It is said that eighty percent of the questions come from twenty percent of the topics. So, I would like for me that you make a those list of that twenty percent of topics from each subject, so that I can study them in depth.
Asking for Preferences
Searching the Web
NEET PG 2025 2026 high yield topics subject wise most repeated questions
Searching the Web
NEET PG important topics 20 percent anatomy pathology pharmacology surgery medicine
Reading Web Page
https://www.prepladder.com/neet-pg-study-material/preparatio…
Can you make a PDF of it?
Reading File
Running Command
mkdir -p /home/daytona/workspace/neet-pg && ls /home/daytona/workspace/neet-pg/
Writing File
~/neet-pg/generate_pdf.py
from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import A4
from reportlab.lib import colors
from reportlab.lib.styles import getSampleStyleSheet, ParagraphStyle
from reportlab.lib.units import cm
from reportlab.platypus import (
SimpleDocTemplate, Paragraph, Spacer, Table, TableStyle,
HRFlowable, KeepTogether
)
from reportlab.lib.enums import TA_CENTER, TA_LEFT
from reportlab.platypus import PageBreak
OUTPUT = "/home/daytona/workspace/neet-pg/NEET_PG_High_Yield_Topics.pdf"
doc = SimpleDocTemplate(
OUTPUT,
pagesize=A4,
rightMargin=2*cm, leftMargin=2*cm,
topMargin=2*cm, bottomMargin=2*cm
)
styles = getSampleStyleSheet()
# Custom styles
title_style = ParagraphStyle(
"Title", parent=styles["Title"],
fontSize=22, textColor=colors.HexColor("#1a3c5e"),
spaceAfter=6, spaceBefore=0, alignment=TA_CENTER,
fontName="Helvetica-Bold"
)
subtitle_style = ParagraphStyle(
"Subtitle", parent=styles["Normal"],
fontSize=11, textColor=colors.HexColor("#4a6fa5"),
spaceAfter=4, alignment=TA_CENTER,
fontName="Helvetica"
)
section_header_style = ParagraphStyle(
"SectionHeader", parent=styles["Heading1"],
fontSize=13, textColor=colors.white,
spaceBefore=12, spaceAfter=4,
fontName="Helvetica-Bold",
backColor=colors.HexColor("#1a3c5e"),
leftIndent=-10, rightIndent=-10,
borderPad=6
)
subject_style = ParagraphStyle(
"Subject", parent=styles["Heading2"],
fontSize=11, textColor=colors.HexColor("#1a3c5e"),
spaceBefore=8, spaceAfter=2,
fontName="Helvetica-Bold",
borderPad=4
)
topic_style = ParagraphStyle(
"Topic", parent=styles["Normal"],
fontSize=9.5, textColor=colors.HexColor("#222222"),
spaceBefore=1, spaceAfter=1,
leftIndent=14,
fontName="Helvetica",
leading=14
)
note_style = ParagraphStyle(
"Note", parent=styles["Normal"],
fontSize=8.5, textColor=colors.HexColor("#c0392b"),
spaceBefore=2, spaceAfter=2,
leftIndent=14, fontName="Helvetica-Oblique"
)
footer_style = ParagraphStyle(
"Footer", parent=styles["Normal"],
fontSize=8, textColor=colors.grey,
alignment=TA_CENTER
)
# ─── DATA ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
data = [
{
"section": "SECTION A — PRE-CLINICAL SUBJECTS",
"color": "#1a3c5e",
"subjects": [
{
"name": "ANATOMY (17 Qs expected)",
"tag": "★★★",
"topics": [
"Nerve injuries — radial, ulnar, median, common peroneal (wrist drop, claw hand, foot drop etc.)",
"Brachial plexus — roots, trunks, divisions, cords, terminal branches",
"Cranial nerves — nuclei, exit foramina, clinical palsy patterns",
"Embryology — derivatives of pharyngeal arches/pouches, heart development, gut rotation",
"Radiological anatomy — chest X-ray landmarks, CT brain windows, standard projections",
"Applied surgical anatomy — inguinal canal, femoral triangle, axilla, porta hepatis",
"Spinal cord tracts — Brown-Séquard, syringomyelia, tabes dorsalis",
"Joints — shoulder (rotator cuff), knee (menisci, cruciate ligaments)",
],
"note": "Clinical anatomy questions dominate; link every nerve to its injury scenario."
},
{
"name": "PHYSIOLOGY (17 Qs expected)",
"tag": "★★★",
"topics": [
"Cardiac physiology — action potential phases, pressure-volume loops, Starling's law, JVP waveforms",
"Respiratory physiology — spirometry values (FVC, FEV1, TLC), V/Q mismatch, compliance curves",
"Acid-base balance — Henderson-Hasselbalch, step-by-step ABG interpretation",
"Renal physiology — tubular handling, GFR calculation, RAS axis, diuretic sites",
"Endocrine regulation — negative feedback loops, insulin/glucagon, thyroid axis",
"Neuroscience — resting membrane potential, neuromuscular junction, CSF dynamics",
"Haematology — erythropoiesis, clotting cascade, blood groups (ABO, Rh)",
"Graphs & curves — oxygen dissociation curve, starling curves (must interpret shifts)",
],
"note": "Focus on mechanisms and graph interpretation, not rote numbers."
},
{
"name": "BIOCHEMISTRY (16 Qs expected)",
"tag": "★★★",
"topics": [
"Metabolic pathways — glycolysis, TCA cycle, gluconeogenesis, glycogen synthesis/breakdown",
"Enzyme deficiencies — G6PD, HGPRT, phenylalanine hydroxylase, OTC deficiency",
"Inborn errors of metabolism — PKU, maple syrup urine disease, alkaptonuria, homocystinuria",
"Molecular biology — DNA replication, transcription, translation, PCR, Southern/Northern/Western blot",
"Lipid metabolism — fatty acid synthesis, beta-oxidation, ketogenesis, lipoprotein classes",
"Vitamins & cofactors — deficiency diseases, roles as coenzymes (B1-thiamine pyrophosphate etc.)",
"Nucleotide metabolism — purine/pyrimidine synthesis, salvage pathway, gout biochemistry",
"Haemoglobin — HbA, HbA2, HbF, HbS; thalassaemia patterns",
],
"note": "Questions are concept-based; enzyme-deficiency + clinical phenotype combos are very high yield."
},
]
},
{
"section": "SECTION B — PARA-CLINICAL SUBJECTS",
"color": "#145a32",
"subjects": [
{
"name": "PATHOLOGY (25 Qs expected)",
"tag": "★★★★★",
"topics": [
"Cell injury & death — apoptosis vs necrosis, free radical injury, ischaemia-reperfusion",
"Inflammation & repair — acute vs chronic, granuloma types (caseating, non-caseating), wound healing phases",
"Neoplasia — oncogenes (RAS, MYC, BCL2), tumour suppressors (p53, RB), tumour markers",
"Haematological malignancies — AML M3 (t15;17, PML-RARA), CML (t9;22 BCR-ABL), follicular lymphoma (t14;18)",
"Anaemias — iron deficiency, megaloblastic, haemolytic, aplastic; peripheral smear findings",
"Renal pathology — nephritic vs nephrotic, crescentic GN, diabetic nephropathy, RCC histology",
"Liver pathology — hepatitis markers, cirrhosis, primary biliary cholangitis (AMA+), HCC",
"Respiratory pathology — lung cancer types (squamous/adeno/SCLC), mesothelioma, pneumoconioses",
"Cardiovascular pathology — MI changes timeline, rheumatic heart disease (Aschoff bodies, Macallum patch)",
"Histopathology slides — must practice gross + microscopic pattern recognition",
],
"note": "Both conceptual and image-based questions are very frequent. Flashcard each tumour marker."
},
{
"name": "PHARMACOLOGY (20 Qs expected)",
"tag": "★★★★★",
"topics": [
"Antimicrobials — mechanism, spectrum, resistance, classic adverse effects (aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines)",
"Antituberculars — first-line drugs, side effects (ethambutol→optic neuritis, isoniazid→peripheral neuropathy)",
"Cardiovascular drugs — beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, statins, antiarrhythmics (Vaughan-Williams classification)",
"Autonomic pharmacology — adrenergic/cholinergic receptors, agonists, antagonists, drug-receptor specificity",
"CNS pharmacology — antiepileptics (mechanism + teratogenicity), antidepressants (SSRIs, TCAs), antipsychotics",
"Anticoagulants & antiplatelets — heparin, warfarin, DOACs, aspirin, clopidogrel; reversal agents",
"Drug adverse effects & contraindications — classic pairs (e.g., cisplatin→nephrotoxicity, amiodarone→thyroid)",
"OBGYN pharmacology — oxytocin, tocolytics, misoprostol, magnesium sulphate dosing (Pritchard/Zuspan)",
"Newer drugs — empagliflozin in HF, topiramate for migraine, phenoxybenzamine in phaeochromocytoma",
],
"note": "Pharmacology is the most scoring subject — many questions are direct mechanism/side-effect recall."
},
{
"name": "MICROBIOLOGY (20 Qs expected)",
"tag": "★★★★",
"topics": [
"Bacteriology — Gram stain patterns, capsule, toxins, culture media (MacConkey, Lowenstein-Jensen, TCBS)",
"Mycobacterium tuberculosis — Mantoux test interpretation, culture characteristics, IRIS in HIV-TB",
"Virology — Hepatitis A/B/C/D/E markers (anti-HBc IgM, HBeAg window period), HIV staging",
"Fungal infections — Aspergillus (acute-angle septate hyphae), Mucor (wide non-septate), Candida, Cryptococcus",
"Parasitology — life cycles of Plasmodium, Taenia, Enterobius (perianal pruritus, Scotch tape test)",
"Immunology — primary vs secondary immune response, immunoglobulin classes, HLA associations",
"STIs — syphilis (dark field, VDRL/TPHA), gonorrhoea, chlamydia — lab differentiation",
"Sterilisation & disinfection — autoclave parameters, glutaraldehyde, pasteurisation",
"Special techniques — Nocardia (paraffin bait), Legionella (charcoal yeast extract), Weil-Felix",
],
"note": "Culture media and special technique questions repeat heavily year after year."
},
{
"name": "FORENSIC MEDICINE (10 Qs expected)",
"tag": "★★",
"topics": [
"Thanatology — signs of death, rigor mortis, livor mortis, decomposition stages and timelines",
"Asphyxia — hanging vs strangulation vs throttling (ligature marks, face findings)",
"Injuries — contusion vs laceration vs incised wound; defence wounds; blunt vs sharp force",
"Medico-legal aspects — consent types, dying declaration, medical negligence (Bolam test)",
"Toxicology — organophosphate poisoning (SLUDGE, atropine/PAM treatment), opiate, cyanide",
"Sexual offences — hymen findings, seminal stain examination (acid phosphatase, p30 protein)",
],
"note": "Easy scoring if revised; focus on classification tables and numerical timelines."
},
{
"name": "COMMUNITY MEDICINE / PSM (25 Qs expected)",
"tag": "★★★★",
"topics": [
"Epidemiology — study designs (RCT, cohort, case-control), bias types, odds ratio vs relative risk",
"Screening — sensitivity/specificity, PPV/NPV, lead-time bias, Bayes theorem",
"National Health Programmes — NTEP (TB), NPCDCS, Ayushman Bharat PM-JAY, NHM, RBSK",
"Vaccines & immunisation — cold chain (2-8°C), VVM interpretation, EPI schedule, live vs killed vaccines",
"Nutrition — PEM (marasmus vs kwashiorkor), vitamin deficiencies, ICMR RDA values",
"Biostatistics — mean/median/mode, SD, p-value, confidence interval, NNT",
"Environmental health — water purification (Nalgonda for fluorosis), air pollution, HEPA filters",
"Maternal & child health — ANC schedule, high-risk pregnancy criteria, IMR/MMR/NMR",
],
"note": "New government schemes (PM-JAY, NTEP, NPCDCS) are heavily tested in 2025-26."
