laminar air flow orthopaedic surgery theatre infection control exam answer

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4645891

laminar air flow operating theatre types vertical horizontal HEPA CFU standards orthopaedics

A detailed medical diagram flowchart titled "Laminar Air Flow in Orthopaedic Surgery" showing: 1) At top: "Operating Theatre Air Contamination Problem" with arrows showing bacteria, skin squames, and particles from personnel. 2) Middle section: "Laminar Air Flow System" branching into "Vertical LAF" (ceiling-mounted HEPA filters, air flows downward, preferred in orthopaedics) and "Horizontal LAF" (wall-mounted HEPA filters, air flows sideways, easier to retrofit). 3) Key specs box: "Air changes: 300/hr, CFU: less than 10/m3, HEPA filter: 99.97% efficiency, Velocity: 0.38 m/s (UK standard)". 4) Bottom section showing "Benefits" leading to "Reduced SSI in THA/TKA, Reduced airborne bacterial load, Ultraclean air zone". Also show "Additional measures": Space suits, Prophylactic antibiotics, Antibiotic cement. Clean medical diagram style with blue and white color scheme, professional clinical illustration.

Medical illustration comparing two types of Laminar Air Flow systems in an operating theatre: Left panel shows "Vertical LAF" with ceiling-mounted HEPA filter unit directing clean filtered air straight downward over patient and surgical team, arrows showing air flow downward and exhaust at floor level, surgeon and nurses positioned around patient. Right panel shows "Horizontal LAF" with wall-mounted HEPA filter unit directing air horizontally across the surgical field, arrows showing horizontal airflow. Both panels labeled with key components: HEPA filter, sterile zone, surgical team, patient, exhaust grilles. Include a small box showing "Conventional Plenum Ventilation: 15-25 air changes/hr vs LAF: up to 300 air changes/hr". Professional clinical diagram, clean blue and white medical illustration style.