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Duties of a Medical Officer in Case of Poisoning

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Overview

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Detailed Duties

1. Preliminary Documentation

• Note preliminary particulars of the patient: age, sex, address, date and time, identification marks, etc.

2. In Cases of Suspected Homicidal Poisoning

• (a) Obtain history of the route of exposure, quantity consumed, time elapsed since ingestion, etc. Collect vomit and urine and submit for analysis.
• (b) Carefully observe and record symptoms in relation to the time of onset and the nature of the poison.
• (c) Thoroughly examine the patient, note all positive signs, and record them. Seek consultation if needed.
• (d) If homicidal poisoning is suspected, the doctor must administer food and medicine personally, allow no one to be with the patient alone, and maintain detailed records of the patient's condition and treatment.
• (e) If a particular person is suspected, attempts should be made to change the diet and alter meal times to outwit the suspect. That person should be allowed to visit only in the presence of a nurse or doctor.
• (f) Suspicion is raised when a person insists on preparing all food, serving the patient personally, or insists on discarding all leftover food.
• (g) Keep detailed records of all visits, symptoms, signs observed, and treatment given.

3. Transfer to Hospital

• Once suspicions are confirmed, request removal of the patient to hospital.
• If the victim is an adult with retained mental capacity, it may be desirable to speak to them about the steps to be taken.

4. Preservation of Evidence

• Any suspected articles of food, excreta, and stomach wash samples should be preserved.
• Full or empty bottles, capsules, paper packets, or liquids found nearby should be collected and preserved.
• Recent stains on bedclothes, furniture, etc., should be preserved wherever possible.
• Non-compliance (destroying evidence) is punishable under Section 238, BNS (S. 201, IPC) if done with the intent to protect the accused.
• In poisoning cases: stomach wash samples, vomit, blood, and urine must be properly packed, sealed, and kept in safe custody until handed over to the police after obtaining a receipt. Removed clothing should also be sealed and handed over.

5. Reporting to Police

• (Homicidal poisoning): A private practitioner convinced the patient is suffering from homicidal poisoning is bound under Section 2(33), BNSS (S. 39, CrPC) to inform a police officer or Magistrate. Non-compliance is punishable under S. 176, IPC.
• (Suicidal poisoning): The practitioner is NOT bound to inform police, since attempt to suicide has been deleted from the IPC (BNS deleted S. 309, IPC).
• (Government medical officer): A Government medical officer is required to report to police ALL cases of suspected poisoning - whether accidental, suicidal, or homicidal - attended in the hospital.
• If summoned by an investigating police officer, the practitioner is bound to give all information under Section 195, BNSS (S. 175, CrPC). Concealment is punishable under Sections 239 and 202, BNS/IPC; giving false information is punishable under Section 212, BNS (S. 177, IPC).

6. Immediate Treatment

• Perform stomach wash (gastric lavage) immediately and administer the specific antidote.
• Admit the patient.
• If the condition is serious and it is not possible to prepare a detailed medicolegal report, adopt life-saving procedures first and prepare the report later.

7. Dying Declaration

• If the condition of the patient is serious, the doctor must arrange to record the dying declaration.

8. Death of the Patient

• If the patient dies, the doctor should NOT issue a death certificate; instead, he must inform the police.

9. Food Poisoning

• In cases of food poisoning, public health authorities must be notified.

10. Investigations and Records

• Carry out all necessary investigations.
• Keep comprehensive records from the beginning to the end of treatment.
• If the patient is treated as an outpatient, this must be mentioned in the report.

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Post-Mortem Duties (If Death Occurs)

• Preserve viscera and other tissues for chemical analysis in cases where:
  1. The investigating officer requests it
  2. The medical officer suspects poison by smell or other evidence during autopsy
  3. Cause of death cannot be determined after full autopsy with no natural disease or injury
  4. The body is decomposed
  5. The deceased was an alcoholic
• The death certificate must not be issued; the case must be reported to police.
• Where drug overdosage/abuse is suspected, toxicological analysis should be performed.