},
]
},
{
"section": "SECTION C — CLINICAL SUBJECTS",
"color": "#6e2c00",
"subjects": [
{
"name": "GENERAL MEDICINE (25-30 Qs expected)",
"tag": "★★★★★",
"topics": [
"Cardiology — ECG interpretation (MI, arrhythmias, blocks), heart failure (HFrEF/HFpEF), valvular disorders",
"Endocrinology — DKA vs HHS management, thyroid disorders (Graves, Hashimoto), adrenal disorders (Addison's, Cushing's)",
"Infectious diseases — HIV (CD4 count thresholds, OIs, ART initiation), tuberculosis (RNTCP/NTEP regimens)",
"Respiratory — ARDS (low tidal volume + high PEEP), COPD vs asthma spirometry, interstitial lung diseases",
"Rheumatology — RA (pannus, anti-CCP), SLE (anti-dsDNA, anti-Sm), ankylosing spondylitis (HLAB27)",
"Neurology — stroke (ischaemic vs haemorrhagic management), seizure types and drug of choice",
"Gastroenterology — liver cirrhosis complications (SBP, hepatorenal, varices), IBD differentiation",
"Nephrology — CKD staging, nephrotic vs nephritic, AKI causes (pre/intra/post renal)",
"Haematology — leukaemia classification, lymphoma staging, coagulation disorder workup",
"Dermatology — psoriasis, pemphigus vs pemphigoid, Stevens-Johnson syndrome",
"Psychiatry — DSM-5 criteria for schizophrenia, depression, bipolar; antipsychotic side effects",
],
"note": "Harrison's-aligned clinical reasoning + recent guidelines (ARDS, HF, DKA, TB-HIV) are the focus."
},
{
"name": "GENERAL SURGERY (20-25 Qs expected)",
"tag": "★★★★★",
"topics": [
"Trauma & emergencies — ATLS primary survey (ABCDE), diffuse axonal injury (RTA), fat embolism syndrome",
"GI surgery — achalasia (manometry gold standard), oesophageal carcinoma, peptic ulcer complications",
"Hepatobiliary — Courvoisier's law (carcinoma head of pancreas), obstructive jaundice workup, cholangitis",
"Colorectal — Parks classification of anal fistula, haemorrhoids grading, carcinoma colon (Duke's/TNM staging)",
"Hernia — inguinal (direct vs indirect), femoral, incisional; Richter's and Maydl's hernia",
"Thyroid & parathyroid — thyroid carcinoma types (papillary most common), hyperparathyroidism biochemistry",
"Breast — BIRADS classification, breast carcinoma staging, sentinel node biopsy",
"Vascular — Buerger's disease vs atherosclerosis, ABI interpretation, varicose veins",
"Paediatric surgery — congenital diaphragmatic hernia (Bochdalek), intussusception (current jelly stool)",
"Surgical anatomy — nerve injuries in surgical procedures (RLN in thyroidectomy, facial nerve in parotidectomy)",
],
"note": "Applied anatomy + standard operative steps + emergency management algorithms are the key areas."
},
{
"name": "OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGY (25-30 Qs expected)",
"tag": "★★★★★",
"topics": [
"Obstetric emergencies — atonic PPH (Bakri balloon, B-Lynch, stepwise oxytocin-methylergometrine-carboprost), cord prolapse",
"Pre-eclampsia & eclampsia — diagnostic criteria, MgSO4 regimens (Pritchard vs Zuspan), antihypertensives in pregnancy",
"Labour & delivery — stages of labour, CTG interpretation, episiotomy closure sequence, McRoberts manoeuvre",
"High-risk pregnancy — gestational diabetes, Rh isoimmunisation (anti-D prophylaxis), placenta praevia vs abruption",
"Ectopic pregnancy — sites, risk factors, management (methotrexate criteria vs surgical)",
"AUB (Abnormal uterine bleeding) — PALM-COEIN classification, endometrial biopsy indications",
"Gynaecological malignancies — cervical (HPV 16/18, CIN staging, Wertheim hysterectomy), ovarian (CA-125)",
"Adenomyosis vs endometriosis — MRI diagnosis, hormonal profiles",
"Premature ovarian insufficiency — high FSH, low AMH, management",
"Infertility — ovulation assessment (Day 21 progesterone), semen analysis WHO 2021 criteria",
],
"note": "Labour room emergencies repeat from previous recalls; master the algorithmic management approach."
},
{
"name": "PAEDIATRICS (10 Qs expected)",
"tag": "★★★",
"topics": [
"Growth & development — developmental milestones (gross motor, fine motor, speech, social), DSMRT",
"Neonatal emergencies — neonatal jaundice (exchange transfusion criteria), respiratory distress syndrome (surfactant)",
"Nutritional disorders — marasmus vs kwashiorkor, rickets (biochemistry + X-ray), iron deficiency anaemia",
"Immunisation — national immunisation schedule, cold chain, catch-up vaccination",
"Paediatric infections — measles complications, whooping cough (lymphocytosis), dengue (NS1 antigen)",
"Congenital heart disease — cyanotic (ToF, TGA) vs acyanotic (VSD, ASD, PDA)",
],
"note": "Developmental milestones and vaccination schedule questions are very high yield."
},
{
"name": "OPHTHALMOLOGY (10 Qs expected)",
"tag": "★★★",
"topics": [
"Glaucoma — open angle vs closed angle; tonometry, visual field defects; first-line drugs (timolol, latanoprost)",
"Retina — diabetic retinopathy grading, CRVO vs CRAO (fundus findings), retinal detachment",
"Cataract — types (nuclear, cortical, posterior subcapsular), IOL calculation, surgical steps",
"Cornea — keratoconus, corneal ulcer (bacterial vs viral — dendritic ulcer = HSV), pterygium",
"Strabismus & amblyopia — cover test, Hirschberg test, management principles",
"Fundus images — optic disc changes in glaucoma, papilloedema vs optic atrophy",
],
"note": "Image-based fundus questions are increasing; practice slit-lamp and fundus photo recognition."
},
{
"name": "ENT (10 Qs expected)",
"tag": "★★★",
"topics": [
"Ear — cholesteatoma (attic perforation + bone erosion), otosclerosis (Carhart's notch), Rinne & Weber tests",
"Hearing loss — conductive vs sensorineural; audiogram patterns; SNHL causes (aminoglycosides, noise)",
"Throat — tonsillitis (Quinsy — peritonsillar abscess), Ludwig's angina, laryngeal carcinoma staging",
"Nose — DNS, nasal polyps (bilateral = allergic, unilateral = rule out malignancy), epistaxis management (Kiesselbach)",
"Benign laryngeal lesions — singer's nodules, juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis (HPV 6/11)",
],
"note": "Focus on audiological tests and differential diagnosis of ear discharge."
},
{
"name": "ORTHOPAEDICS (within Surgery section)",
"tag": "★★★",
"topics": [
"Fractures — Colles vs Smith, Monteggia vs Galeazzi, compartment syndrome (6 P's)",
"Dislocations — shoulder (anterior most common), hip dislocation (AVN risk)",
"Bone tumours — osteosarcoma (sunburst pattern), Ewing's sarcoma (onion peel), giant cell tumour",
"Infections — acute osteomyelitis (Staphylococcus aureus most common), Brodie's abscess",
"Spine — prolapsed intervertebral disc (L4-L5 most common), ankylosing spondylitis management",
],
"note": "X-ray pattern recognition of fractures and tumours is frequently tested."
},
{
"name": "RADIOLOGY & ANAESTHESIA (within Surgery section)",
"tag": "★★",
"topics": [
"Radiology — chest X-ray interpretation (consolidation, effusion, PTX), CT abdomen findings (appendicitis, obstruction)",
"Radiology — contrast agents (ionic vs non-ionic), radiation protection, MRI contraindications",
"Anaesthesia — GA stages (Guedel's classification), spinal vs epidural differences, LMA vs ETT indications",
"Anaesthesia — drugs (thiopentone, propofol, ketamine, succinylcholine), malignant hyperthermia (dantrolene)",
],
"note": "Limited questions but easy to score with one focused revision."
},
]
},
]
# ─── BUILD PDF ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story = []
# Cover block
story.append(Spacer(1, 1*cm))
story.append(Paragraph("NEET PG 2026", title_style))
story.append(Paragraph("High-Yield Topic Master List — The 20% That Covers 80% of Questions", subtitle_style))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.3*cm))
story.append(HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=2, color=colors.HexColor("#1a3c5e"), spaceAfter=8))
# Stats table
stats = [
["200 Total Questions", "30% PYQ Repeats", ">50% Clinical/Integrated", "18–25% Image-Based"],
]
stats_table = Table(stats, colWidths=[4.2*cm, 4.2*cm, 4.2*cm, 4.2*cm])
stats_table.setStyle(TableStyle([
("BACKGROUND", (0,0), (-1,-1), colors.HexColor("#eaf1fb")),
("TEXTCOLOR", (0,0), (-1,-1), colors.HexColor("#1a3c5e")),
("FONTNAME", (0,0), (-1,-1), "Helvetica-Bold"),
("FONTSIZE", (0,0), (-1,-1), 8.5),
("ALIGN", (0,0), (-1,-1), "CENTER"),
("VALIGN", (0,0), (-1,-1), "MIDDLE"),
("ROWBACKGROUNDS", (0,0), (-1,-1), [colors.HexColor("#eaf1fb")]),
("BOX", (0,0), (-1,-1), 1, colors.HexColor("#4a6fa5")),
("INNERGRID", (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.5, colors.HexColor("#4a6fa5")),
("TOPPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 6),
("BOTTOMPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 6),
]))
story.append(stats_table)
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.5*cm))
# Body
for section in data:
# Section header
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.3*cm))
sec_para = Paragraph(section["section"], section_header_style)
story.append(sec_para)
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.2*cm))
for subj in section["subjects"]:
block = []
# Subject heading
tag_style = ParagraphStyle(
"Tag", parent=styles["Normal"],
fontSize=11, textColor=colors.HexColor("#c0392b"),
fontName="Helvetica-Bold"
)
heading_para = Paragraph(
f'<font color="#1a3c5e"><b>{subj["name"]}</b></font> '
f'<font color="#c0392b">{subj["tag"]}</font>',
subject_style
)
block.append(heading_para)
block.append(HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=0.5, color=colors.HexColor("#aac4e0"), spaceBefore=0, spaceAfter=3))
# Topics as bullet list
for topic in subj["topics"]:
block.append(Paragraph(f"• {topic}", topic_style))
# Note
if subj.get("note"):
block.append(Paragraph(f"📌 {subj['note']}", note_style))
block.append(Spacer(1, 0.15*cm))
story.append(KeepTogether(block))
# Footer note
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.5*cm))
story.append(HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=1, color=colors.HexColor("#aac4e0")))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.2*cm))
story.append(Paragraph(
"Sources: NEET PG 2025 Paper Analysis (MedExamsPrep) | PrepLadder PYQ Analysis 2026 | NBEMS Official Weightage | PW.live NEET PG 2026",
footer_style
))
story.append(Paragraph(
"Strategy: Prioritise starred subjects (★★★★★), solve PYQs 2020-2025, revise high-yield topics 3-4 times, and practice image-based questions.",
footer_style
))
# Build
doc.build(story)
print(f"PDF saved to: {OUTPUT}")
Running Command
python /home/daytona/workspace/neet-pg/generate_pdf.py
Your PDF is ready! Here's what's inside:
NEET PG High Yield Topics
PDF Document · PDF
The PDF covers all 3 sections and 18 subjects with subject-wise high-yield topic lists:
| Section | Subjects Covered |
|---|---|
| Section A - Pre-Clinical | Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry |
| Section B - Para-Clinical | Pathology, Pharmacology, Microbiology, Forensic Medicine, PSM |
| Section C - Clinical | Medicine, Surgery, OBG, Paediatrics, Ophthalmology, ENT, Orthopaedics, Radiology, Anaesthesia |
Each subject includes:
- The top 6-11 highest-yield topics (the 20% that drives 80% of questions)
- A star rating (★ to ★★★★★) based on question weightage
- A red tip note highlighting the smartest prep approach for that subject
- A stats banner at the top (200 Qs, 30% PYQ repeats, >50% clinical/integrated, 18-25% image-based)
It is a great PDF, but can you make the PDF on the basis of order of preference of topic in each subtopic? Also, give it in points, points, points rather than writing in one line and comma, comma. Did you understand what I said?
