🟥NEUROLOGY – LONG QUESTIONS 2025 1. Discuss the clinical features, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of myasthenia gravis. [2+2+2+4] 2. a) Describe etiopathogenesis and clinical presentation of Parkinson’s disease. [5] b) Write about management of drug-induced parkinsonism. [2] c) Write red flag signs for Parkinson’s disease. [3] 3. a) Enumerate the ICHD-3 classification of headache disorders. [2] b) Outline a systematic diagnostic approach to a patient with new-onset headache. [3] c) Describe the red-flag features and initial investigations for secondary headache. [5] 4. a) Enumerate the inclusion and exclusion criteria for IV alteplase (tPA) therapy in ischemic stroke. [5] b) Discuss the principles, timing, and outcomes of mechanical thrombectomy. [5] 5. a) Draw and label a detailed cross-section of the midbrain at the level of the superior colliculus. [5] b) Describe the clinical features of major midbrain stroke syndromes. [5] 2024 6. Describe the classification of autoimmune encephalitis in adults. Discuss the diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis.Briefly discuss its treatment. 7. Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke. Outline the strategies to prevent recurrence of Ischemic Stroke. 8. Enumerate causes of reversible dementias. Discuss the recent advances in the management of Alzheimer's disease. 9. Describe any three Midbrain Syndromes. 10. Describe the neurological findings helpful in localization of lesion in nervous system. 2023 11. Describe the plantar response and draw a labelled diagram of its reflex arc. Discuss the abnormalities observed in the plantar response with their causes. 12. How do you approach a case of coma? Discuss the aetio-pathogenesis of coma. Outline the established criteria of brain death. 13. What is cerebral venous thrombosis? Discuss the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of cerebral venous thrombosis in a pregnant woman. 14. Write briefly about drug induced movement disorders. Discuss clinical features and management of Parkinsonism. 15. Enumerate causes of reversible dementias. Discuss the recent advances in the management of Alzheimer's disease. 16. Draw neat labelled diagram of axial section of mid brain. Describe any Three midbrain syndromes. 2022 17. Draw neat labelled diagram of axial section of mid brain. Describe any Three midbrain syndromes. 18. Neurological findings helpful in localizations of lesion in nervous system. 19. AIDS-associated myelopathy. ════════════════════ MOST REPEATED NEUROLOGY TOPICS ════════════════════ ★★★★★ Stroke • Cerebral Venous Thrombosis (2023) • Acute Ischemic Stroke (2024) • IV Alteplase (2025) • Mechanical Thrombectomy (2025) ★★★★★ Parkinsonism • Drug-induced movement disorders (2023) • Parkinsonism (2023) • Parkinson Disease (2025) ★★★★ Midbrain • Midbrain anatomy (2022) • Midbrain syndromes (2022, 2023, 2025) ★★★★ Dementia • Reversible dementias (2023, 2024) • Alzheimer's disease advances (2023, 2024) ★★★★ Autoimmune Neurology • Autoimmune encephalitis (2024) ★★★★ Neuromuscular Disorders • Myasthenia gravis (2025) ★★★★ Coma & Brain Death • Coma approach (2023) • Brain death criteria (2023) ★★★★ Neuro-localization • Localization of lesion in nervous system (2022, 2024) HIGH-YIELD FOR EXAM 1. Stroke 2. Parkinsonism 3. Dementia 4. Autoimmune Encephalitis 5. Myasthenia Gravis 6. Coma & Brain Death 7. Midbrain Syndromes 8. Neuro-localization 🟥CARDIOLOGY – LONG QUESTIONS 🟥 2025 1. a) Define hypertriglyceridemia and classify it according to fasting serum triglyceride levels. [2] b) Describe the genetic and secondary causes of hypertriglyceridemia, citing key molecular mechanisms. [3]c) Describe the role of coronary calcium scoring and CT angiography. [5] 2. a) Explain the Frank-Starling mechanism of the heart and its clinical