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Legal Provisions Summary

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Duties of a Medical Officer in Poisoning - References from Charaka Samhita & Sushruta Samhita

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Background: Agada Tantra

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Charaka Samhita - Chikitsa Sthana, Chapter 23 (Visha Chikitsa Adhyaya)

1. Knowledge Before Treatment - The Physician's Prerequisites

1. Mythological origin and nature of poison (Visha)
2. Properties of the poison (Visha Guna)
3. Source of the poison (Sthavara - plant/mineral; Jangama - animal)
4. Stage of virulence (Vishavega - stages of toxic spread through Dhatus)
5. Signs and symptoms of poisoning (Lakshana)
6. Therapeutic measures (Chikitsa upakrama)

Reference: Cha. Sa. Chi. 23/1-6 - "O Agnivesha, hear me carefully. I shall describe Visha and its aspects..."

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2. Urgency of Treatment

"Treatment of poisoning is an emergency and should be managed as a house on fire - the earlier it is extinguished, the lesser the damage." Cha. Sa. Chi. 23

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3. Chaturvimshati Upakrama - 24 Therapeutic Measures (Cha. Sa. Chi. 23/35-37)

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4. Enquiry - History Taking (Cha. Sa. Chi. 23)

"When an intelligent physician comes across such a patient, enquiry is made about:

• the type of food he had taken
• in whose company
• and when he had taken the food. Having ascertained these facts, the patient should instantaneously be given emetic therapy."

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5. Determining Manner of Poisoning

• Sthavara Visha - plant/mineral poison (often homicidal)
• Jangama Visha - animal poison (often accidental - snakebite, insect)
• Gara Visha - artificial/compound poison (often homicidal, slow-acting)

"Gara visha is Kalantara-avipaki - it cannot be digested early, takes a long time to produce its effect and is used for homicidal purposes." Cha. Sa. Chi. 23/14

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6. Shanka Visha (Pseudo-Poisoning / Psychological Poisoning) - Cha. Sa. Chi. 23/221-222

"When a person is bitten by a non-poisonous creature in darkness and develops symptoms of poisoning due to fear (sankha/suspicion), this is called Shanka Visha. The wise physician should console the patient, administer appropriate medicines, sprinkle water purified with incantations, and make cheerful."

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Sushruta Samhita - Kalpasthana (8 Chapters dedicated to Agada Tantra)

1. Kalpa Sthana Chapter 1 - Anna-pana-Raksha Adhyaya (Protection of Food and Drink)

"Poison may be administered through: food (anna), drink (pana), tooth-cleaning sticks (dantakashtha), anointing (abhyanga), smearing (avalekhana), massage (utsadana), decoctions (kashaya), bathing (parisheka), ointments (anulepana), eyes (akshi), garments (vashra), armour (varma), ornaments (abharana), sandals (paduka), seat/throne (pitha), animal saddles (pritha), vehicles, weapons, poison arrows, nasal applications (nasya), and fumigation (dhuma)." Su. Sa. Ka. 1/25-27

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2. Classification of Poison for Forensic Differentiation

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3. Dooshi Visha - Chronic/Slow Poisoning (Su. Sa. Ka.)

"The pulverized bodies of insects, acting as Dooshi Visha (enfeebled poison) lying latent in the human body, are turned into a Gara or chemical poison if administered internally with medicine or externally." Su. Sa. Ka. / Agad Tantra textbook reference

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4. Sushruta's Visha Gati (Progression of Poison) - Su. Sa. Ka. 3/48

"Jangama Visha (animal poison) travels upward; Sthavara Visha (plant/mineral) travels downward toward the root." Su. Sa. Ka. 3/48 = Cha. Sa. Chi. 23/17

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5. Visha Vega - Staging of Poisoning (Forensic & Clinical Duty)

• Identify the current stage (Vega) of poisoning
• Note the Vegantara (interval between stages, when treatment is most effective)
• Intervene at the correct Vega, as treatment during active spread (vega) is ineffective

"Visha sandkata mukti - only one in a hundred survives a true visha sankata (toxic crisis)." A. Hr. U. 35/60