Writing File
~/neet-pg/generate_pdf_v2.py
from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import A4
from reportlab.lib import colors
from reportlab.lib.styles import getSampleStyleSheet, ParagraphStyle
from reportlab.lib.units import cm
from reportlab.platypus import (
SimpleDocTemplate, Paragraph, Spacer, Table, TableStyle,
HRFlowable, KeepTogether
)
from reportlab.lib.enums import TA_CENTER, TA_LEFT
OUTPUT = "/home/daytona/workspace/neet-pg/NEET_PG_High_Yield_Topics_v2.pdf"
doc = SimpleDocTemplate(
OUTPUT,
pagesize=A4,
rightMargin=2*cm, leftMargin=2*cm,
topMargin=2*cm, bottomMargin=2*cm
)
styles = getSampleStyleSheet()
title_style = ParagraphStyle(
"Title", parent=styles["Title"],
fontSize=22, textColor=colors.HexColor("#1a3c5e"),
spaceAfter=6, spaceBefore=0, alignment=TA_CENTER,
fontName="Helvetica-Bold"
)
subtitle_style = ParagraphStyle(
"Subtitle", parent=styles["Normal"],
fontSize=11, textColor=colors.HexColor("#4a6fa5"),
spaceAfter=4, alignment=TA_CENTER,
fontName="Helvetica"
)
section_header_style = ParagraphStyle(
"SectionHeader", parent=styles["Heading1"],
fontSize=13, textColor=colors.white,
spaceBefore=12, spaceAfter=4,
fontName="Helvetica-Bold",
backColor=colors.HexColor("#1a3c5e"),
leftIndent=-10, rightIndent=-10,
borderPad=6
)
subject_style = ParagraphStyle(
"Subject", parent=styles["Heading2"],
fontSize=11, textColor=colors.HexColor("#1a3c5e"),
spaceBefore=8, spaceAfter=2,
fontName="Helvetica-Bold",
)
# Style for topic heading (e.g. "1. Cardiology")
topic_heading_style = ParagraphStyle(
"TopicHeading", parent=styles["Normal"],
fontSize=10, textColor=colors.HexColor("#6e2c00"),
spaceBefore=5, spaceAfter=1,
fontName="Helvetica-Bold",
leftIndent=8,
)
# Style for individual bullet sub-points
bullet_style = ParagraphStyle(
"Bullet", parent=styles["Normal"],
fontSize=9, textColor=colors.HexColor("#222222"),
spaceBefore=1, spaceAfter=1,
leftIndent=22,
fontName="Helvetica",
leading=13,
)
note_style = ParagraphStyle(
"Note", parent=styles["Normal"],
fontSize=8.5, textColor=colors.HexColor("#c0392b"),
spaceBefore=3, spaceAfter=2,
leftIndent=8, fontName="Helvetica-Oblique"
)
footer_style = ParagraphStyle(
"Footer", parent=styles["Normal"],
fontSize=8, textColor=colors.grey,
alignment=TA_CENTER
)
priority_label_style = ParagraphStyle(
"PriorityLabel", parent=styles["Normal"],
fontSize=8, textColor=colors.HexColor("#145a32"),
spaceBefore=0, spaceAfter=0,
leftIndent=8, fontName="Helvetica-Oblique"
)
# ─── DATA ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
# Each subject has an ordered list of topics (by priority, #1 = highest yield).
# Each topic is a dict: { "title": ..., "points": [...] }
# Points are individual bullet lines — NO commas joining multiple concepts.
data = [
{
"section": "SECTION A — PRE-CLINICAL SUBJECTS",
"subjects": [
{
"name": "ANATOMY (17 Qs)",
"tag": "★★★",
"note": "Priority order: nerve injuries & applied anatomy dominate; embryology and radiology are growing.",
"topics": [
{
"title": "1. Nerve Injuries [HIGHEST YIELD]",
"points": [
"Radial nerve injury → wrist drop (Saturday night palsy, spiral groove)",
"Ulnar nerve injury → claw hand (ring & little fingers), hypothenar wasting",
"Median nerve injury → ape thumb deformity, carpal tunnel syndrome",
"Common peroneal nerve injury → foot drop, loss of dorsiflexion & eversion",
"Axillary nerve injury → deltoid paralysis (surgical neck of humerus fracture)",
"Long thoracic nerve → winged scapula (serratus anterior paralysis)",
]
},
{
"title": "2. Brachial Plexus",
"points": [
"Roots: C5-T1",
"Erb's palsy — C5, C6 (waiter's tip posture)",
"Klumpke's palsy — C8, T1 (claw hand + Horner syndrome)",
"Musculocutaneous, axillary, radial, median, ulnar nerve origins",
]
},
{
"title": "3. Cranial Nerves",
"points": [
"Exit foramina — cribriform plate (I), optic canal (II), SOF (III, IV, V1, VI), foramen rotundum (V2)",
"Facial nerve (VII) — course, branches, Bell's palsy vs UMN lesion",
"Vagus nerve (X) — recurrent laryngeal nerve, clinical correlations",
"Trigeminal neuralgia — V2/V3, carbamazepine first-line treatment",
]
},
{
"title": "4. Applied Surgical Anatomy",
"points": [
"Inguinal canal — boundaries, contents, direct vs indirect hernia",
"Femoral triangle — boundaries, femoral sheath contents",
"Axilla — walls, contents, lymph node groups (axillary clearance levels)",
"Porta hepatis — portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct arrangement",
"RLN injury in thyroidectomy — hoarseness (unilateral), aphonia (bilateral)",
]
},
{
"title": "5. Embryology",
"points": [
"Pharyngeal arch 1 — mandible, malleus, incus, muscles of mastication (CN V)",
"Pharyngeal arch 2 — stapes, styloid, lesser cornu of hyoid, muscles of facial expression (CN VII)",
"Pharyngeal pouches — 3rd = thymus + inferior parathyroid; 4th = superior parathyroid",
"Heart development — truncus arteriosus → aorta + pulmonary trunk",
"Gut rotation — 270° anticlockwise; malrotation → volvulus neonatorum",
"Thyroglossal duct cyst — midline, moves with tongue protrusion",
]
},
{
"title": "6. Spinal Cord Tracts",
"points": [
"Dorsal columns — ipsilateral fine touch, vibration, proprioception",
"Spinothalamic tract — contralateral pain and temperature",
"Brown-Séquard syndrome — ipsilateral motor + dorsal column loss; contralateral spinothalamic loss",
"Syringomyelia — bilateral loss of pain & temperature at the level of the lesion (cape distribution)",
]
},
{
"title": "7. Radiological Anatomy",
"points": [
"Chest X-ray — cardiothoracic ratio (<0.5), tracheal deviation, mediastinal widening",
"CT brain windows — bone window (80 HU), brain window (40 HU), subdural vs extradural",
"Anatomical landmarks on standard projections (PA chest, AP pelvis)",
]
},
{
"title": "8. Joints",
"points": [
"Shoulder — rotator cuff muscles (SITS: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis)",
"Supraspinatus most commonly torn — painful arc 60-120°",
"Knee — anterior cruciate ligament (prevents anterior tibial displacement), posterior cruciate",
"Medial meniscus more commonly torn (C-shaped, peripheral attachment)",
]
},
]
},
{
"name": "PHYSIOLOGY (17 Qs)",
"tag": "★★★",
"note": "Priority order: cardiac physiology & respiratory are most tested; graphs and curves are mandatory.",
"topics": [
{
"title": "1. Cardiac Physiology [HIGHEST YIELD]",
"points": [
"Action potential phases — Phase 0 (rapid depolarisation, Na+ in), Phase 2 (plateau, Ca2+ in), Phase 3 (repolarisation, K+ out)",
"SA node action potential — no Phase 0 fast sodium; pacemaker potential (funny current)",
"Pressure-volume loops — identify systole, diastole, stroke volume, end-diastolic volume",
"Starling's law — increased preload → increased stroke volume (up to a point)",
"JVP waveforms — a wave (atrial contraction), c wave (tricuspid closure), v wave (venous filling)",
"Cardiac output = heart rate × stroke volume",
]
},
{
"title": "2. Respiratory Physiology",
"points": [
"Spirometry — FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC ratio; obstructive (<0.7) vs restrictive (>0.7 with reduced TLC)",
"Dead space — anatomical (150 mL) vs physiological",
"V/Q mismatch — apex (high V/Q = wasted ventilation); base (low V/Q = shunt)",
"Compliance — static vs dynamic; decreased in pulmonary fibrosis; increased in emphysema",
"Oxygen dissociation curve — right shift (Bohr effect: high CO2, high temp, low pH, high 2,3-DPG)",
]
},
{
"title": "3. Acid-Base Balance",
"points": [
"Henderson-Hasselbalch equation — pH = 6.1 + log [HCO3] / (0.03 × PaCO2)",
"Step 1: pH — acidosis or alkalosis?",
"Step 2: PaCO2 — respiratory component?",
"Step 3: HCO3 — metabolic component?",
"Step 4: Compensation — Winter's formula for metabolic acidosis",
"Anion gap = Na – (Cl + HCO3); normal 8–12; elevated in MUDPILES",
]
},
{
"title": "4. Renal Physiology",
"points": [
"Tubular handling — PCT (glucose, amino acids, 67% Na reabsorption); Loop of Henle (countercurrent multiplier)",
"GFR — normal 120 mL/min; creatinine clearance as surrogate",
"Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone — angiotensin II → efferent arteriole constriction",
"Diuretic sites — thiazides (DCT), furosemide (thick ascending limb), spironolactone (collecting duct)",
"Juxtaglomerular apparatus — macula densa, JG cells, mesangial cells",
]
},
{
"title": "5. Endocrine Regulation",
"points": [
"Negative feedback — HPT axis (TRH → TSH → T3/T4); HPA axis (CRH → ACTH → cortisol)",
"Insulin — promotes glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, lipogenesis; suppresses gluconeogenesis",
"Glucagon — promotes glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, ketogenesis",
"ADH (vasopressin) — V2 receptors in collecting duct → aquaporin-2 insertion",
]
},
{
"title": "6. Haematology Physiology",
"points": [
"Erythropoiesis — EPO from peritubular cells; stages: proerythroblast → reticulocyte → RBC",
"Clotting cascade — intrinsic (APTT) vs extrinsic (PT); common pathway (X → thrombin → fibrin)",
"Blood groups — ABO (antigen on RBC, antibody in plasma); Rh system (D antigen most important)",
]
},
{
"title": "7. Neuroscience Physiology",
"points": [
"Resting membrane potential — -70 mV; maintained by Na+/K+ ATPase",
"Neuromuscular junction — ACh → nicotinic receptors → end-plate potential",
"CSF — produced by choroid plexus (500 mL/day); normal pressure 70–180 mmH2O",
]
},
]
},
{
"name": "BIOCHEMISTRY (16 Qs)",
"tag": "★★★",
"note": "Priority order: enzyme deficiencies + inborn errors are highest yield; molecular biology is growing.",
"topics": [
{
"title": "1. Enzyme Deficiencies [HIGHEST YIELD]",
"points": [
"G6PD deficiency — X-linked recessive; Heinz bodies; triggered by primaquine, dapsone, fava beans",
"HGPRT deficiency — Lesch-Nyhan syndrome; self-mutilation, gout, choreoathetosis",
"Phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency — PKU; musty odour; avoid phenylalanine diet",
"OTC deficiency — most common urea cycle defect; X-linked; hyperammonaemia after protein load",
"Pyruvate kinase deficiency — haemolytic anaemia; no Heinz bodies",
"Adenosine deaminase deficiency — SCID; accumulation of deoxyadenosine → lymphocyte toxicity",
]
},
{
"title": "2. Inborn Errors of Metabolism",
"points": [
