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📚 Unit 12/13: Abnormal & Treatment — Full Study Guide

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🔵 DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS

• What it is: The "bible" of mental disorders — a book psychiatrists/psychologists use to officially classify and diagnose psychological disorders.
• Key hook: DSM = Diagnosis Standard Manual. Fifth edition = V. Think: the rulebook for diagnosing mental illness.

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🔴 ANXIETY DISORDERS (worry/fear-based)

• What it is: A broad category — psychological disorders where people feel persistent, distressing anxiety OR do maladaptive (unhealthy) things to reduce that anxiety.
• Key hook: Persistent = won't go away. Maladaptive = makes things worse long-term.

• What it is: Constant tension and worry about everything — not one specific thing. Body is always in "alert mode" (autonomic nervous system arousal = heart racing, sweating, etc.)
• Key hook: "GENERALIZED" = no specific trigger, just general constant worry. Compare to Specific Phobia which IS specific.
• Don't confuse with Specific Phobia: GAD = everything/nothing specific. Specific Phobia = ONE thing.

• What it is: Irrational, persistent fear and avoidance of ONE specific thing — object, activity, or situation (spiders, heights, flying, etc.)
• Key hook: "SPECIFIC" = exactly one thing feared. Irrational = they know it's unreasonable but can't help it.

• What it is: Unwanted, repetitive thoughts (obsessions) AND/OR repetitive actions (compulsions). Example: can't stop thinking about germs (obsession) → washes hands 50 times (compulsion).
• Key hook: O = obsessions (thoughts) | C = compulsions (actions). Two-part disorder.

• What it is: After a traumatic event, person has haunting memories/flashbacks, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, insomnia — lasting 4+ weeks.
• Key hook: POST = AFTER trauma. The "4 weeks" detail is important. Haunting memories + jumpy = PTSD.

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🟣 OTHER SPECIFIC DISORDERS

• What it is: A somatoform disorder — person has REAL physical symptoms (paralysis, blindness, seizures) but doctors can find zero physical cause. It's psychological stress converting into physical symptoms.
• Key hook: "CONVERT" = psychological pain converts into physical symptoms. No medical explanation.

• What it is: A dissociative disorder — person has 2 or more distinct, alternating personalities (formerly called "multiple personality disorder").
• Key hook: "DISSOCIATIVE" = mind dissociates/splits. Multiple distinct personalities. Very rare.

• What it is: A mood disorder triggered by low sunlight in winter months — causes depression during winter.
• Key hook: SAD = the acronym literally describes the mood 😔. Season → Winter → Low sunlight → Depression.

• What it is: Mood disorder where person swings between the extreme lows of depression (hopelessness, lethargy) and the extreme highs of mania (overexcited, impulsive, energetic).
• Key hook: BI = TWO poles. Depression pole ↔ Mania pole. Alternates between them.
• Don't confuse with SAD: SAD is only LOW mood (winter). Bipolar goes HIGH AND LOW.

• What it is: When repeated exposure to unavoidable bad events makes a person stop trying — passive resignation. "Nothing I do matters so why bother."
• Key hook: Think of a dog shocked repeatedly who stops trying to escape even when they could. Repeated unavoidable pain → give up.

• What it is: Severe disorder with delusions (false beliefs), hallucinations (false sensory experiences), disorganized speech, and flat/inappropriate emotional expression.
• Key hook: The "big 4": Delusions, Hallucinations, Disorganized speech, Flat affect. Schizo = "split mind" (split from reality, NOT split personalities — that's DID).

• What it is: False sensory experiences — seeing, hearing, feeling something that isn't there (no external stimulus).
• Key hook: No external stimulus = hallucination. Most common in schizophrenia. Hearing voices is the classic example.
• Don't confuse with Delusions: Hallucinations = sensory (see/hear it). Delusions = belief (think you're being followed).

• What it is: A state of being unresponsive to the outside world — muscle rigidity, staring, can't communicate. Like being "frozen."
• Key hook: CATATONIA = CATAtonic = completely frozen, staring, rigid. Unresponsive.

• What it is: Personality disorder — person has no conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family. They harm others without guilt or remorse.
• Key hook: ANTI-SOCIAL ≠ shy/introverted. It means NO conscience, no guilt. Think: sociopath behavior.

• What it is: Personality disorder marked by extreme suspiciousness and mistrust of everyone.
• Key hook: PARANOID = always thinks others are out to get them. Extreme mistrust.
• Don't confuse with Anti-Social: Anti-Social = no conscience. Paranoid = extreme distrust of others.

• What it is: Eating disorder — person maintains a starvation diet (severe restriction of food) even though they are already significantly underweight.
• Key hook: ANOREXIA = starving yourself. Already underweight but still restricts. Distorted body image.

• What it is: Eating disorder — person cycles between binge eating (eating huge amounts) and purging/fasting (vomiting, laxatives, or not eating) to compensate.
• Key hook: BULIMIA = Binge + Purge cycle. Compare: Anorexia = only restricts. Bulimia = binge THEN purge.