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Summary: Ancient vs. Modern Duties - Parallel Mapping

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DEBATE: "Ancient Ayurveda is Superior to Modern Medicine in the Management of Poisoning"

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MODERATOR'S INTRODUCTION

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ROUND 1: OPENING STATEMENTS

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TEAM A (FOR - Ayurveda): Opening Statement

"Treatment of poisoning is an emergency - manage it as a house on fire." (Cha. Sa. Chi. 23)

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TEAM B (AGAINST - Modern Medicine): Opening Statement

• Identify a poison in blood within 2 hours using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
• Administer N-acetylcysteine for paracetamol overdose and prevent liver failure with near-100% efficacy when given early
• Use specific antidotes (naloxone for opioids, atropine for organophosphates, digoxin-specific antibody fragments for digoxin toxicity)
• Support failing organ systems with dialysis, mechanical ventilation, and ECMO

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ROUND 2: MAIN ARGUMENTS

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TEAM A (FOR - Ayurveda): 5 Main Arguments

Argument 1: Systematic Classification - Ancient Science Was Rigorous

Argument 2: The Concept of Dooshi Visha - Chronic Toxicity Recognized First

• Chronic lead poisoning (plumbism)
• Arsenic toxicity from chronic exposure
• Chronic organophosphate poisoning
• Drug bioaccumulation in renal/hepatic failure patients

Argument 3: Forensic Awareness - The Physician's Dual Duty

Argument 4: Holistic Management - Mind and Body Together

Argument 5: Rasayana - Post-Poisoning Rehabilitation

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TEAM B (AGAINST - Modern Medicine): 5 Main Arguments

Argument 1: Specific Antidotes - No Ancient Equivalent

Argument 2: Diagnosis - Speed and Precision

• Urine drug screening panels: 30 minutes
• GC-MS quantitative analysis: 2-4 hours
• Serum paracetamol levels: decide NAC therapy on a Rumack-Matthew nomogram
• Serum carboxyhaemoglobin: diagnose carbon monoxide poisoning precisely

Argument 3: Life Support - Ancient Texts Have No Answer

• Respiratory failure - requires mechanical ventilation
• Renal failure - requires haemodialysis (which directly removes many poisons)
• Cardiac arrhythmia - requires cardioversion, anti-arrhythmics
• Hepatic failure - requires liver transplant planning

Argument 4: Modern Poisons Did Not Exist in Ancient Times

• Organophosphate pesticide poisoning (the most common cause of poisoning death in India today)
• Paracetamol overdose
• Methanol poisoning from illicit alcohol
• Carbon monoxide poisoning from gas leaks
• Lithium, tricyclic antidepressant, or beta-blocker overdose
• Industrial chemical exposures (acid, caustics, industrial solvents)

Argument 5: Evidence-Based Practice vs. Tradition

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ROUND 3: REBUTTALS

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TEAM A (FOR - Ayurveda): Rebuttal

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TEAM B (AGAINST - Modern Medicine): Rebuttal

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ROUND 4: CLOSING STATEMENTS

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TEAM A (FOR - Ayurveda): Closing

"The physician must be learned in Visha Gara Vairodhika Prashamana - not just to treat, but to understand, to investigate, and to protect society."

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TEAM B (AGAINST - Modern Medicine): Closing

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JUDGE'S VERDICT (Balanced Assessment)

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Duties of a Medical Officer in Case of Poisoning

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Two Broad Categories

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Detailed Duties (Point-wise)

1. Preliminary Documentation

• Note age, sex, address, date and time, identification marks of the patient

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2. In Suspected Homicidal Poisoning

• (a) Obtain history - route of exposure, quantity consumed, time elapsed since ingestion. Collect vomit and urine for analysis
• (b) Carefully observe and record symptoms in relation to time of onset and nature of poison
• (c) Thoroughly examine the patient, note all positive signs, seek consultation if needed
• (d) Administer food and medicine personally; allow no one to be alone with the patient; maintain detailed records
• (e) If a particular person is suspected - change diet/meal times to outwit them; allow visits only in presence of nurse or doctor
• (f) Be suspicious if a person insists on preparing all food, serving personally, or discarding all leftover food
• (g) Keep detailed records of all visits, symptoms, signs, and treatment given