"Maple syrup urine disease — BCAA (leucine, isoleucine, valine) accumulation; sweet urine odour",
"Alkaptonuria — homogentisic acid oxidase deficiency; black urine on standing; ochronosis",
"Homocystinuria — cystathionine synthase deficiency; Marfanoid features + thrombosis + lens dislocation (downward)",
"Galactosaemia — GALT deficiency; jaundice + cataract in neonates on milk",
"Gaucher disease — glucocerebrosidase deficiency; Gaucher cells (crumpled tissue paper); bone pain",
"Niemann-Pick — sphingomyelinase deficiency; foam cells; cherry-red spot on macula",
]
},
{
"title": "3. Metabolic Pathways",
"points": [
"Glycolysis — net 2 ATP; occurs in cytoplasm; key enzyme: phosphofructokinase-1 (rate-limiting)",
"TCA cycle — occurs in mitochondria; generates 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP per turn",
"Gluconeogenesis — from lactate, glycerol, amino acids; key enzyme: PEPCK (induced by glucagon/cortisol)",
"Glycogen synthesis — UDP-glucose → glycogen synthase; branching enzyme (alpha 1,6 linkage)",
"Fatty acid synthesis — in cytoplasm; acetyl-CoA carboxylase (rate-limiting); requires NADPH",
"Beta-oxidation — in mitochondria; generates acetyl-CoA, NADH, FADH2",
]
},
{
"title": "4. Vitamins & Cofactors",
"points": [
"Thiamine (B1) — TPP cofactor; deficiency → Wernicke-Korsakoff, beriberi",
"Niacin (B3) — NAD/NADP; deficiency → pellagra (3 D's: diarrhoea, dermatitis, dementia)",
"Pyridoxine (B6) — PLP; deficiency → sideroblastic anaemia, peripheral neuropathy",
"Cobalamin (B12) — deficiency → megaloblastic anaemia + subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord",
"Folate (B9) — deficiency → neural tube defects (supplementation in pregnancy)",
"Vitamin D — 7-dehydrocholesterol → skin (UV) → 25(OH)D → kidney → 1,25(OH)2D (calcitriol, active form)",
"Vitamin K — cofactor for factors II, VII, IX, X, protein C and S (carboxylation)",
]
},
{
"title": "5. Molecular Biology",
"points": [
"DNA replication — semiconservative; primase lays RNA primer; DNA pol III (prokaryotes), pol alpha/delta (eukaryotes)",
"PCR — denaturation (94°C), annealing (55°C), extension (72°C); Taq polymerase",
"Southern blot — DNA; Northern blot — RNA; Western blot — protein",
"FISH — fluorescent in situ hybridisation; detects chromosomal deletions (e.g., 22q11 DiGeorge)",
"Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) — used in forensic DNA profiling",
]
},
{
"title": "6. Lipid Metabolism & Lipoproteins",
"points": [
"Chylomicrons — dietary fat from gut; ApoB-48; degraded by lipoprotein lipase",
"VLDL → IDL → LDL — liver-derived; ApoB-100; LDL = 'bad cholesterol'",
"HDL — 'good cholesterol'; reverse cholesterol transport; ApoA-1",
"Ketogenesis — in liver mitochondria during fasting; acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate",
]
},
{
"title": "7. Haemoglobin & Thalassaemias",
"points": [
"HbA = alpha2 beta2 (adult); HbA2 = alpha2 delta2; HbF = alpha2 gamma2 (fetal, higher O2 affinity)",
"HbS — sickle cell; single point mutation (Glu → Val at position 6 of beta chain)",
"Beta-thalassaemia major — absent beta chains; HbF and HbA2 elevated; Cooley's anaemia",
"Alpha-thalassaemia — 4 gene deletions = Hb Barts (hydrops fetalis); 3 deletions = HbH disease",
]
},
{
"title": "8. Nucleotide Metabolism",
"points": [
"Purine synthesis — de novo (needs PRPP); salvage via HGPRT",
"Pyrimidine synthesis — starts with carbamoyl phosphate (cytoplasm)",
"Gout — xanthine oxidase inhibited by allopurinol; urate crystal deposition in joints",
"Orotic aciduria — UMPS deficiency; megaloblastic anaemia; NO hyperammonaemia (unlike OTC deficiency)",
]
},
]
},
]
},
{
"section": "SECTION B — PARA-CLINICAL SUBJECTS",
"subjects": [
{
"name": "PATHOLOGY (25 Qs)",
"tag": "★★★★★",
"note": "Priority order: haematological malignancies + neoplasia are highest yield; image-based histopathology is mandatory.",
"topics": [
{
"title": "1. Haematological Malignancies [HIGHEST YIELD]",
"points": [
"AML M3 — acute promyelocytic leukaemia; t(15;17); PML-RARA fusion; Auer rods; DIC risk",
"CML — t(9;22); BCR-ABL; Philadelphia chromosome; imatinib first-line",
"ALL — most common childhood leukaemia; TdT positive; CNS involvement",
"Follicular lymphoma — t(14;18); BCL-2 overexpression; 'follicular' pattern on biopsy",
"Hodgkin lymphoma — Reed-Sternberg cells (owl-eye); CD15+, CD30+; bimodal age distribution",
"Burkitt lymphoma — t(8;14); MYC overexpression; starry-sky pattern; EBV associated",
"Multiple myeloma — monoclonal plasma cells; M-protein spike; Bence-Jones proteins (light chains in urine)",
]
},
{
"title": "2. Neoplasia — Oncogenes & Tumour Suppressors",
"points": [
"RAS — most commonly mutated oncogene; point mutation → constitutive activation",
"MYC — transcription factor; amplified in Burkitt lymphoma and neuroblastoma",
"BCL-2 — anti-apoptotic; overexpressed in follicular lymphoma",
"HER2/NEU (ERBB2) — breast cancer; amplified; targeted by trastuzumab",
"p53 (TP53) — guardian of the genome; mutated in most cancers; Li-Fraumeni syndrome",
"RB — retinoblastoma gene; two-hit hypothesis; loss → uncontrolled cell cycle",
"APC — adenomatous polyposis coli; FAP; loss → colorectal cancer",
]
},
{
"title": "3. Tumour Markers",
"points": [
"AFP — hepatocellular carcinoma, yolk sac tumour, neural tube defects",
"CEA — colorectal carcinoma (monitoring, not screening)",
"CA-125 — ovarian carcinoma",
"CA 19-9 — pancreatic carcinoma",
"PSA — prostate carcinoma",
"Beta-hCG — choriocarcinoma, hydatidiform mole, testicular germ cell tumour",
"LDH — non-specific; elevated in lymphoma, testicular cancer, MI",
"Calcitonin — medullary thyroid carcinoma",
]
},
{
"title": "4. Anaemias",
"points": [
"Iron deficiency — microcytic hypochromic; low serum iron, low ferritin, high TIBC; koilonychia",
"B12/folate deficiency — macrocytic megaloblastic; hypersegmented neutrophils on smear",
"Haemolytic anaemia — elevated LDH, elevated bilirubin, low haptoglobin; reticulocytosis",
"Aplastic anaemia — pancytopenia; hypocellular marrow; anti-thymocyte globulin + cyclosporine",
"Sickle cell — HbS; vaso-occlusive crisis, autosplenectomy, avascular necrosis of femoral head",
]
},
{
"title": "5. Inflammation & Repair",
"points": [
"Acute inflammation — vascular changes (vasodilation, increased permeability), cellular events (margination → emigration → chemotaxis)",
"Granuloma types — caseating (TB, histoplasma) vs non-caseating (sarcoidosis, Crohn's)",
"Wound healing — primary vs secondary intention",
"Keloid — extends beyond wound margins; type III collagen excess",
"Hypertrophic scar — within wound margins; regresses with time",
]
},
{
"title": "6. Renal Pathology",
"points": [
"Nephrotic — proteinuria >3.5g/day; hypoalbuminaemia; oedema; hyperlipidaemia",
"Minimal change disease — most common nephrotic in children; podocyte effacement on EM",
"Nephritic — haematuria, hypertension, oliguria, RBC casts",
"Post-streptococcal GN — subepithelial humps on EM (immune complex deposition)",
"IgA nephropathy — most common GN worldwide; mesangial IgA deposits",
"Rapidly progressive GN — crescent formation; pauci-immune (ANCA) most common cause",
]
},
{
"title": "7. Liver Pathology",
"points": [
"Hepatitis B markers — HBsAg (infection), anti-HBs (immunity), HBeAg (infectivity), anti-HBc IgM (acute)",
"Primary biliary cholangitis — AMA (anti-mitochondrial antibody) positive; cholestatic LFTs",
"Wilson's disease — copper accumulation; Kayser-Fleischer rings; low ceruloplasmin",
"Haemochromatosis — iron overload; 'bronze diabetes'; HFE gene mutation",
"Cirrhosis complications — portal hypertension → varices; SBP (PMN >250 cells); hepatorenal syndrome",
]
},
{
"title": "8. Cell Injury & Death",
"points": [
"Apoptosis — programmed; caspase activation; no inflammation; cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation",
"Necrosis — pathological; cell swelling → lysis; inflammatory response",
"Coagulative necrosis — most organs (ischaemia); preserved architecture",
"Liquefactive necrosis — brain infarcts; abscess",
"Caseous necrosis — tuberculosis; cheese-like; granuloma centre",
"Free radical injury — reperfusion injury; superoxide, hydroxyl radical; SOD detoxifies",
]
},
]
},
{
"name": "PHARMACOLOGY (20 Qs)",
"tag": "★★★★★",
"note": "Priority order: antimicrobials are the single highest-yield chapter; adverse effects are tested most heavily.",
"topics": [
{
"title": "1. Antimicrobials [HIGHEST YIELD]",
"points": [
"Beta-lactams — inhibit transpeptidase (PBP); penicillin, ampicillin, cephalosporins, carbapenems",
"Aminoglycosides — irreversible inhibition of 30S ribosome; nephrotoxicity + ototoxicity",
"Fluoroquinolones — inhibit DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II); avoid in children/pregnancy; tendinopathy",
"Tetracyclines — bacteriostatic; 30S ribosome; avoid in pregnancy + children <8 years (teeth discolouration)",
"Macrolides — 50S ribosome; azithromycin for atypicals; QT prolongation risk",
"Clindamycin — 50S; covers anaerobes; pseudomembranous colitis (C. difficile) risk",
"Vancomycin — glycopeptide; inhibits cell wall transglycosylation; MRSA; red man syndrome (infusion rate)",
"Metronidazole — anaerobes and protozoa; disulfiram-like reaction with alcohol",
]
},
{
"title": "2. Anti-Tuberculars",
"points": [
"Isoniazid — inhibits mycolic acid synthesis; peripheral neuropathy (B6 deficiency) → give pyridoxine",
"Rifampicin — inhibits RNA polymerase; orange-red body fluids; potent enzyme inducer",
"Pyrazinamide — active in acidic pH (inside macrophages); hyperuricaemia + hepatotoxicity",
"Ethambutol — inhibits arabinosyl transferase; optic neuritis → regular visual acuity testing",
"Streptomycin — aminoglycoside; ototoxicity; avoid in pregnancy",
]
},
{
"title": "3. Cardiovascular Drugs",
"points": [
"Beta-blockers — negative inotrope + chronotrope; propranolol (non-selective), metoprolol (beta-1 selective)",
"ACE inhibitors — inhibit conversion of Ang I to Ang II; dry cough (bradykinin); contraindicated in pregnancy",
"Statins — inhibit HMG-CoA reductase; myopathy + rhabdomyolysis risk",
"Antiarrhythmics — Vaughan-Williams Class I (Na+ channel), II (beta-blockers), III (K+ channel — amiodarone), IV (Ca2+ channel)",
"Amiodarone — multiple side effects: thyroid dysfunction, pulmonary fibrosis, corneal deposits, photosensitivity",