• What it is: Appears in childhood — significant deficits in communication and social interaction.
• Key hook: ASD = appears in CHILDHOOD. Social + communication deficits. "Spectrum" = ranges from mild to severe.

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🟢 THERAPY TYPES

• What it is: A psychoanalytic technique — patient relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no filter. Used to explore the unconscious.
• Key hook: FREE = no filter, say anything. Freud's method. Explore the UNCONSCIOUS.

• What it is: In psychoanalysis, the patient transfers emotions they feel toward other people (parents, exes) onto the therapist.
• Key hook: TRANSFER = emotions shift FROM other people TO the therapist. "I'm getting mad at my therapist but I'm actually mad at my dad."

• What it is: Humanistic therapy by Carl Rogers — therapist uses active listening in a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to help the client grow. The client leads the session.
• Key hook: CLIENT-CENTERED = client leads, not the therapist. Carl Rogers. Active listening + empathy.

• What it is: Therapies that use learning principles (conditioning) to eliminate unwanted behaviors.
• Key hook: BEHAVIOR = change the behavior through learning. Not thoughts, not feelings — behaviors.

• What it is: A type of exposure therapy — gradually expose someone to their feared stimulus while keeping them in a relaxed state. Associates relaxation with the feared thing.
• Key hook: SYSTEMATIC = step by step, gradual. DESENSITIZE = reduce sensitivity to fear. Relaxation + fear = paired together.

• What it is: An integrative therapy that combines cognitive (changing self-defeating thoughts) + behavioral (changing behaviors). Very popular and evidence-based.
• Key hook: CBT = Change Thoughts + Change Behaviors. Two-part. Most widely used therapy today.
• Don't confuse with Behaviorist Therapies: Behaviorist = only behavior. CBT = thoughts AND behavior.

• What it is: Therapy conducted with groups instead of one-on-one. Benefits come from group interaction.
• Key hook: GROUP = multiple people. Therapeutic benefits come FROM the group dynamic itself.

• What it is: The study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior.
• Key hook: PSYCHO = mind. PHARMACO = drugs. Study of how drugs affect the mind.

• What it is: Drugs used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTSD.
• Key hook: ANTI-DEPRESSANTS — but they treat MORE than just depression. Also anxiety, OCD, PTSD.

• What it is: A biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients — a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized (unconscious) patient.
• Key hook: ECT = ELECTRIC current to the BRAIN. Only for severe depression. Patient is put to sleep first (anesthetized).

• What it is: Medical doctors (MDs) who specialize in treating psychological disorders AND can prescribe medication.
• Key hook: PSYCHIATRIST = can PRESCRIBE. They went to medical school. Compare to psychologists who typically can't prescribe.

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⚠️ MOST COMMONLY CONFUSED PAIRS

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📝 QUIZ TIME — Match the Following

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QUIZ SET 1 (Terms 1–16)

1. DSM-V
2. Anxiety Disorders
3. Generalized Anxiety Disorder
4. Specific Phobia
5. Conversion Disorder
6. Dissociative Identity Disorder
7. Seasonal Affective Disorder
8. Bipolar Disorder
9. Learned Helplessness
10. Schizophrenia
11. Hallucinations
12. Catatonia
13. Anti-Social Personality Disorder
14. Paranoid Personality Disorder
15. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
16. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

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QUIZ SET 2 (Terms 17–30)

1. Anorexia Nervosa
2. Bulimia Nervosa
3. Autism Spectrum Disorder
4. Free Association
5. Transference
6. Client-Centered Therapy
7. Behaviorist Therapies
8. Systematic Desensitization
9. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
10. Group Therapy
11. Psychopharmacology
12. Antidepressants
13. Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
14. Psychiatrists

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✅ ANSWER KEY

Quiz Set 1:

Quiz Set 2:

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📝 MEGA QUIZ — All 30 Terms in One Set

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COLUMN A (Terms)

1. Schizophrenia
2. Bipolar Disorder
3. Antidepressants
4. Conversion Disorder
5. Generalized Anxiety Disorder
6. Client-Centered Therapy
7. Catatonia
8. Bulimia Nervosa
9. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
10. Psychiatrists
11. Free Association
12. Autism Spectrum Disorder
13. Learned Helplessness
14. DSM-V
15. Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
16. Paranoid Personality Disorder
17. Systematic Desensitization
18. Dissociative Identity Disorder
19. Anorexia Nervosa
20. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
21. Transference
22. Seasonal Affective Disorder
23. Hallucinations
24. Group Therapy
25. Specific Phobia
26. Behaviorist Therapies
27. Anti-Social Personality Disorder
28. Anxiety Disorders
29. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
30. Psychopharmacology

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COLUMN B (Definitions)

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✅ ANSWER KEY

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