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3. Transfer to Hospital

• Once suspicions are confirmed, request removal of patient to hospital
• If the victim is a mentally capable adult, speak to them about steps to be taken

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4. Immediate Treatment

• Perform gastric lavage (stomach wash) immediately
• Administer specific antidote
• Admit the patient
• If condition is serious and a detailed medicolegal report cannot be prepared - adopt life-saving measures first, prepare report later

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5. Preservation of Evidence

• Preserve suspected food articles, excreta, stomach wash samples
• Collect and preserve full/empty bottles, capsules, paper packets, liquids found nearby
• Preserve stains on bedclothes, furniture wherever possible
• Stomach wash samples, vomit, blood, urine - properly packed, sealed, kept in safe custody until handed over to police with receipt
• Removed clothing should be sealed and handed to police
• Non-compliance (destroying evidence with intent to protect accused) is punishable under Section 238, BNS (S. 201, IPC)

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6. Reporting Duties

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7. Dying Declaration

• If patient's condition is serious - arrange to record the dying declaration immediately

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8. Investigations & Records

• Carry out all necessary investigations
• Maintain comprehensive records throughout treatment
• If treated as outpatient - mention this clearly in the report

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9. Death of the Patient

• Do NOT issue a death certificate
• Inform the police immediately
• In cases of food poisoning - notify public health authorities

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10. Post-Mortem Duties (If Death Occurs)

1. Investigating officer requests it
2. MO suspects poison by smell or other evidence during autopsy
3. Cause of death cannot be determined after full autopsy
4. Body is decomposed
5. Deceased was an alcoholic

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From Charaka Samhita & Sushruta Samhita (Ayurvedic Basis)

"Treatment of poisoning is an emergency - manage it as a house on fire."

• Charaka Samhita, Chikitsa Sthana Ch. 23

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जहर (विष) के मामले में मेडिकल ऑफिसर के कर्तव्य

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दो मुख्य श्रेणियां

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विस्तृत कर्तव्य (बिंदुवार)

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1. प्रारंभिक दस्तावेज़ीकरण

• मरीज की उम्र, लिंग, पता, तारीख और समय, पहचान चिह्न नोट करें

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2. संदिग्ध हत्या के उद्देश्य से दिए गए जहर में (Homicidal Poisoning)

• (अ) इतिहास लें - जहर किस रास्ते से गया, कितनी मात्रा में, कब से - यह सब पूछें। उल्टी और पेशाब को जांच के लिए सुरक्षित रखें
• (ब) लक्षणों को समय के अनुसार ध्यान से देखें और लिखें
• (स) मरीज की पूरी जांच करें, सभी सकारात्मक संकेत नोट करें, जरूरत पड़ने पर विशेषज्ञ की सलाह लें
• (द) खाना-दवाई खुद दें - किसी को भी मरीज के साथ अकेला न छोड़ें; पूरा रिकॉर्ड रखें
• (ई) अगर किसी विशेष व्यक्ति पर शक हो - खाने का समय और मेनू बदलते रहें; उस व्यक्ति को केवल नर्स या डॉक्टर की उपस्थिति में मिलने दें
• (फ) शक तब बढ़ता है जब कोई व्यक्ति खुद सारा खाना बनाने और परोसने पर जोर दे, या बचा हुआ खाना फेंकने पर जोर दे
• (ग) हर मुलाकात, लक्षण, संकेत और इलाज का विस्तृत रिकॉर्ड रखें

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3. अस्पताल में भर्ती करना

• संदेह पक्का होने पर मरीज को तुरंत अस्पताल भेजें
• अगर मरीज मानसिक रूप से सक्षम वयस्क हो - उसे आगे की कार्रवाई के बारे में बताएं

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4. तत्काल इलाज

• तुरंत पेट धोएं (Gastric Lavage)
• विशेष मारक दवा (Antidote) दें
• मरीज को भर्ती करें
• अगर हालत गंभीर हो और पूरी रिपोर्ट बनाना संभव न हो - पहले जान बचाएं, रिपोर्ट बाद में बनाएं

