Answer all the questions from pathology cytology orell book for exam

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Reading File

All 9 questions are answered. Here's a quick orientation guide:

Quick Summary of What's Covered

Q	Topic	Marks	Key Points to Remember
Q.1	Molecular genetics in urothelial bladder cancer	15	FGFR3 (erdafitinib), TP53/RB1 in MIBC, TERT promoter as earliest mutation, TCGA subtypes, TMB-H for ICI
Q.2	Liquid biopsy in metastatic lung adenocarcinoma	15	ctDNA biology, cobas EGFR test, EGFR T790M detection, ddPCR, NGS cfDNA, fragmentomics
Q.3	PD-L1 testing & immune checkpoint inhibitors	7	TPS vs CPS vs IC, 22C3/28-8/SP142/SP263 assays, TMB-H + MSI-H as complementary biomarkers
Q.4	Molecular diagnostics in hematological malignancies	7	FISH, RT-PCR (BCR-ABL1), NGS panels (FLT3/NPM1/IDH), ddPCR for MRD, flow cytometry
Q.5	Grey zone lymphoma	7	Mediastinal, overlap PMBCL+CHL, CD30+/CD20+/CD15+, JAK2/9p24.1 amplification, PD-L1 target
Q.6	STIC and its implications	7	Fallopian tube origin of HGSC, TP53 mutation >90%, p53 signature, SEE-FIM protocol, PARP inhibitors
Q.7	Chediak-Higashi Syndrome	7	LYST gene, giant granules, accelerated phase (HLH-like), HSCT treatment
Q.8	New thyroid entities	7	NIFTP, DHGTC, high-grade PTC/FTC, cribriform-morular carcinoma, secretory carcinoma (ETV6-NTRK3), BRAF/RAS/fusion subtyping
Q.9	2021 WHO CNS tumor classification	7	IDH status central, IDH-WT GBM criteria (TERT+7/-10+EGFR), H3K27M diffuse midline, ependymoma molecular groups, pediatric glioma entities, vorasidenib

Key exam tips:

Draw the two-pathway model diagram for Q.6 (STIC)
Include a table comparing IDH-mutant vs IDH-wildtype glioma for Q.9
For Q.2, structure each sub-part (a, b, c, d) clearly with headers to maximize marks
For Q.5, emphasize the WHO-5 name change and the CD30/CD20/CD15 immunophenotypic overlap

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