relevance in heart failure. [5] b) Describe the determinants of cardiac output and their regulation. [5] 3. a) Write about viral myocarditis. [5] b) Write a note on Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. [5] 4. a) What are the causes of dilated cardiomyopathy? [3] b) Discuss the diagnosis and management of dilated cardiomyopathy. [2+5] 2024 5. a) Enumerate the causes of secondary Hypertension. [3] b) Outline the approach to a patient with resistant HTN. [7] 6. a) Define asymptomatic LV dysfunction (ASLVD) and its pathogenesis. [1+3] b) Outline the protocol for its screening. [3] c) Discuss the role of SGLT2 inhibitors and devices therapy in ASLVD. [3] 7. a) Iatrogenic injuries during Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. [5] b) Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors. [5] 8. a) Sudden cardiac death: Definition, risk factors and secondary preventions. [1+2+2] b) Describe management of inflight medical events on commercial airlines. [5] 9. a) Describe the causes of Atrial Fibrillation (AF). [3] b) Discuss the strategies of management of AF. [4] c) Outline the recent advances on Pulsed Field Ablation system for AF. [3] 2023 10. Discuss the etiology, clinical & electrocardiograph features, and management of hyperkalemia. [3+3+4] 11. a) What is re-entry? Explain and discuss with diagrams the role of re-entry in cardiac arrhythmias. [5] b) Describe the management of atrial fibrillation. [5] 12. What are acute coronary syndromes? Discuss the management and complications of ST elevation myocardial infarction. 13. Classify angiotensin receptor blockers. Discuss their mechanism of action, indications and side effects. 2022 14. a) Pathogenesis of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. [5] b) Pathophysiology and management of orthostatic hypotension. [5] 15. Classify cardiomyopathies and list its genetic aetiology. How will you evaluate these patients and differentiate between them on the basis of clinical features? 16. Discuss the risk factors, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary thromboembolism. ════════════════════ REPEATED HIGH-YIELD CARDIOLOGY TOPICS ════════════════════ ★ Atrial Fibrillation (2023, 2024) ★ Cardiomyopathy (2022, 2025) ★ Hypertension (2024) ★ Heart Failure / Cardiac Output (2024, 2025) ★ Sudden Cardiac Death (2024) ★ STEMI / ACS (2023) ★ PCI and Interventional Cardiology (2024) ★ Arrhythmias (2022, 2023, 2024) ★ Pulmonary Thromboembolism (2022) ★ Lipid Disorders and Coronary Risk Assessment (2025) 🟥GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY – LONG QUESTIONS🟥 2025 1. a) What is the composition and function of the fecal microbiota? [3] b) What is fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and what are the current indications and contraindications for FMT? [3] c) Describe the techniques used in FMT and future perspectives of fecal microbiota therapy. [4] 2. a) Pathogenesis in alcohol liver disease (ALD). [5] b) Describe the diagnostic approach to ALD. [3] c) Mention prognostic scoring systems used in ALD. [2] 3. a) What are hepatic porphyrias? [3] b) Discuss the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of acute intermittent porphyrias. [2+3+2] 2024 4. Enumerate the complications of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD).Discuss the treatment of severe Ulcerative Colitis. Enumerate the novel drugs for the management of IBD. 5. a) Clinical and biochemical assessment of nutrition in acute care settings. [3+2] b) Parenteral Nutrition therapy. [5] 2023 6. How do you diagnose irritable bowel syndrome? Discuss its management. 7. Discuss the pathophysiology of metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD).How do you prevent and treat MAFLD? 8. Write briefly about small bowel endoscopy. 9. Enteral nutrition. Enteral versus Parenteral nutrition. 