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5. सबूत सुरक्षित रखना

• संदिग्ध खाने-पीने की चीजें, मल-मूत्र, पेट धोने का नमूना सुरक्षित रखें
• पास में पड़ी बोतलें, कैप्सूल, पैकेट, तरल पदार्थ - भरे हों या खाली - सब जमा करें
• बिस्तर, कपड़े, फर्नीचर पर दाग - जहां तक संभव हो सुरक्षित रखें
• सभी नमूने ठीक से पैक, सील करके रखें और पुलिस को रसीद लेकर सौंपें
• उतारे गए कपड़े सील करके पुलिस को दें
• सबूत नष्ट करने पर (आरोपी को बचाने की नीयत से) धारा 238 BNS (पुरानी धारा 201 IPC) के तहत सजा हो सकती है

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6. रिपोर्टिंग के कर्तव्य

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7. मृत्युकालीन बयान (Dying Declaration)

• अगर मरीज की हालत गंभीर हो - तुरंत मृत्युकालीन बयान दर्ज कराएं

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8. जांच और रिकॉर्ड

• सभी जरूरी जांचें कराएं
• इलाज के दौरान पूरा रिकॉर्ड बनाए रखें
• अगर मरीज को OPD से इलाज दिया - यह रिपोर्ट में स्पष्ट लिखें

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9. मरीज की मृत्यु होने पर

• मृत्यु प्रमाण पत्र (Death Certificate) बिल्कुल न दें
• तुरंत पुलिस को सूचित करें
• खाने से जहर फैलने (Food Poisoning) के मामले में - सार्वजनिक स्वास्थ्य विभाग को भी सूचित करें

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10. पोस्टमार्टम के बाद के कर्तव्य

1. जांच अधिकारी ने मांगे हों
2. पोस्टमार्टम के दौरान गंध या अन्य संकेत से जहर का संदेह हो
3. पूरे पोस्टमार्टम के बाद भी मृत्यु का कारण पता न चले
4. शव सड़ा-गला हो
5. मृतक शराबी हो

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चरक संहिता और सुश्रुत संहिता के अनुसार

"विष चिकित्सा अत्यंत आपातकालीन है - इसे उसी तत्परता से करो जैसे जलते हुए घर को बुझाया जाता है।" — चरक संहिता, चिकित्सा स्थान, अध्याय 23

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द्विविध वीर्य - Bhavaprakash Nighantu

(Dwividha Virya - Two Types of Potency)

शीत वीर्य (Sheeta Virya) - Cold potency उष्ण वीर्य (Ushna Virya) - Hot potency

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CHART 1: शीत वीर्य द्रव्य (Sheeta Virya Dravyas)

25 Dravyas with Cold Potency

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शीत वीर्य के प्रमुख कर्म (Actions of Sheeta Virya):

पित्तहर • वात-कफवर्धक • प्रह्लादन • विष्यन्दन • स्थिरीकरण • प्रसादन • क्लेदन • जीवनीय • स्तम्भन • रक्तप्रसादन • बल्य

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CHART 2: उष्ण वीर्य द्रव्य (Ushna Virya Dravyas)

25 Dravyas with Hot Potency

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उष्ण वीर्य के प्रमुख कर्म (Actions of Ushna Virya):

वात-कफहर • पित्तवर्धक • दीपन • पाचन • दाहजनन • मूर्च्छन • स्वेदन • वमन • विरेचन • विलयन • तृष्णाजनन • आशुपाक

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Dwividha Virya - Concept Summary

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Reference: Bhavaprakash Nighantu - Bhavamishra; Commentary by Prof. Krishnachandra Chunekar; Chaukhamba Bharati Academy, Varanasi (Reprint 2010) Vargas referenced: Haritakyadi Varga, Karpuradi Varga, Guduchyadi Varga, Vatadi Varga, Dhanya Varga, Shaka Varga, Dhatuvadi Varga, Ikshu Varga, Pushpadi Varga

