; Giant Cell Tumor)
• Joints (Osteoarthritis; Rheumatoid Arthritis; Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies; Gout and Pseudogout; Infectious Arthritis)
• Soft Tissue Tumors (Lipoma; Liposarcoma; Fibrous Tumors; Rhabdomyosarcoma; Synovial Sarcoma)

CHAPTER 26 - Peripheral Nervous System and Muscle (Block 13)

• Peripheral Nervous System (Segmental Demyelination; Axonal Degeneration; Inflammatory Neuropathies - Guillain-Barré; Hereditary Neuropathies; Tumors - Schwannoma; Neurofibroma; Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor)
• Skeletal Muscle (Denervation Atrophy; Muscular Dystrophies - Duchenne; Becker; Myotonic Dystrophy; Inflammatory Myopathies - Dermatomyositis; Polymyositis; IBM; Metabolic Myopathies; Myasthenia Gravis; Lambert-Eaton)

CHAPTER 27 - Skin (Block 13)

• Inflammatory Dermatoses (Acute - Urticaria; Eczema/Dermatitis; Erythema Multiforme; Psoriasis; Lichen Planus)
• Blistering (Pemphigus; Bullous Pemphigoid; Dermatitis Herpetiformis)
• Infections and Infestations
• Tumors of the Epidermis (Seborrheic Keratosis; Acanthosis Nigricans; Epithelial Cysts; Tumors of the Surface Epithelium - AK; SCC; BCC)
• Melanocytic Lesions (Nevi; Melanoma)
• Adnexal Tumors; Dermis Tumors (Dermatofibroma; Dermatofibrosarcoma; Xanthomas; Kaposi Sarcoma)

CHAPTER 28 - Central Nervous System and Eye (Block 13)

• Edema; Herniation; Hydrocephalus
• Cerebrovascular Disease (Hypoxia/Ischemia; Infarction; Intracerebral Hemorrhage; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage)
• CNS Trauma (Concussion; Contusions; Epidural/Subdural Hematoma; Diffuse Axonal Injury)
• Infections (Bacterial Meningitis; Brain Abscess; Viral Encephalitis; HIV Encephalopathy; Prion Diseases)
• Demyelinating Diseases (Multiple Sclerosis; NMO; ADEM)
• Neurodegenerative Diseases (Alzheimer; Parkinson; Huntington; ALS; Spinocerebellar Ataxias)
• Tumors (Gliomas - Astrocytoma/GBM; Oligodendroglioma; Ependymoma; Medulloblastoma; Meningioma; Primary CNS Lymphoma; Metastatic Tumors)
• Eye (Glaucoma; Age-Related Macular Degeneration; Diabetic Retinopathy; Retinoblastoma; Uveal Melanoma)

Chapters List