1. Explain the structure and functions of mitochondria. Enumerate common mitochondrial disorders and mention their key clinical features. 2. Explain the structure and functions of lysosomes. Add a note on lysosomal storage disorders. 3. Describe the fluid mosaic model of biological membranes. Add a labelled diagram. 4. Classify membrane transport mechanisms. Describe any two with examples. 5. Define carbohydrates. Classify with suitable examples. Add a note on glycosaminoglycans. 6. Classify amino acids on the basis of nutritional and metabolic significance. Add a note on functions of biologically important peptides. 7. Define proteins. Write in detail structural organization of proteins. Add a note on disorders associated with misfolded proteins. 8. Describe the functions of plasma proteins. Add a note on clinical significance of acute phase proteins. 9. Describe the structure of immunoglobulin. Classify immunoglobulins along with their functions. Explain paraproteinemias in brief. 10. Define lipids. Classify with suitable examples. Add a note on functions and clinical significance of phospholipids. 11. Define nucleotide and nucleoside. Outline and describe the structural features of DNA double helix. Add a note on clinical applications of synthetic nucleotide analogs. 12. Compare the structural features of different conformations of DNA double helix. Add a note on functions of biologically important nucleotides. 13. Describe the types, structure and functions of RNA. 14. Define enzymes. Classify with suitable examples. Add a note on mechanisms of enzyme action. 15. Define enzymes. Explain in detail factors affecting enzyme activity. 16. What is enzyme inhibitor? Give detail account of types of enzyme inhibitions with their clinical significance. 17. Write in detail diagnostic and therapeutic importance of enzymes. 1 | P a g e 18. Define isoenzymes. Give detail account of isoenzymes of Lactate dehydrogenase including their clinical significance. 19. Explain in detail biochemical functions and deficiency manifestations of vitamin A. 20. Explain in detail biochemical functions and deficiency manifestations of vitamin D. 21. Explain in detail biochemical functions and deficiency manifestations of vitamin K. 22. Describe biochemical functions and deficiency manifestations of vitamin C. 23. Explain in detail biochemical functions and deficiency manifestations of niacin. 24. Explain in detail biochemical functions and deficiency manifestations of hematopoietic vitamins. 25. Outline and explain the components of electron transport chain in detail. Add a note on inhibitors of ETC. 26. What is oxidative phosphorylation? Describe the mechanisms of oxidative phosphorylation. Add a note on inhibitors and inherited disorders of oxidative phosphorylation. 27. Define free radical. Describe the role of oxidative stress in pathogenesis of various diseases. 28. What are antioxidants. Classify antioxidants with suitable examples and enumerate their functions. 29. Describe the steps of aerobic glycolysis. Add a note on its energetics, regulation and inhibitors. 30. Describe steps in Rapaport-Leubering cycle. Add a note on significance of 2,3- BPG. 31. Describe the steps of Krebs cycle. Add a note on its energetics, regulation and inhibitors. 32. Describe the pathway of gluconeogenesis. Add a note on its precursors and regulation. 33. Describe the steps in HMP shunt pathway. Add a note on significance of this pathway and associated disorders. 34. Describe the steps in glycogen metabolism. Add a note on glycogen storage disorders. 2 | P a g e 35. Describe in detail glycogen metabolism. Add a note on its hormonal regulation. 36. Discuss the various mechanisms and role of hormones in blood glucose regulation. Add a note on types of diabetes mellitus. 37. Describe the oral glucose tolerance test including its procedure, indication, contraindication and interpretation. Add a note on types of GTT. 38. Describe the metabolic derangements in diabetes mellitus. Add a note on acute and chronic complications of diabetes mellitus and biochemical indices of diabetic control. 39. Write in detail metabolic processes in specific organs in fasting and fed state. 40. Describe the structure, functions and metabolism of lipoproteins. Add a note on atherosclerosis. 41. Describe in detail the stages in β-oxidation of fatty acids. Add a note on its energetics and associated disorders. 42. Explain in detail the synthesis and utilization of ketone bodies. Add a note on ketosis in starvation and diabetes mellitus. 43. Describe the synthesis and degradation of triacylglycerol along with its hormonal regulation. Add a note on metabolic derangements in fatty liver along with responsible factors. 44. Describe the steps in the biosynthesis of cholesterol along with its regulation. Add a note on hypercholesterolemia and hypocholesterolemia. 45. Describe the steps in the degradation of cholesterol. Add a note on cholelithiasis. 46. Describe the metabolic derangements in obesity and explain their role in the development of metabolic syndrome. 47. What are eicosanoids? Explain the biochemical functions and therapeutic applications of eicosanoids and their inhibitors. 48. Describe formation and transport of ammonia and explain role of transamination and deamination in the ammonia formation. 49. Give detail account of urea cycle. Add a note on its regulation and associated disorders. 