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उपकल्पना of फान्त कल्पना (Upakalpana of Phanta Kalpana)

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प्रथम: फान्त कल्पना का संक्षिप्त परिचय

सस्वरसः कल्कश्च क्वाथः शीतकषायश्च । फाण्टश्चेति पञ्चधा बाह्य कल्पनाः ॥

परिभाषा (Sha. Ma. Kha. 3/1):

"चूर्णद्रव्यपलैकेन उष्णवार्युद्धवे क्षिपेत् । मृदुनैके उडुवोधानं ततत् क्वाथयेत् फाण्टात् ॥"

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फान्त कल्पना की उपकल्पना (Upakalpana)

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मन्थ कल्पना (Mantha Kalpana)

(Upakalpana of Phanta Kalpana - Sharangadhara Samhita)

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1. परिभाषा (Definition)

"चूर्णं शीतोदके क्षिप्त्वा मन्थयेत् सुपरिस्रुतम् ।" (Sharangadhara Samhita)

One part of powdered drug (churna) + 4 parts of cold water → stirred/churned well → filtered through clean cloth → the filtrate is called Mantha.

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2. फान्त और मन्थ में अन्तर

नोट: कुछ आचार्यों के अनुसार मन्थ, हिम कल्पना की उपकल्पना भी मानी जाती है क्योंकि दोनों में शीत जल का उपयोग होता है। Sharangadhara Samhita में मन्थ को फान्त कल्पना की उपकल्पना के रूप में वर्णित किया गया है।

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3. निर्माण विधि (Method of Preparation)

औषधि का यवकूट चूर्ण (Coarse powder)
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शीत जल (4 भाग) में डालें
         ↓
अच्छी तरह मंथन / मर्दन करें (Churning)
         ↓
स्वच्छ वस्त्र से छानें
         ↓
मन्थ कल्पना तैयार

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4. मात्रा व अनुपान (Dose and Anupana)

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5. उपयोगी द्रव्य व संकेत (Suitable Drugs & Indications)

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6. फान्त कल्पना के प्रकार (Types of Phanta mentioned in Sharangadhara)

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7. प्रसिद्ध फान्त योग (Famous Phanta Examples)

i. सुदर्शन फान्त (Sudarshana Phanta) - Anubhuta Yoga

• मात्रा: 1 पल (48 mL)
• संकेत: सर्व प्रकार का ज्वर, त्रिदोषघ्न

ii. पञ्चकोल फान्त (Panchakola Phanta)

• संकेत: अजीर्ण, आमदोष, मंदाग्नि, वात-कफज विकार

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8. फान्त कल्पना के गुण-दोष (Advantages & Disadvantages)

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सारांश तालिका (Summary Chart)

फान्त कल्पना (Phanta Kalpana)
         │
         └──► उपकल्पना: मन्थ कल्पना (Mantha Kalpana)
                         │
                         ├── चूर्ण + शीत जल (1:4)
                         ├── मंथन (Churning)
                         ├── वस्त्र छान
                         ├── मात्रा: 8 तोला (96 mL)
                         └── संकेत: अजीर्ण, दाह, ज्वर, पित्तज विकार

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अर्क कल्पना - Arka Prakasha के अनुसार

(Arka Kalpana according to Arka Prakasha by Ravana)

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1. ग्रन्थ परिचय (About Arka Prakasha)

रावण की अन्य रचनाएँ: Nadipanksa (Clinical examination), Kaumaratantra (Pediatrics), Marmavijnana (Surgery) - यही उनकी वैज्ञानिक प्रतिभा का प्रमाण है।

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2. अर्क की परिभाषा (Definition)

"जो द्रव जल में भीगे हुए द्रव्यों से आसवन (distillation) द्वारा प्राप्त होता है, उसे अर्क कहते हैं।"

मूल धातु: "रु-गतौ" (Ru-Gatau)

• अ = Agni (अग्नि द्वारा)
• र = Gaman (जल द्वारा गमन - steam)
• क = Prapti (सक्रिय तत्व की प्राप्ति)