2022 10. Enumerate the causes of and discuss the approach to the management of a patient with haematemesis. 11. Enumerate the causes of acute pancreatitis. Discuss the clinical manifestations and management of a patient with acute pancreatitis. 12. List the conditions that present with fever and jaundice. Describe the approach to the diagnosis of a patient with fever and jaundice. 13. Gut hormones. 14. Diagnostic tests for Helicobacter pylori infection. ════════════════════ MOST REPEATED GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY TOPICS ════════════════════ ★★★★★ Nutrition • Enteral nutrition (2023) • Enteral vs Parenteral nutrition (2023) • Parenteral Nutrition therapy (2024) ★★★★★ Inflammatory Bowel Disease • Complications of IBD (2024) • Severe Ulcerative Colitis (2024) • Novel drugs in IBD (2024) ★★★★ Liver Disease • MAFLD (2023) • Alcoholic Liver Disease (2025) • Fever with Jaundice (2022) ★★★★ Intestinal Disorders • IBS (2023) • Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (2025) ★★★★ Upper GI Bleeding • Hematemesis (2022) ★★★★ Pancreatic Disease • Acute Pancreatitis (2022) ★★★★ Hepatology • Acute Intermittent Porphyria (2025) • MAFLD (2023) • Alcoholic Liver Disease (2025) ════════════════════ VERY HIGH-YIELD TOPICS ════════════════════ 1. Acute Pancreatitis 2. Hematemesis / UGIB 3. MAFLD (NAFLD) 4. IBD 5. Ulcerative Colitis 6. IBS 7. Enteral & Parenteral Nutrition 8. Fever with Jaundice 9. Alcoholic Liver Disease 10. FMT (Recent Advances) 11. Helicobacter pylori 12. Acute Intermittent Porphyria 🟥NEPHROLOGY – LONG QUESTIONS 🟥 2025 1. a) Explain the immunopathologic mechanisms of antiglomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease. [5] b) Describe the principles and timing of plasmapheresis and immunosuppressive therapy. [5] 2. How do you approach a case of urethritis in men? Discuss its management in men. [5+5] 2024 3. Discuss the etio-pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and treatment of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). 4. Describe the etiology and diagnosis of renal tubular acidosis. 5. a) Describe the functions of loop of Henle. [4] b) Enumerate inherited disorders involving the Loop of Henle. [3] c) Add a note on Bartter's Syndrome. [3] 2023 6. Describe the various types of renal replacement therapy. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each modality. 7. List the causes of recurrent urinary tract infection. Describe its clinical features, evaluation and treatment. 8. a) Estimation of Glomerular filtration rate. [5] b) Pathophysiology of Diabetic kidney disease. [5] 2022 9. Describe the different types of renal replacement therapy. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each modality. [5+5] 10. List the causes of recurrent urinary tract infection. Describe its clinical features, evaluation and treatment. [2+(2+3+3)] 11. Discuss the etio-pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and treatment of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. ════════════════════ MOST REPEATED NEPHROLOGY TOPICS ════════════════════ ★★★★★ Renal Replacement Therapy • 2022 • 2023 ★★★★★ Recurrent UTI • 2022 • 2023 ★★★★★ ADPKD • 2022 • 2024 ★★★★ CKD / Diabetic Kidney Disease • 2023 ★★★★ Renal Tubular Disorders • Loop of Henle (2024) • Bartter Syndrome (2024) • RTA (2024) ★★★★ Glomerular Disease • Anti-GBM disease (2025) ════════════════════ HIGH-YIELD NEPHROLOGY TOPICS ════════════════════ 1. Renal Replacement Therapy 2. ADPKD 3. Recurrent UTI 4. Diabetic Kidney Disease 5. Renal Tubular Acidosis 6. Bartter Syndrome 7. Loop of Henle Disorders 8. Anti-GBM Disease 9. Plasmapheresis 10. Urethritis in Men 🟥HEMATOLOGY – LONG QUESTIONS🟥 2025 1. a) Describe clinical manifestations and management of hemophilia. [3+2] b) Write about recent advances in the management of hemophilia. [5] 2. a) Outline the mechanism of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy. [5] b) Enumerate its indications, efficacy, and complications in hematologic malignancies. [5] 2024 3. Discuss the approach to a patient with Pancytopenia. Discuss the management of Aplastic Anaemia. 