"Digoxin — inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase; toxicity: nausea, yellow-green vision, bradyarrhythmias",
]
},
{
"title": "4. Autonomic Pharmacology",
"points": [
"Alpha-1 agonist — phenylephrine; vasoconstriction; used as decongestant and in hypotension",
"Alpha-2 agonist — clonidine; central sympatholytic; used in hypertension, ADHD, opioid withdrawal",
"Beta-1 agonist — dobutamine; positive inotrope; used in acute decompensated heart failure",
"Beta-2 agonist — salbutamol; bronchodilation; used in asthma; hypokalaemia as side effect",
"Phenoxybenzamine — irreversible alpha blocker; drug of choice for phaeochromocytoma pre-op",
"Atropine — muscarinic antagonist; increases heart rate; used for bradycardia and organophosphate poisoning",
]
},
{
"title": "5. Anticoagulants & Antiplatelets",
"points": [
"Heparin — activates antithrombin III; APTT monitored; reversal = protamine sulphate",
"Warfarin — inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase; PT/INR monitored; reversal = Vitamin K or FFP",
"DOACs — dabigatran (direct thrombin inhibitor), rivaroxaban/apixaban (factor Xa inhibitors)",
"Aspirin — irreversibly inhibits COX; antiplatelet (low dose); NSAID (high dose)",
"Clopidogrel — ADP receptor (P2Y12) antagonist; irreversible; used in ACS + PCI",
]
},
{
"title": "6. CNS Pharmacology",
"points": [
"Valproate — broad-spectrum antiepileptic; teratogenic (neural tube defects); weight gain; hair loss",
"Phenytoin — Na+ channel; gingival hyperplasia, hirsutism, teratogenic (fetal hydantoin syndrome)",
"Carbamazepine — Na+ channel; trigeminal neuralgia; SIADH; enzyme inducer",
"SSRIs — first-line for depression and anxiety; fluoxetine has longest half-life; serotonin syndrome risk",
"TCAs — amitriptyline; anticholinergic side effects; cardiotoxic in overdose (wide QRS)",
"Haloperidol — typical antipsychotic; D2 blocker; extrapyramidal side effects",
"Clozapine — atypical; agranulocytosis — requires WBC monitoring; most effective for treatment-resistant schizophrenia",
]
},
{
"title": "7. OBGYN Pharmacology",
"points": [
"Oxytocin — first-line uterotonic for PPH prevention and treatment",
"Methylergometrine — second-line uterotonic; contraindicated in hypertension",
"Carboprost (15-methyl PGF2alpha) — third-line uterotonic; contraindicated in asthma",
"Misoprostol (PGE1) — cervical ripening and uterotonic; heat-stable (useful in low-resource settings)",
"MgSO4 — Pritchard's regimen: 4g IV loading + 10g IM; Zuspan: 4g IV + 1g/hr infusion",
"Tocolytics — nifedipine (first-line), ritodrine, salbutamol; used to delay preterm labour",
]
},
{
"title": "8. Classic Drug Adverse Effects Pairs",
"points": [
"Cisplatin — nephrotoxicity + ototoxicity",
"Bleomycin — pulmonary fibrosis",
"Doxorubicin — cardiomyopathy (dose-dependent)",
"Methotrexate — hepatotoxicity + mucositis + teratogenicity",
"Chloroquine — retinopathy (bull's eye maculopathy)",
"Lithium — nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, thyroid dysfunction, teratogenicity (Ebstein anomaly)",
"Rifampicin — orange-red body fluids, enzyme inducer (reduces OCP efficacy)",
]
},
]
},
{
"name": "MICROBIOLOGY (20 Qs)",
"tag": "★★★★",
"note": "Priority order: culture media + special techniques repeat every year; immunology is a growing area.",
"topics": [
{
"title": "1. Culture Media [HIGHEST YIELD]",
"points": [
"Blood agar — most organisms; beta-haemolysis (Staph aureus, Strep pyogenes)",
"MacConkey agar — Gram-negative; lactose fermenters turn pink (E. coli)",
"Lowenstein-Jensen — Mycobacterium tuberculosis (buff colonies, 6-8 weeks)",
"TCBS — Vibrio cholerae (yellow colonies = sucrose fermenter)",
"Thayer-Martin — Neisseria gonorrhoeae (selective, in CO2)",
"Charcoal yeast extract — Legionella pneumophila",
"Sabouraud dextrose agar — fungi",
"BCYE agar — Legionella (buffered charcoal yeast extract, iron + cysteine added)",
]
},
{
"title": "2. Special Laboratory Techniques",
"points": [
"Paraffin bait technique — Nocardia asteroides isolation",
"Scotch tape test — Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) perianal eggs",
"Dark field microscopy — Treponema pallidum (cannot be cultured)",
"Weil-Felix reaction — Rickettsia (cross-reacts with Proteus OX strains)",
"India ink preparation — Cryptococcus neoformans (capsule appears as clear halo)",
"Ziehl-Neelsen stain — acid-fast organisms (Mycobacterium, Nocardia partially)",
"Giemsa stain — malaria parasites, Leishmania, Chlamydia",
]
},
{
"title": "3. Mycobacterium Tuberculosis",
"points": [
"Mantoux test — 5 TU PPD intradermal; read at 48-72 hours; >10 mm = positive (>5 mm if immunocompromised/HIV)",
"IRIS (Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome) — paradoxical worsening after ART in HIV-TB",
"ART timing in HIV + TB — if CD4 <50: start ART within 2 weeks of ATT; if CD4 >50: after 8 weeks",
"Culture on LJ medium — buff, dry, rough, eugonic colonies; 6-8 weeks growth",
"MDR-TB — resistant to isoniazid + rifampicin; treat with bedaquiline, linezolid, clofazimine",
]
},
{
"title": "4. Virology — Hepatitis Markers",
"points": [
"HBsAg — surface antigen; first marker to appear; present in acute and chronic infection",
"Anti-HBs — protective antibody; appears after recovery or vaccination",
"HBeAg — indicates high infectivity and active replication",
"Anti-HBc IgM — marker of acute infection (window period: HBsAg gone, anti-HBs not yet present)",
"Hepatitis C — anti-HCV; RNA virus; no vaccine; treat with direct-acting antivirals (sofosbuvir)",
"Hepatitis E — HEV; waterborne; high mortality in pregnancy (up to 20-25%)",
]
},
{
"title": "5. Immunology",
"points": [
"Primary immune response — IgM first, then IgG switch; slower, lower titre",
"Secondary immune response — faster, higher titre, predominantly IgG",
"HLA associations — HLA-B27 (ankylosing spondylitis), HLA-DR3/DR4 (Type 1 DM), HLA-DR2 (narcolepsy, MS)",
"CD markers — CD4 (T helper), CD8 (cytotoxic T), CD19/20 (B cells), CD56 (NK cells)",
"Complement system — Classical (IgG/IgM), Lectin (MBL), Alternative (spontaneous)",
]
},
{
"title": "6. Bacteriology Essentials",
"points": [
"Staphylococcus aureus — coagulase positive; protein A (anti-opsonin); MRSA (mecA gene)",
"Streptococcus pyogenes — Group A; streptolysin O (ASO titre); rheumatic fever + post-streptococcal GN",
"E. coli — most common UTI; ETEC (traveller's diarrhoea); EHEC O157:H7 (HUS)",
"Pseudomonas aeruginosa — blue-green pigment (pyocyanin); hospital-acquired infection; burn wound infection",
"Clostridium difficile — pseudomembranous colitis; toxin A + B; treat with metronidazole or vancomycin oral",
]
},
{
"title": "7. Fungal Infections",
"points": [
"Aspergillus — acute-angle (45°) septate hyphae; aspergilloma (fungus ball in old TB cavity); voriconazole treatment",
"Mucor/Rhizopus — wide, non-septate, ribbon-like hyphae; right-angle branching; rhinocerebral form in DKA",
"Cryptococcus neoformans — encapsulated yeast; meningitis in HIV; India ink; fluconazole",
"Candida — most common opportunistic fungal infection; pseudohyphae; fluconazole or echinocandin",
]
},
{
"title": "8. Parasitology",
"points": [
"Plasmodium falciparum — most dangerous; no hypnozoites; ring forms + banana-shaped gametocytes",
"Plasmodium vivax — hypnozoites (relapse); Schuffner's dots; primaquine to eliminate liver stage",
"Taenia solium — pork tapeworm; cysticercosis (brain involvement → epilepsy in endemic areas)",
"Enterobius vermicularis — pinworm; perianal pruritus at night; Scotch tape test",
"Leishmania — sandfly vector; visceral (kala-azar): splenomegaly, pancytopenia, aldehyde test positive",
]
},
]
},
{
"name": "FORENSIC MEDICINE (10 Qs)",
"tag": "★★",
"note": "Priority order: thanatology timelines and toxicology are most repeated; easy scoring with one revision.",
"topics": [
{
"title": "1. Thanatology — Signs of Death [HIGHEST YIELD]",
"points": [
"Rigor mortis — starts 2-6 hours; complete at 12 hours; passes off at 36-48 hours",
"Livor mortis (hypostasis) — starts 30 min-2 hrs; fixed at 6-12 hours (cannot be shifted after fixation)",
"Decomposition — putrefaction starts 24-48 hours; green discolouration of abdomen first",
"Cooling of body (Algor mortis) — 1°C per hour in first 6 hours (Newton's law of cooling)",
]
},
{
"title": "2. Asphyxia",
"points": [
"Hanging — ligature mark above thyroid cartilage; oblique, non-continuous; Paltauf's haemorrhages (drowning)",
"Strangulation — ligature mark below thyroid cartilage; horizontal, continuous",
"Throttling (manual strangulation) — fingernail crescentic marks; petechiae in conjunctiva and face",
"Tardieu spots — subpleural petechial haemorrhages; common in all forms of asphyxia",
]
},
{
"title": "3. Toxicology",
"points": [
"Organophosphate poisoning — SLUDGE (salivation, lacrimation, urination, defaecation, GI cramps, emesis)",
"Treatment — atropine (reverses muscarinic effects) + pralidoxime PAM (reactivates cholinesterase, within 24 hrs)",
"Cyanide poisoning — cherry-red skin + almond odour; treat with sodium thiosulphate + hydroxocobalamin",
"Arsenic poisoning — Mees' lines on nails; garlic odour; Reinsch test positive",
"Carbon monoxide — carboxyhaemoglobin; cherry-red colour; treat with 100% O2",
]
},
{
"title": "4. Injuries",
"points": [
"Contusion — bruise; intact skin; blunt force",
"Laceration — ragged wound; torn edges; blunt force",
"Incised wound — clean sharp edges; sharp force",
"Stab wound — depth > breadth; sharp pointed weapon",
"Defence wounds — on forearm and hand (ulnar border); indicate victim was awake",
]
},
{
"title": "5. Medico-Legal Aspects",
"points": [
"Dying declaration — made when person believes they are dying; admissible in court",
"Medical negligence — duty of care + breach + damage + causation (Bolam test)",
"Informed consent — voluntary, competent, disclosure, understanding",
"In loco parentis — doctor can treat minor without parental consent in emergency",
]
},
]
},
{
"name": "COMMUNITY MEDICINE / PSM (25 Qs)",
"tag": "★★★★",
"note": "Priority order: new government schemes are very high yield for 2026; biostatistics formulae are mandatory.",
"topics": [
{
"title": "1. National Health Programmes [HIGHEST YIELD]",
"points": [