50. Describe the metabolism of glycine. Add a note on metabolic disorders of glycine. 51. Describe the steps in the synthesis of creatine and glutathione. Explain their biochemical functions and clinical significance. 3 | P a g e 52. Describe the steps in the degradation of phenylalanine and tyrosine. Add a note on associated inborn errors of metabolism. 53. Discuss in detail metabolic disorders of phenyl alanine and tyrosine. 54. Describe the steps in the synthesis of melanin, thyroxine and catecholamines from tyrosine. Add a note on associated disorders. 55. Write in detail the steps in serotonin and kynurenine pathways of tryptophan metabolism. Add a note on Hartnup’s disease. 56. Give detailed account of one carbon metabolism/fate of carbon skeleton of amino acids. 57. Describe the metabolic pathways for methionine and cysteine. Add a note on inborn errors associated with their metabolism. 58. Write in brief various inborn errors of amino acid metabolism. 59. Describe the steps in the degradation of branched chain amino acids. Explain metabolic defects associated with their metabolism. 60. Describe the synthesis, functions and mechanism of action of nitric oxide. 61. Describe the structure and functions of hemoglobin. Write a note on abnormal hemoglobins. 62. Describe molecular basis of sickle cell anemia along with associated abnormalities and mechanism of sickling. Add a note on suggested diagnostic tests and management of the disease. 63. What are thalassemias? Describe its molecular basis. Explain α-thalassemias and β-thalassemias in detail. 64. Write in detail steps in the synthesis of heme. Add a note on porphyrias. 65. Give detail account of degradation of heme. Add a note on types of jaundice. 66. Outline the metabolism of heme. Classify and explain hereditary hyperbilirubinemias. 67. Describe the steps in the de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides. Explain the clinical applications of inhibitors of purine synthesis. 68. Write the steps in salvage pathway of purine nucleotide synthesis. Describe in detail Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. 69. Write the steps in the catabolism of purine nucleotides. Add a note on primary and secondary gout. 4 | P a g e 70. Describe the synthesis and degradation of pyrimidines and disorders associated with them. 71. Describe the dietary sources, absorption, transport, metabolism, biochemical functions and deficiency manifestations of iron and copper. 72. Describe the dietary sources and absorption of calcium and phosphorus. Explain plasma calcium homeostasis. Add a note on associated diseases. 73. Describe the dietary sources of magnesium and zinc. Explain their biochemical functions and deficiency manifestations. 74. Define detoxification. Describe the mechanisms of detoxification. Write in detail metabolism of xenobiotics. 75. Define balanced diet. Write in detail different food groups and example of balanced diet. Provide dietary advice for optimal health in coronary artery disease and diabetes mellitus. 76. Compare and contrast Kwashiorkar and Marasmus. 77. Explain the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. Add a note on dehydration. 78. Describe in detail the three mechanisms involved in maintenance of blood pH. 79. Write in detail renal regulation of acid-base balance. Add a note on metabolic acidosis. 80. Give detailed account of acid-base disorders. 81. Write four functions of kidney. Describe in detail tests done in clinical practice to assess kidney function. 82. Write four functions of liver. Describe in detail tests done in clinical practice to assess liver function. 83. Write functions of thyroid gland. Give detailed account of thyroid function tests. 84. Write functions of adrenal gland. Give detailed account of adrenal function tests. 85. Describe the process of replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Add a note on inhibitors of DNA replication. 86. Describe in detail mechanisms of DNA repair. Add a note on disorders associated with defects in DNA repair. 87. What is mutation in DNA? Describe different types and consequences of DNA mutations. 5 | P a g e 88. Describe in detail process of transcription. Compare transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Add a note on post-transcriptional modifications. 89. Outline the initiation, elongation and termination in protein biosynthesis. Explain in detail post-translational modifications. 90. Discuss in detail inhibitors of transcription and translation. 91. Describe in detail Lac operon. 92. Explain the regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes. 93. Outline the basic principle of rDNA technology. Describe in detail applications of recombinant DNA technology. 94. Write in brief principle of PCR. Add a note on applications of PCR. 95. Outline the principles of FISH, microarray and CRISPR and write their applications. 96. Explain the biochemical changes in AIDS. 97. Define cancer. Write in detail mechanisms of oncogene activation. 98. What are tumor markers. Write in detail clinical significance of various tumor markers. 99. Describe in detail biochemical basis of cancer therapies. 100. Explain the roles of artificial intelligence in clinical laboratory practices. Can you please give me detailed answer of all these hundred questions with exam-oriented in MBBS exam and with colorful diagrams and well-labeled flowcharts and full diagram pics colorful.