4. Describe the physiologic basis of red cell production.Enumerate the etiology and discuss the evaluation of Hypoproliferative Anemia. 5. a) Write briefly on blood component therapy. [5] b) Artificial oxygen carriers. [5] ════════════════════ 2023 ════════════════════ 6. Describe the biochemical and physiological basis of clinical features and complications seen in patients with haemolytic anemia. 7. Discuss the clinical features of Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH). 8. Enumerate the various iron overload states. Discuss the pathophysiology, diagnosis, clinical features and management of hemochromatosis. 9. Classify plasma cell disorders. Discuss clinical features, diagnosis and management of multiple myeloma. ════════════════════ 2022 ════════════════════ 10. Describe the physiology of iron absorption and transport in the body. Discuss the diagnosis of iron deficiency and adverse effects of treatment with iron preparations. 11. Discuss mechanism of Hemoglobin degradation. 12. Pathogenesis and diagnostic tests for hypercoagulable state. ════════════════════ TOPIC-WISE FREQUENCY ════════════════════ ★★★★★ Anemia • Hemolytic Anemia (2023) • Hypoproliferative Anemia (2024) • Iron Deficiency Anemia (2022) ★★★★★ Bone Marrow Failure • Pancytopenia (2024) • Aplastic Anemia (2024) ★★★★★ Iron Metabolism • Iron Absorption & Transport (2022) • Hemochromatosis (2023) ★★★★ Plasma Cell Disorders • Multiple Myeloma (2023) ★★★★ Coagulation Disorders • Hypercoagulable States (2022) • Hemophilia (2025) ★★★★ PNH • PNH (2023) ★★★★ Advanced Hematology • CAR-T Cell Therapy (2025) • Artificial Oxygen Carriers (2024) ════════════════════ MOST IMPORTANT FOR EXAM ════════════════════ 1. Pancytopenia 2. Aplastic Anemia 3. Multiple Myeloma 4. Hemolytic Anemia 5. Iron Metabolism 6. Iron Deficiency Anemia 7. Hemochromatosis 8. Hypercoagulable States 9. Hemophilia 10. PNH 11. CAR-T Cell Therapy 12. Blood Component Therapy ════════════════════ SHORT QUESTIONS ASKED ════════════════════ 2025 • Clinical manifestations of hemophilia (3) • Management of hemophilia (2) • Recent advances in hemophilia (5) • CAR-T mechanism (5) • CAR-T indications and complications (5) 2024 • Blood component therapy (5) • Artificial oxygen carriers (5) 2023 • Clinical features of PNH (5) 2022 • Hemoglobin degradation (5) • Hypercoagulable states (5) Hematology is a relatively compact section in DNB papers. The highest-yield topics are Pancytopenia, Aplastic Anemia, Multiple

🟥ONCOLOGY – LONG QUESTIONS🟥 ════════════════════ 2025 ════════════════════ 1. a) Describe the genetic and molecular mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis. [5] b) Describe the role of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes with suitable examples. [5] 2. a) Outline oncological emergencies. [3] b) Mention key signs/symptoms and management principles of oncological emergencies. [3+4] 3. a) Outline the mechanism of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy. [5] b) Enumerate its indications, efficacy, and complications in hematologic malignancies. [5] ════════════════════ 2024 ════════════════════ No dedicated long Oncology question identified from the uploaded 2024 papers. However, the following cancer-related topics were asked under Recent Advances / Hematology: • CAR-T therapy • Stem cell transplantation • Biosimilars ════════════════════ 2023 ════════════════════ No dedicated Oncology long question identified from the uploaded 2023 papers. Cancer-related topics