"NTEP (National TB Elimination Programme) — replaced RNTCP; NIKSHAY portal; notification mandatory",
"Ayushman Bharat PM-JAY — 5 lakh health insurance per family; targets bottom 40% of population",
"NPCDCS — National Programme for Cancer, DM, CVD, Stroke; screening at community level",
"NHM — National Health Mission (rural + urban); ASHA workers (village health link workers)",
"RBSK — Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram; 0-18 years; 4 Ds (defects, diseases, deficiencies, developmental delays)",
]
},
{
"title": "2. Biostatistics",
"points": [
"Sensitivity = TP / (TP + FN) — ability to detect true positives; 'SnNout' (sensitive test, negative = rules out)",
"Specificity = TN / (TN + FP) — ability to detect true negatives; 'SpPin' (specific test, positive = rules in)",
"PPV — positive predictive value; depends on prevalence of disease",
"NNT = 1 / Absolute Risk Reduction",
"P-value <0.05 = statistically significant (less than 5% chance of result being due to chance)",
"Confidence interval — 95% CI that does not cross 1.0 (for RR/OR) = statistically significant",
]
},
{
"title": "3. Epidemiology Study Designs",
"points": [
"RCT — randomised controlled trial; highest level of evidence for therapeutic interventions",
"Systematic review + meta-analysis — highest level of evidence overall (above RCT)",
"Cohort study — follows exposed vs unexposed; calculates relative risk (RR)",
"Case-control study — compares cases vs controls; calculates odds ratio (OR); good for rare diseases",
"Cross-sectional study — point-in-time prevalence; calculates prevalence ratio",
"Lead-time bias — earlier diagnosis appears to improve survival without actual change in outcome",
]
},
{
"title": "4. Vaccines & Immunisation",
"points": [
"Cold chain — vaccines stored at 2-8°C; OPV and varicella can be stored at -20°C",
"VVM (Vaccine Vial Monitor) — inner square lighter than outer circle = vaccine usable",
"National immunisation schedule — BCG at birth; OPV (0,6,10,14 weeks); Pentavalent (6,10,14 weeks); MR at 9-12 months",
"Live vaccines — BCG, OPV, MMR, varicella, yellow fever; contraindicated in immunocompromised",
"Killed vaccines — injectable polio, hepatitis A, typhoid Vi, rabies, cholera",
]
},
{
"title": "5. Nutrition",
"points": [
"Marasmus — calorie + protein deficiency; wasted appearance, no oedema, alert child",
"Kwashiorkor — protein deficiency with adequate calories; oedema, pot belly, skin changes, apathetic",
"Vitamin A deficiency — Bitot's spots, xerophthalmia, night blindness; most common cause of preventable blindness",
"Iron deficiency — most common nutritional deficiency worldwide; microcytic anaemia",
"Iodine deficiency — most common preventable cause of mental retardation; goitre; cretinism",
]
},
{
"title": "6. Screening & Bias",
"points": [
"Lead-time bias — screening detects disease earlier but survival appears longer without true benefit",
"Length bias — screening preferentially detects slower-growing (less aggressive) tumours",
"Selection bias — systematic difference between those selected for study and those not",
"Recall bias — cases remember exposure better than controls (common in case-control studies)",
"Hawthorne effect — subjects change behaviour when they know they are being observed",
]
},
{
"title": "7. Environmental Health & Water",
"points": [
"Nalgonda technique — used for defluoridation of water (high fluoride areas)",
"Chlorination — free residual chlorine 0.2-0.5 mg/L for safe water",
"MPN (Most Probable Number) — used to assess faecal contamination of water (E. coli count)",
"HEPA filter — removes particles >0.3 microns; used in OT, immunocompromised wards",
]
},
{
"title": "8. Maternal & Child Health",
"points": [
"ANC schedule — minimum 4 visits (WHO recommends 8); first visit before 12 weeks",
"High-risk pregnancy criteria — age <18 or >35, Hb <8g/dL, previous LSCS, bad obstetric history",
"IMR (Infant Mortality Rate) — deaths <1 year per 1000 live births",
"MMR (Maternal Mortality Rate) — maternal deaths per 1,00,000 live births",
"APGAR score — Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration; assessed at 1 and 5 minutes",
]
},
]
},
]
},
{
"section": "SECTION C — CLINICAL SUBJECTS",
"subjects": [
{
"name": "GENERAL MEDICINE (25-30 Qs)",
"tag": "★★★★★",
"note": "Priority order: cardiology (ECG) is the single highest-yield topic; endocrinology and infectious diseases follow.",
"topics": [
{
"title": "1. Cardiology — ECG Interpretation [HIGHEST YIELD]",
"points": [
"STEMI — ST elevation in leads; reciprocal depression; anterior (V1-V4), inferior (II, III, aVF), lateral (I, aVL, V5-V6)",
"NSTEMI — ST depression or T-wave inversion; troponin elevated; no fibrinolysis",
"Heart block — 1st degree (prolonged PR), 2nd degree Mobitz I (Wenckebach, progressive PR), Mobitz II (constant PR with dropped beat), 3rd degree (complete dissociation)",
"AF — absent P waves, irregularly irregular rhythm; rate control vs rhythm control",
"Heart failure — HFrEF (<40%): ACEi + beta-blocker + spironolactone + SGLT2i; HFpEF (>50%): diuretics + SGLT2i",
"Valvular disorders — MS (opening snap + mid-diastolic murmur), AS (ejection systolic, radiates to neck), AR (early diastolic, wide pulse pressure)",
]
},
{
"title": "2. Endocrinology",
"points": [
"DKA — high AG metabolic acidosis; glucose >250; bicarbonate <18; pH <7.3; Kussmaul breathing",
"HHS — glucose >600; very high osmolality; no ketosis; neurological symptoms predominate",
"Hypothyroidism — TSH elevated, T4 low; treat with levothyroxine",
"Hyperthyroidism / Graves — TSH low, T4 high; anti-TSH receptor antibodies; exophthalmos",
"Cushing's syndrome — high cortisol; first screen with 24hr urine free cortisol or overnight dexamethasone suppression test",
"Addison's disease — adrenal insufficiency; hypotension, hyperpigmentation (elevated ACTH/MSH), hyponatraemia, hyperkalaemia",
"Pheochromocytoma — episodic HTN + headache + sweating + palpitations; 24hr urine metanephrines; phenoxybenzamine before surgery",
]
},
{
"title": "3. Infectious Diseases",
"points": [
"HIV — CD4 count thresholds: <200 (AIDS), <100 (MAC, CMV), <50 (CMV retinitis)",
"OIs — PCP (CD4 <200, cotrimoxazole prophylaxis), toxoplasmosis (CD4 <100, ring-enhancing brain lesions)",
"ART initiation — all patients regardless of CD4; within 2 weeks if TB + CD4 <50",
"TB management — 2HRZE (intensive) + 4HR (continuation); DOTS strategy",
"Malaria — P. falciparum: artemisinin combination therapy; P. vivax: chloroquine + primaquine",
"Dengue — NS1 antigen (day 1-5); IgM (day 5 onwards); warning signs = haemoconcentration, platelet drop",
]
},
{
"title": "4. Respiratory Medicine",
"points": [
"ARDS — PaO2/FiO2 <300 (mild), <200 (moderate), <100 (severe); bilateral infiltrates; non-cardiogenic",
"ARDS management — low tidal volume 6mL/kg + high PEEP; prone positioning; permissive hypercapnia",
"COPD — FEV1/FVC <0.7; GOLD staging; SABA + SAMA + LABA + LAMA + inhaled corticosteroids",
"Asthma — reversible bronchospasm; >12% improvement in FEV1 after bronchodilator",
"Pleural effusion — transudates (protein <3g/dL) vs exudates (Light's criteria)",
]
},
{
"title": "5. Rheumatology",
"points": [
"RA — symmetric small joint arthritis; pannus formation; anti-CCP most specific; RF present",
"SLE — anti-dsDNA (most specific), anti-Sm; butterfly rash; photosensitivity; renal involvement",
"Ankylosing spondylitis — HLA-B27; sacroiliitis; bamboo spine on X-ray; uveitis",
"Gout — urate crystals (negatively birefringent, needle-shaped); tophi; hyperuricaemia",
"Pseudogout — calcium pyrophosphate crystals (positively birefringent, rhomboid)",
]
},
{
"title": "6. Neurology",
"points": [
"Ischaemic stroke — thrombolysis (tPA) within 4.5 hours; mechanical thrombectomy within 24 hours (large vessel occlusion)",
"Haemorrhagic stroke — CT without contrast first; BP control; surgical decompression if indicated",
"Seizures — first-line valproate (generalised); carbamazepine (partial/focal); status epilepticus (lorazepam → phenytoin → barbiturate)",
"Meningitis — bacterial: high fever + neck stiffness + Kernig's/Brudzinski's + altered sensorium; LP findings",
"Guillain-Barré — ascending paralysis + areflexia; albumino-cytological dissociation on CSF; IVIG or plasmapheresis",
]
},
{
"title": "7. Nephrology",
"points": [
"AKI — pre-renal (BUN:Cr >20, FENa <1%), intrinsic (ATN, FENa >2%), post-renal (obstruction)",
"CKD staging — GFR: Stage 1 (>90), 2 (60-89), 3a (45-59), 3b (30-44), 4 (15-29), 5 (<15, dialysis)",
"Indications for dialysis — AEIOU: Acidosis, Electrolytes (hyperkalaemia), Intoxication, Overload, Uraemia",
"Nephrotic syndrome — 3.5g proteinuria + hypoalbuminaemia + oedema + hyperlipidaemia",
]
},
{
"title": "8. Dermatology",
"points": [
"Psoriasis — well-demarcated erythematous plaques with silvery scales; Auspitz sign; Koebner phenomenon",
"Pemphigus vulgaris — intraepidermal blistering; Nikolsky sign positive; acantholysis; anti-desmoglein 3",
"Pemphigoid — subepidermal blistering; Nikolsky sign negative; anti-BP180/230",
"Stevens-Johnson syndrome — <10% BSA detachment; mucosal involvement; drug-induced (sulfonamides, carbamazepine)",
"TEN (Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis) — >30% BSA; stop offending drug; ICU management",
]
},
{
"title": "9. Psychiatry",
"points": [
"Schizophrenia — positive symptoms (hallucinations, delusions) + negative symptoms; auditory hallucinations most common",
"Bipolar disorder — mania episodes + depressive episodes; mood stabilisers (lithium, valproate)",
"Depression — low mood + anhedonia + somatic symptoms for >2 weeks; SSRIs first-line",
"OCD — obsessions + compulsions; ego-dystonic; SSRIs + CBT",
"PTSD — traumatic event + flashbacks + hyperarousal + avoidance; SSRIs + trauma-focused CBT",
]
},
]
},
{
"name": "GENERAL SURGERY (20-25 Qs)",
"tag": "★★★★★",
"note": "Priority order: GI surgery and trauma are highest yield; surgical anatomy nerve injury questions appear every year.",
"topics": [
{
"title": "1. GI Surgery — Oesophagus & Stomach [HIGHEST YIELD]",
"points": [
"Achalasia cardia — failure of LES relaxation; bird-beak appearance on barium; manometry is gold standard",
"Oesophageal carcinoma — squamous (upper 2/3, smoking + alcohol) vs adenocarcinoma (lower 1/3, Barrett's)",