"अर्क कल्पना वह तरल औषध है जो जल में भीगे हुए द्रव्यों के आसवन से अर्क यन्त्र (Arka Yantra) द्वारा प्राप्त होती है।"

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3. ऐतिहासिक संदर्भ (Historical References)

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4. पञ्चविध कल्पना - अर्क प्रकाश का वर्गीकरण

अर्क प्रकाश के अनुसार पञ्चविध कल्पना (Sharangadhara से भिन्न):

विशेष: रावण के अनुसार अर्क कल्पना सभी पञ्चविध कल्पनाओं में सर्वाधिक शक्तिशाली (सर्वश्रेष्ठ) है - कारण: दोषरहितत्व और अपने विशेष गुण।

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5. निर्माण विधि (Method of Preparation - Arka Prakasha)

चरण 1: द्रव्य का भिगोना (Soaking of Drug)

• भिगोने का समय: रात भर (Overnight soaking)
• पात्र: मिट्टी का पात्र / चिकनी मिट्टी का बर्तन (Earthen vessel)

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चरण 2: अग्नि का वर्गीकरण (Shadagni - 6 Types of Fire)

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चरण 3: अर्क यन्त्र (Arka Yantra - Distillation Apparatus)

┌─────────────────────────────────────┐
│  1. STILL (Adhasthali/Paka Patra)   │  ← औषधि + जल (Heating vessel)
│     ↓ Steam ↑                        │
│  2. CONDENSER (Sheetala Patra)      │  ← वाष्प को ठंडा करना
│     ↓ Condensed liquid              │
│  3. RECEIVER (Arka Sangrahara Patra)│  ← अर्क संग्रहण पात्र
└─────────────────────────────────────┘

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6. अर्क का वर्गीकरण (Classification of Arka - 7 प्रकार)

A. विषय-वस्तु के अनुसार (According to Contents)

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B. प्रयुक्त अंग के अनुसार (According to Part Used)

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C. निर्माण अवधि के अनुसार (According to Duration)

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D. दोष के अनुसार (According to Dosha)

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E. मनोगुण के अनुसार (According to Manogunas)

• सात्विक अर्क, राजसिक अर्क, तामसिक अर्क

F. ऋतु के अनुसार (According to Season/Ritu)

• विभिन्न ऋतुओं के लिए अलग-अलग अर्क

G. रोग के अनुसार (According to Disease)

• रोगविशेष अर्क जैसे - ज्वरहर अर्क, अतिसारहर अर्क, आदि

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7. अर्क प्रकाश के 10 अध्याय (10 Shatakas - Chapter Summary)

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8. मात्रा व अनुपान (Dose and Adjuvant)

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9. अर्क के गुण (Properties of Arka)

"दोषरहितत्व" - अर्क के सक्रिय तत्त्व आसवन से शुद्ध होकर निकलते हैं, इसलिए यह सर्वाधिक शक्तिशाली कल्पना है।

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10. गुण-दोष (Advantages & Disadvantages)

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11. प्रमुख अर्क उदाहरण (Famous Arka Preparations)

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12. आधुनिक तुलना (Modern Correlation)

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सारांश (Summary Chart)

ARKA KALPANA (Arka Prakasha - Ravana)
│
├── परिभाषा: जल में भीगे द्रव्यों का आसवन
├── यन्त्र: वारुणी यन्त्र (5 प्रकार)
├── अग्नि: षडग्नि (6 प्रकार)
├── भिगोना: द्रव्य अनुसार अनुपात (रात भर)
│
├── वर्गीकरण (7 आधार)
│   ├── विषय के अनुसार: गन्ध / स्थिर / द्रव
│   ├── अंग के अनुसार: पुष्प / पत्र / फल आदि
│   ├── समय के अनुसार: न्यून / मध्यम / श्रेष्ठ
│   ├── दोष अनुसार: वात / पित्त / कफ
│   ├── मनोगुण: सात्विक / राजसिक / तामसिक
│   ├── ऋतु अनुसार
│   └── रोग अनुसार
│
└── 196 एकल द्रव्य + 192 योग (Arka Prakasha में)

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