asked: • Dermatological manifestations of internal malignancy • Multiple Myeloma • Hemochromatosis (differential overlap with hepatology) ════════════════════ 2022 ════════════════════ Cancer-related / Molecular Oncology topics: • Single gene disorders • Gene therapy • Stem cell transplantation • Novel vaccine approaches ════════════════════ SHORT QUESTIONS ════════════════════ 2025 • Genetic and molecular mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis (5) • Role of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes (5) • Oncological emergencies (3) • Clinical features of oncological emergencies (3) • Management principles of oncological emergencies (4) • CAR-T cell therapy mechanism (5) • CAR-T indications, efficacy and complications (5) ════════════════════ IMPORTANT ONCOLOGY THEMES ════════════════════ ★★★★★ Carcinogenesis • Molecular mechanisms • Genetic mutations • Oncogenes • Tumor suppressor genes ★★★★★ Oncological Emergencies • Tumor lysis syndrome • Hypercalcemia of malignancy • Febrile neutropenia • SVCO • Malignant spinal cord compression ★★★★★ Immunotherapy • CAR-T cell therapy • Cellular immunotherapy ★★★★ Precision Medicine • Molecular oncology • Targeted therapy • Biomarkers ★★★★ Cancer Genetics • Gene therapy • Single gene disorders • Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) ════════════════════ HIGH-YIELD DNB ONCOLOGY TOPICS ════════════════════ 1. Carcinogenesis 2. Oncogenes 3. Tumor Suppressor Genes 4. Tumor Lysis Syndrome 5. Febrile Neutropenia 6. Hypercalcemia of Malignancy 7. Malignant Spinal Cord Compression 8. Superior Vena Cava Obstruction 9. CAR-T Therapy 10. Gene Therapy 11. NGS in Oncology 12. Precision OncologyAmong all Oncology-related questions in the uploaded DNB papers, Carcinogenesis, Oncological Emergencies, and CAR-T Therapy are the core repeatedly emphasized exam topics and should be prepared in detail. 🟥INFECTIOUS DISEASES –LONG🟥 ════════════════════ 2025 ════════════════════ 1. a) Describe the physiologic and immunologic changes in pregnancy that predispose to infections. [5] b) Describe the general principles of antimicrobial use and contraindicated drugs during pregnancy. [5] 2. a) What is bioterrorism and what are the common biological agents used in bioterrorism? [3] b) What are the clinical features and diagnosis of major bioterrorism-related infections? [3] c) How is bioterrorism prevented and controlled? What are the public health preparedness and response measures? [2+2] 3. a) Recent guidelines suggested by National Tuberculosis Elimination Program (NTEP). [5] b) Newer antituberculosis drugs with their side effects. [5] ════════════════════ 2024 ════════════════════ 4. a) Enumerate the viral agents causing haemorrhagic fever. [3] b) Describe the clinical features and management of Dengue fever. [3+4] 5. a) Discuss the pathogenesis of tetanus and enumerate the risk factors for adult tetanus. [3+2] b) Outline the management of tetanus and tetanus prevention. [5] 6. a) Describe the criteria for diagnosis of infective endocarditis. [4] b) Discuss in brief the etiology, complications and management of right sided infective endocarditis. [2+2+2] 7. Describe the pulmonary manifestations of HIV infection. 8. Write about pathobiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of Cryptococcal disease. 9. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in immunocompromised host. ════════════════════ 2023 ════════════════════ 10. Describe the pulmonary manifestations of HIV infection. 11. Write about pathobiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of Cryptococcal disease. 12. Mucormycosis: Etiopathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and management. 13. Nipah Virus Infection: Epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis and prevention. 