"Barrett's oesophagus — columnar metaplasia; risk factor for adenocarcinoma; PPI + surveillance",
"Peptic ulcer — DU (anterior wall perforates) vs GU (posterior wall bleeds); H. pylori triple therapy",
"Gastric carcinoma — intestinal type (H. pylori) vs diffuse type (E-cadherin mutation, linitis plastica)",
]
},
{
"title": "2. Hepatobiliary Surgery",
"points": [
"Courvoisier's law — palpable, non-tender gallbladder in jaundice = carcinoma head of pancreas (not gallstones)",
"Obstructive jaundice workup — USG first, then ERCP or MRCP",
"Cholangitis — Charcot's triad (fever + RUQ pain + jaundice); Reynold's pentad (+ hypotension + confusion)",
"Hepatocellular carcinoma — cirrhosis background; elevated AFP; BCLC staging; TACE or surgical resection",
"Choledocholithiasis vs cholelithiasis — CBD stone: elevated ALP, conjugated bilirubin",
]
},
{
"title": "3. Colorectal Surgery",
"points": [
"Parks classification of anal fistula — intersphincteric (most common), transsphincteric, suprasphincteric, extrasphincteric",
"Haemorrhoids — internal (above dentate line, painless bleeding) vs external (below dentate line, painful)",
"Colorectal carcinoma — Duke's A (mucosa), B (muscularis), C (nodes), D (metastases); right colon bleeds; left colon obstructs",
"Familial adenomatous polyposis — APC mutation; >100 polyps; 100% malignancy risk; prophylactic colectomy",
"Hirschsprung disease — absent ganglion cells; transition zone; suction rectal biopsy for diagnosis",
]
},
{
"title": "4. Trauma (ATLS)",
"points": [
"Primary survey — ABCDE: Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, Exposure",
"Diffuse axonal injury — RTA deceleration; CT may be normal; MRI shows petechial haemorrhages",
"Fat embolism syndrome — after long bone fractures; petechiae + respiratory failure + confusion (72-hour window)",
"Tension pneumothorax — tracheal deviation away from lesion; absent breath sounds; immediate needle decompression",
"Haemothorax — dullness on percussion; drain with chest tube",
]
},
{
"title": "5. Hernia",
"points": [
"Indirect inguinal — through deep inguinal ring; medial to inferior epigastric vessels; most common hernia overall",
"Direct inguinal — through Hesselbach's triangle; lateral to inferior epigastric vessels; acquired, elderly men",
"Femoral hernia — below and lateral to pubic tubercle; most common in women; high risk of strangulation",
"Richter's hernia — only part of bowel wall in sac (antimesenteric border); may strangulate without obstruction",
"Maydl's hernia — W-shaped loop in sac; central loop strangulates while rest of bowel appears viable",
]
},
{
"title": "6. Thyroid & Parathyroid",
"points": [
"Papillary thyroid carcinoma — most common; psammoma bodies; Orphan Annie nuclei; excellent prognosis",
"Follicular carcinoma — haematogenous spread (lung, bone); FNAC cannot distinguish from adenoma",
"Medullary carcinoma — parafollicular C-cells; calcitonin marker; associated with MEN 2A and 2B",
"Anaplastic carcinoma — worst prognosis; rapid growth; elderly patients",
"Primary hyperparathyroidism — high Ca2+, low PO4, high PTH; most common cause = adenoma; osteitis fibrosa cystica",
]
},
{
"title": "7. Breast Surgery",
"points": [
"BIRADS classification — 1 (normal), 2 (benign), 3 (probably benign, 6-month follow-up), 4 (suspicious, biopsy), 5 (highly suggestive malignancy), 6 (biopsy-proven)",
"Breast carcinoma — IDC most common; ER/PR/HER2 status determines treatment",
"Sentinel lymph node biopsy — avoids axillary dissection; technetium-99m + blue dye",
"BRCA1/BRCA2 — hereditary; prophylactic bilateral mastectomy option",
]
},
{
"title": "8. Paediatric Surgery",
"points": [
"Congenital diaphragmatic hernia — Bochdalek (posterolateral, 90%); left-sided more common; bowel in chest on CXR",
"Intussusception — 6-18 months; current jelly stool; sausage-shaped mass; air enema reduction",
"Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis — 2-6 weeks; projectile non-bilious vomiting; olive-shaped mass; metabolic alkalosis",
"Tracheo-oesophageal fistula — Type C (oesophageal atresia + distal fistula) most common (85%); polyhydramnios",
]
},
]
},
{
"name": "OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGY (25-30 Qs)",
"tag": "★★★★★",
"note": "Priority order: PPH and obstetric emergencies repeat every year; gynaecological malignancies are growing in frequency.",
"topics": [
{
"title": "1. Postpartum Haemorrhage (PPH) [HIGHEST YIELD]",
"points": [
"Definition — blood loss >500mL after vaginal delivery or >1000mL after LSCS",
"Causes — 4 T's: Tone (uterine atony 80%), Tissue (retained products), Trauma, Thrombin (coagulopathy)",
"Stepwise management — oxytocin → methylergometrine → carboprost (contraindicated in asthma) → misoprostol",
"Surgical options — Bakri balloon tamponade → B-Lynch suture → uterine artery ligation → hysterectomy",
"Atonic PPH — uterus soft and boggy; bimanual compression + uterotonic drugs",
]
},
{
"title": "2. Pre-eclampsia & Eclampsia",
"points": [
"Pre-eclampsia — BP >140/90 after 20 weeks + proteinuria or organ dysfunction",
"Severe features — BP >160/110, visual disturbances, severe headache, oliguria, thrombocytopaenia",
"MgSO4 Pritchard regimen — 4g IV (loading) + 10g IM (5g each buttock) + 5g IM 4-hourly",
"MgSO4 Zuspan regimen — 4g IV loading + 1g/hr IV infusion",
"Antihypertensives in pregnancy — labetalol (first-line IV), hydralazine (IV), nifedipine (oral)",
"HELLP syndrome — Haemolysis + Elevated Liver enzymes + Low Platelets; severe variant of pre-eclampsia",
]
},
{
"title": "3. Obstetric Emergencies",
"points": [
"Cord prolapse — emergency LSCS; immediate — push presenting part up, knee-chest position, fill bladder",
"Shoulder dystocia — McRoberts manoeuvre (hyperflexion of maternal thighs) + suprapubic pressure",
"Placenta praevia — painless antepartum haemorrhage; DO NOT do vaginal examination",
"Placental abruption — painful antepartum haemorrhage; board-like uterus; fetal distress; DIC risk",
"Uterine rupture — scar dehiscence; loss of fetal heart sounds; maternal shock; emergency laparotomy",
]
},
{
"title": "4. Labour & Delivery",
"points": [
"Stages of labour — 1st (onset to full cervical dilation), 2nd (full dilation to delivery), 3rd (delivery of placenta)",
"CTG interpretation — baseline 110-160 bpm, variability 5-25 bpm, accelerations reassuring, decelerations pathological",
"Episiotomy — right mediolateral preferred; closure: vaginal mucosa → perineal muscle → skin",
"Shoulder dystocia manoeuvres — McRoberts → suprapubic pressure → Rubin II → Wood screw → Zavanelli",
]
},
{
"title": "5. Ectopic Pregnancy",
"points": [
"Most common site — ampullary part of fallopian tube (75%)",
"Risk factors — PID, previous ectopic, IUD use, tubal surgery, assisted reproduction",
"Beta-hCG discriminatory zone — >1500-2000 mIU/mL without intrauterine sac on TVS = ectopic",
"Medical management (methotrexate) — criteria: haemodynamically stable, beta-hCG <5000, unruptured, no fetal cardiac activity",
"Surgical management — salpingostomy (salpingectomy if tube damaged) via laparoscopy",
]
},
{
"title": "6. Gynaecological Malignancies",
"points": [
"Cervical carcinoma — HPV 16 (squamous, 70%) and HPV 18 (adenocarcinoma); FIGO staging; Wertheim hysterectomy for stage IB",
"CIN grading — CIN 1 (mild dysplasia), CIN 2 (moderate), CIN 3 (severe/carcinoma in situ)",
"Ovarian carcinoma — CA-125 marker; serous cystadenocarcinoma most common; debulking surgery + platinum-based chemo",
"Endometrial carcinoma — post-menopausal bleeding; endometrial biopsy; Type I (oestrogen-related, good prognosis)",
"Gestational trophoblastic disease — mole → choriocarcinoma; beta-hCG monitoring; methotrexate",
]
},
{
"title": "7. AUB & Hormonal Disorders",
"points": [
"PALM-COEIN classification — Polyp, Adenomyosis, Leiomyoma, Malignancy, Coagulopathy, Ovulatory, Endometrial, Iatrogenic, Not classified",
"Adenomyosis — uterine enlargement; dysmenorrhoea; MRI is gold standard; treat with progestins or hysterectomy",
"PCOS — hyperandrogenism + oligomenorrhoea + polycystic ovaries on USG (Rotterdam criteria 2/3)",
"Premature ovarian insufficiency — age <40; high FSH (>25 IU/L); low AMH; secondary amenorrhoea",
]
},
{
"title": "8. High-Risk Pregnancy",
"points": [
"Gestational diabetes — OGTT at 24-28 weeks (75g); fasting >92, 1hr >180, 2hr >153 mg/dL (IADPSG)",
"Rh isoimmunisation — anti-D immunoglobulin given at 28 weeks and within 72 hours of delivery to Rh-negative mothers",
"Pre-term labour — <37 weeks; tocolysis to delay >48 hours for corticosteroid administration (lung maturation)",
"IUGR — estimated fetal weight <10th percentile; Doppler of umbilical artery (absent/reversed diastolic flow = poor prognosis)",
]
},
]
},
{
"name": "PAEDIATRICS (10 Qs)",
"tag": "★★★",
"note": "Priority order: developmental milestones and vaccination schedule are the most repeated topics.",
"topics": [
{
"title": "1. Developmental Milestones [HIGHEST YIELD]",
"points": [
"2 months — social smile",
"3 months — head control complete",
"6 months — sits with support; transfers objects; stranger anxiety begins",
"9 months — creeps; pincer grasp; mama/dada (non-specific)",
"12 months — walks with support; 1-2 words with meaning",
"18 months — walks alone; 8-10 words; feeds self with spoon",
"2 years — runs; 2-word sentences; 50+ words",
"3 years — rides tricycle; 3-word sentences; knows own name, age, sex",
]
},
{
"title": "2. Neonatal Conditions",
"points": [
"Neonatal jaundice — physiological (day 2-3, resolves by day 7); pathological (day 1 or persists >2 weeks)",
"Exchange transfusion — for haemolytic disease of newborn; double-volume exchange",
"RDS — surfactant deficiency; premature infants; ground-glass appearance on CXR; CPAP or surfactant therapy",
"Birth asphyxia — APGAR <7; resuscitation: warmth, dry, stimulate, airway, breathing",
"Neonatal sepsis — GBS (early onset), E. coli; ampicillin + gentamicin empirically",
]
},
{
"title": "3. Congenital Heart Disease",
"points": [
"VSD — most common CHD; pansystolic murmur at left sternal border; small ones close spontaneously",
"PDA — machinery murmur; continuous; closes with indomethacin in premature infants",
"Tetralogy of Fallot — VSD + overriding aorta + pulmonary stenosis + RVH; boot-shaped heart on CXR; cyanosis",
"TGA — aorta from RV, pulmonary artery from LV; egg-on-side CXR; PGE1 to keep PDA open until Jatene operation",
]
},
{
"title": "4. Nutritional Disorders",
"points": [
"PEM — Wellcome classification: kwashiorkor (oedematous), marasmus (non-oedematous), marasmic kwashiorkor",
"Rickets — vitamin D deficiency; bowing of legs, Harrison's sulcus, rachitic rosary; elevated ALP",
"Scurvy — vitamin C deficiency; perifollicular haemorrhages; Frankel line on X-ray; bleeding gums",
]
},
{
"title": "5. Common Paediatric Infections",
"points": [
"Measles — morbilliform rash after Koplik's spots; complications: pneumonia, encephalitis, SSPE (late)",
"Whooping cough — Bordetella pertussis; lymphocytosis (absolute, not relative); inspiratory whoop; vaccine-preventable",
"Dengue — NS1 antigen (early, day 1-5); WHO warning signs: persistent vomiting, abdominal pain, plasma leakage",
"Typhoid — rose spots; relative bradycardia; Widal test; blood culture most sensitive in week 1",
]
},
]
},
{
"name": "OPHTHALMOLOGY (10 Qs)",
"tag": "★★★",
"note": "Priority order: glaucoma and retinal diseases dominate; fundus image recognition is mandatory for 2026.",
"topics": [
{
"title": "1. Glaucoma [HIGHEST YIELD]",
"points": [
"Open-angle glaucoma — most common; painless; cup-to-disc ratio >0.6; gradual peripheral vision loss",
"Angle-closure glaucoma — acute onset; severe pain + red eye + halos + nausea; IOP very high",
"First-line medical treatment — timolol (beta-blocker) or latanoprost (prostaglandin analogue)",
"Goldmann applanation tonometry — gold standard for IOP measurement",
"Visual field defects — arcuate scotoma → nasal step → tunnel vision (late)",
]
},
{
"title": "2. Diabetic Retinopathy",
"points": [
"Non-proliferative DR — microaneurysms (earliest), dot-blot haemorrhages, hard exudates, cotton wool spots",
"Proliferative DR — neovascularisation; risk of vitreous haemorrhage and traction retinal detachment",
"CSME (Clinically Significant Macular Oedema) — treat regardless of DR stage; laser photocoagulation or anti-VEGF",
"Screening — every year from diagnosis in Type 2 DM; after 5 years in Type 1 DM",
]
},
{
"title": "3. Retinal Conditions",
"points": [
"CRVO — central retinal vein occlusion; flame-shaped haemorrhages in all 4 quadrants; disc oedema; 'blood and thunder' fundus",
"CRAO — sudden, painless, complete vision loss; cherry red spot at macula; afferent pupillary defect",
"Retinal detachment — flashes + floaters + curtain vision loss; break in retina → subretinal fluid",
]
},
{
"title": "4. Corneal & Anterior Segment",
"points": [
"HSV keratitis — dendritic ulcer on fluorescein staining; acyclovir eye ointment; steroids contraindicated",
"Keratoconus — cone-shaped cornea; Munson's sign; Fleischer ring; contact lenses or corneal cross-linking",
"Pterygium — fibrovascular growth onto cornea from nasal side; UV-related; surgery if approaching visual axis",
]
},
{
"title": "5. Cataract",
"points": [
"Nuclear cataract — most common age-related; myopic shift (lens power increases)",
"Posterior subcapsular cataract — associated with steroids and diabetes; affects vision early",
"Congenital cataract — treat urgently to prevent amblyopia; TORCHES infections",
"Surgery — phacoemulsification + IOL implantation; Biometry (SRK formula) for IOL power",
]
},
]
},
{
"name": "ENT (10 Qs)",
"tag": "★★★",
"note": "Priority order: audiology tests and otosclerosis/cholesteatoma repeat every year.",
"topics": [
{
"title": "1. Hearing Tests [HIGHEST YIELD]",
"points": [
"Rinne test — compare AC vs BC with 512Hz tuning fork; positive (AC>BC) = normal or SNHL; negative (BC>AC) = conductive HL",
"Weber test — lateralises to affected ear in conductive HL; lateralises to normal ear in SNHL",
"Audiogram patterns — conductive HL: air-bone gap with normal bone conduction; SNHL: both AC and BC reduced equally",
"Carhart's notch — characteristic dip at 2000 Hz on bone conduction in otosclerosis",
]
},
{
"title": "2. Ear Diseases",
"points": [
"Cholesteatoma — keratinising squamous epithelium in middle ear; attic perforation; bone erosion; foul-smelling discharge",
"Otosclerosis — autosomal dominant; stapes fixation; Schwartze sign (flamingo pink blush); treat with stapedectomy",
"CSOM — chronic suppurative otitis media; central perforation (tubotympanic, safe) vs marginal perforation (atticoantral, unsafe)",
"Otitis media with effusion — glue ear; type B tympanogram (flat curve); grommets",
]
},
{
"title": "3. Throat Conditions",
"points": [
"Peritonsillar abscess (Quinsy) — unilateral tonsillar swelling + uvular deviation to opposite side; aspiration + antibiotics",
"Ludwig's angina — bilateral submandibular space infection; airway emergency; surgical drainage",
"Laryngeal carcinoma — glottic (hoarseness early) vs supraglottic (late presentation); staging guides treatment",
"Juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis — HPV 6 and 11; recurrent; microlaryngoscopy + excision",
]
},
{
"title": "4. Nasal Conditions",
"points": [
"Epistaxis — Kiesselbach's (Little's) area most common site; first aid = pinch nose + lean forward",
"Nasal polyps — bilateral = allergic/inflammatory; unilateral = rule out malignancy",
"DNS (Deviated Nasal Septum) — nasal obstruction; SMR (submucous resection) or septoplasty",
"Allergic rhinitis — perennial or seasonal; eosinophilia; first-line intranasal corticosteroids",
]
},
]
},
]
}
]
# ─── BUILD PDF ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story = []
# Title block
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.8*cm))
story.append(Paragraph("NEET PG 2026", title_style))
story.append(Paragraph("High-Yield Topics — Priority-Ordered, Point-by-Point", subtitle_style))
story.append(Paragraph("The 20% of topics that cover 80% of questions", subtitle_style))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.3*cm))
story.append(HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=2, color=colors.HexColor("#1a3c5e"), spaceAfter=8))
# Stats banner
stats = [
["200 Questions", "30% PYQ Repeats", ">50% Clinical/Integrated", "18-25% Image-Based"],
]
stats_table = Table(stats, colWidths=[4.1*cm, 4.1*cm, 4.6*cm, 4.1*cm])
stats_table.setStyle(TableStyle([
("BACKGROUND", (0,0), (-1,-1), colors.HexColor("#eaf1fb")),
("TEXTCOLOR", (0,0), (-1,-1), colors.HexColor("#1a3c5e")),
("FONTNAME", (0,0), (-1,-1), "Helvetica-Bold"),
("FONTSIZE", (0,0), (-1,-1), 8.5),
("ALIGN", (0,0), (-1,-1), "CENTER"),
("VALIGN", (0,0), (-1,-1), "MIDDLE"),
("BOX", (0,0), (-1,-1), 1, colors.HexColor("#4a6fa5")),
("INNERGRID", (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.5, colors.HexColor("#4a6fa5")),
("TOPPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 6),
("BOTTOMPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 6),
]))
story.append(stats_table)
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.4*cm))
legend = Paragraph(
"<b>How to read this list:</b> Topics within each subject are ordered from highest to lowest yield. "
"Sub-points under each topic are individual facts — not a comma-separated list.",
ParagraphStyle("Legend", parent=styles["Normal"], fontSize=8, textColor=colors.HexColor("#555555"),
fontName="Helvetica-Oblique", alignment=TA_CENTER)
)
story.append(legend)
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.3*cm))
# Section colors
section_colors = {
"SECTION A": "#1a3c5e",
"SECTION B": "#145a32",
"SECTION C": "#6e2c00",
}
for section in data:
key = section["section"][:9]
sec_color = section_colors.get(key, "#1a3c5e")
sec_header_style = ParagraphStyle(
f"SH_{key}", parent=section_header_style,
backColor=colors.HexColor(sec_color)
)
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.3*cm))
story.append(Paragraph(section["section"], sec_header_style))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.2*cm))
for subj in section["subjects"]:
block = []
# Subject title row
heading_para = Paragraph(
f'<font color="{sec_color}"><b>{subj["name"]}</b></font> '
f'<font color="#c0392b">{subj["tag"]}</font>',
subject_style
)
block.append(heading_para)
block.append(HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=0.5, color=colors.HexColor("#aac4e0"), spaceBefore=0, spaceAfter=3))
# Note
if subj.get("note"):
block.append(Paragraph(f"Tip: {subj['note']}", note_style))
block.append(Spacer(1, 0.1*cm))
for topic in subj["topics"]:
# Topic heading (numbered, bold)
block.append(Paragraph(topic["title"], topic_heading_style))
# Individual bullet points — one per line, no commas
for pt in topic["points"]:
block.append(Paragraph(f"- {pt}", bullet_style))
block.append(Spacer(1, 0.1*cm))
block.append(Spacer(1, 0.2*cm))
story.append(KeepTogether(block))
# Footer
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.5*cm))
story.append(HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=1, color=colors.HexColor("#aac4e0")))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.15*cm))
story.append(Paragraph(
"Sources: NEET PG 2025 Paper Analysis | PrepLadder PYQ Analysis 2026 | NBEMS Official Weightage",
footer_style
))
story.append(Paragraph(
"Strategy: Starred subjects first (★★★★★). Solve PYQs 2020-2025. Revise 3-4 times. Practice image-based questions.",
footer_style
))
doc.build(story)
print(f"PDF created: {OUTPUT}")
Running Command
python /home/daytona/workspace/neet-pg/generate_pdf_v2.py
Done! Here's the updated PDF:
NEET PG High Yield Topics v2
PDF Document · PDF
Here's exactly what changed:
1. Priority order - Topics within every subject are now numbered and ranked from highest yield to lowest. For example, in Medicine, Cardiology/ECG is #1, Endocrinology is #2, Infectious Diseases is #3, and so on.
2. Point-by-point format - Every fact is now its own separate line. For example, instead of:
"Cardiology (ECG interpretation, heart failure, valvular disorders)"
It now reads:
- STEMI - ST elevation in leads; reciprocal depression...
- NSTEMI - ST depression or T-wave inversion...
- Heart block - 1st degree (prolonged PR), 2nd degree Mobitz I...
- AF - absent P waves, irregularly irregular rhythm...
Each subject also has a coloured tip line at the top telling you the smartest focus area for that subject.
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