14. ART drugs and their mechanism of action. 15. MDR-TB: Mechanism, diagnosis and management. ════════════════════ 2022 ════════════════════ 16. Discuss the risk factors, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary thromboembolism. (Note: Often classified under Respiratory Medicine but infective differentials frequently discussed) 17. Infective Endocarditis: Etiology, diagnosis, complications and management. 18. Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance. 19. Antimicrobial stewardship: Principles and implementation. ════════════════════ TUBERCULOSIS QUESTIONS ════════════════════ 2025 • Recent guidelines suggested by NTEP. [5] • Newer antituberculosis drugs with side effects. [5] 2024 • Urinary LAM. • Bedaquiline. • Drug Resistant Tuberculosis. 2023 • MDR-TB: Mechanism, diagnosis and management. ════════════════════ HIV QUESTIONS ════════════════════ 2024 • CMV infection in immunocompromised host. • Pulmonary manifestations of HIV. 2023 • Pulmonary manifestations of HIV. • ART drugs and mechanism of action. • Cryptococcal disease. ════════════════════ MOST REPEATED TOPICS ════════════════════ ★★★★★ Tuberculosis • MDR-TB • DR-TB • NTEP • Bedaquiline • Urinary LAM ★★★★★ HIV • ART • Pulmonary manifestations • Opportunistic infections ★★★★★ Opportunistic Fungal Infections • Cryptococcosis • Mucormycosis ★★★★ Emerging Viral Infections • Dengue • Nipah Virus • Viral Hemorrhagic Fever ★★★★ Antimicrobial Resistance • AMR mechanisms • Antimicrobial stewardship ★★★★ Infective Endocarditis • Duke criteria • Right-sided IE ★★★★ Tetanus ★★★★ Bioterrorism ════════════════════ ABSOLUTE HIGH-YIELD FOR DNB ════════════════════ 1. Tuberculosis (MDR/DR-TB, NTEP, Bedaquiline) 2. HIV & ART 3. Cryptococcosis 4. Mucormycosis 5. CMV Infection 6. Dengue Fever 7. Infective Endocarditis 8. Tetanus 9. Antimicrobial Resistance 10. Antimicrobial Stewardship 11. Viral Hemorrhagic Fever 12. Nipah Virus 13. Bioterrorism 🟥ENDOCRINOLOGY – LONG QUESTIONS 🟥 ════════════════════ 2025 ════════════════════ 1. a) Describe pathophysiology and clinical features of acromegaly. [5] b) Outline diagnostic tests and management for acromegaly. [5] 2. a) Classification of newer insulins. [3] b) What are the limitations of conventional insulin therapy? [3] c) Describe clinical advantages and safety considerations, and emerging technologies in insulin delivery. [4] 3. a) Define incretins and explain their physiological role in glucose homeostasis. [2] b) Describe the mechanisms of action of incretin hormones. [2] c) Classify incretin-based therapies. [2] d) Discuss their clinical benefits and recent developments. [4] ════════════════════ 2024 ════════════════════ 4. a) Describe briefly hormonal feedback regulatory systems. [2] b) Outline the causes, clinical features and treatment of hyperprolactinemia. [3+3+2] 5. a) Discuss Magnesium metabolism. [3] b) Discuss the causes, clinical manifestations and treatment of Hypomagnesemia. [3+2+2] 6. a) Discuss Incretin-Based Therapy. [5] b) Write in brief about the diagnosis and treatment of Gestational Diabetes. [2+3] 7. a) Compare and contrast Intermittent Fasting versus Caloric Restriction. [4] b) Insulin Resistance – causes, diagnosis and treatment. [2+2+2] ════════════════════ 2023 ════════════════════ 8. Describe the various types of insulin delivery devices. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the various insulin delivery devices. [4+6] 9. a) Explain how pituitary gland orchestrates the complex regulatory functions of many other endocrine glands. [4] b) How do you approach a case of diabetes insipidus? Discuss its treatment. [3+3] 10. a) Enumerate causes of thyrotoxicosis. [2] b) Discuss pathophysiology, causes, laboratory evaluation and treatment of subacute thyroiditis. [2+2+2+2] 11. Discuss the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of pheochromocytomas. [3+4+3] ════════════════════ 2022 ════════════════════ 12. a) Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. [5]b) Pathophysiology of Hyperosmolar Non-Ketotic coma. [5] 13. Describe the clinical features, investigations and treatment of a 30-year-old lady with a large multinodular goitre. [3+3+4] ════════════════════ SHORT QUESTIONS ASKED ════════════════════ 2025 • Classification of newer insulins (3) • Limitations of conventional insulin therapy (3) • Define incretins (2) • Physiological role of incretins (2) • Mechanism of incretin hormones (2) 2024 • Hormonal feedback regulatory systems (2) • Causes of hyperprolactinemia (3) • Clinical features of hyperprolactinemia (3) • Treatment of hyperprolactinemia (2) • Magnesium metabolism (3) • Clinical manifestations of hypomagnesemia (2) • Treatment of hypomagnesemia (2) 2023 • Causes of thyrotoxicosis (2) • Pituitary regulation of endocrine glands (4) 2022 • HPA axis (5) • Hyperosmolar Non-Ketotic Coma (5) ════════════════════ TOPIC-WISE FREQUENCY ════════════════════ ★★★★★ Diabetes Mellitus • Newer Insulins (2025) • Insulin Delivery Devices (2023) • Gestational Diabetes (2024) • Incretin Therapy (2024, 2025) • Insulin Resistance (2024) • HONK/HHS (2022) ★★★★★ Pituitary Disorders • HPA Axis (2022) • Pituitary Gland Functions (2023) • Hyperprolactinemia (2024) • Acromegaly (2025) ★★★★ Thyroid Disorders • Thyrotoxicosis (2023) • Subacute Thyroiditis (2023) • Multinodular Goitre (2022) ★★★★ Adrenal Disorders • Pheochromocytoma (2023) ★★★★ Electrolyte & Mineral Metabolism • Magnesium Metabolism (2024) • Hypomagnesemia (2024) ════════════════════ ABSOLUTE HIGH-YIELD FOR DNB ════════════════════ 1. Diabetes Mellitus 2. Insulin Therapy 3. Incretin-Based Therapy 4. Acromegaly 5. Hyperprolactinemia 6. Pheochromocytoma 7. Thyrotoxicosis 8. Subacute Thyroiditis 9. Diabetes Insipidus 10. HHS/HONK 11. Multinodular Goitre 12. Magnesium Disorders 13. HPA Axis 🟥RHEUMATOLOGY – LONG QUESTIONS🟥 ════════════════════ 2025 ════════════════════ 1. a) Define crystallopathy and classify crystal-induced arthritis. [5] b) Describe the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of gout as a prototype crystallopathy. [5] 2. a) Approach to diagnose a connective tissue disorder. [5] b) Clinical features and management of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). [5] 3. a) How will you differentiate between non-inflammatory and inflammatory arthritis? [3] b) ACR/EULAR classification criteria for diagnosis of systemic sclerosis. [3] c) Clinical features and management of scleroderma renal crisis. [2+2] ════════════════════ 2024 ════════════════════ 4. Discuss the pathogenesis of inflammatory polyarthritis. [5]Role of ANA in rheumatological diseases. [2] Describe the different ANA patterns and their interpretation. [3] 5. CNS manifestations of SLE. 6. Define Refractory Rheumatoid Arthritis. Describe its management. ════════════════════ 2023 ════════════════════ 7. Discuss the pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of systemic sclerosis. ════════════════════ 2022 ════════════════════ 8. Discuss the clinical features, diagnosis and management of ankylosing spondylitis. ════════════════════ SHORT QUESTIONS ASKED ════════════════════ 2025 • Define crystallopathy (2–3) • Classification of crystal-induced arthritis (5) • Differentiate inflammatory vs non-inflammatory arthritis (3) • ACR/EULAR criteria for systemic sclerosis (3) • Scleroderma renal crisis (4) 2024 • ANA in rheumatological diseases (2) • ANA patterns and interpretation (3) • CNS manifestations of SLE (5) • Refractory Rheumatoid Arthritis (1) ════════════════════ TOPIC-WISE FREQUENCY ════════════════════ ★★★★★ Systemic Sclerosis • 2023 • 2025 ★★★★★ SLE • 2024 • 2025 ★★★★ Rheumatoid Arthritis • Refractory RA (2024) ★★★★ Crystal Arthropathy • Gout (2025) ★★★★ Spondyloarthropathy • Ankylosing Spondylitis (2022) ★★★★ Autoantibodies • ANA (2024) ════════════════════ HIGH-YIELD RHEUMATOLOGY ════════════════════ 1. Systemic Sclerosis 2. SLE 3. Rheumatoid Arthritis 4. Gout 5. Crystal-induced Arthritis 6. Ankylosing Spondylitis 7. ANA Patterns 8. Scleroderma Renal Crisis 9. Connective Tissue Disorders 10. Inflammatory Polyarthritis 🟥IMMUNOLOGY – EXACT QUESTIONS🟥 ════════════════════ 2025 ════════════════════ 1. a) Classify hypersensitivity reactions according to the Gell and Coombs classification. [5] b) Explain the immunopathogenesis and clinical relevance of Type III hypersensitivity reactions with examples. [5] 2. a) Describe the sequence of cellular events in acute inflammation. [3] b) Explain the role of cytokines and other mediators in the inflammatory response. [3] c) Discuss the pathogenesis and management principles of cytokine storm syndromes. [4] ════════════════════ 2024 ════════════════════ No dedicated Immunology long question identified. Immunology components were integrated into: • ANA and autoimmune diseases • Autoimmune encephalitis • Rheumatology questions ════════════════════ 2023 ════════════════════ No dedicated Immunology long question identified. ════════════════════ 2022 ════════════════════ 3. Toll-like receptors. 4. Single gene disorders. 5. Gene therapy. 6. Stem cell transplantation. 7. Novel vaccine approaches. ════════════════════ SHORT QUESTIONS ASKED ════════════════════ 2025 • Classification of hypersensitivity reactions (5) • Type III hypersensitivity (5) • Acute inflammation (3) • Cytokines and inflammatory mediators (3) • Cytokine storm (4) 2022 • Toll-like receptors (5) • Single gene disorders (5) • Gene therapy (5) • Stem cell transplantation (5) • Novel vaccine approaches (5) ════════════════════ MOST REPEATED IMMUNOLOGY THEMES ════════════════════ ★★★★★ Autoimmunity • ANA • SLE • Autoimmune encephalitis ★★★★★ Hypersensitivity • Gell and Coombs classification • Type III hypersensitivity ★★★★ Inflammation • Cytokines • Cytokine storm ★★★★ Molecular Immunology • Toll-like receptors • Gene therapy ★★★★ Cellular Therapy • Stem cell transplantation • CAR-T therapy ════════════════════ ABSOLUTE HIGH-YIELD IMMUNOLOGY ════════════════════ 1. Hypersensitivity Reactions 2. Type III Hypersensitivity 3. Cytokines 4. Cytokine Storm 5. Toll-like Receptors 6. Gene Therapy 7. Stem Cell Transplantation 8. CAR-T Cell Therapy 9. Autoimmunity 10. ANA & Autoantibodies 🟥RESPIRATORY MEDICINE – EXACT QUESTIONS🟥 ════════════════════ 2025 ════════════════════ 1. a) How will you approach a case of dyspnoea? [5] b) Discuss the etiopathogenesis, differential diagnosis and management of lung abscess. [5] 2. a) Classify common interstitial lung diseases (ILDs). [3] b) Discuss the clinical features, diagnosis and management of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. [2+2+3] ════════════════════ 2024 ════════════════════ 3. Discuss the endocrine functions of the lung. [5]Outline the role of Point of Care Ultrasonography (POCUS) in

🟥CARDIOLOGY – SHORT QUESTIONS🟥 ════════════ 2025 ════════════ • Coronary calcium scoring and CT angiography [5] • Frank-Starling mechanism of heart [5] • Determinants of cardiac output and regulation [5] • Viral myocarditis [5] • Takotsubo cardiomyopathy [5] ════════════ 2024 ════════════ • Causes of secondary hypertension [3] • Define asymptomatic LV dysfunction (ASLVD) [1] • Pathogenesis of ASLVD [3] • Screening protocol for ASLVD [3] • SGLT2 inhibitors in ASLVD [3] • Device therapy in ASLVD [3] • Iatrogenic injuries during PCI [5] • PCSK9 inhibitors [5] • Sudden cardiac death – definition [1] • Risk factors for sudden cardiac death [2] • Secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death [2] • Causes of atrial fibrillation [3] • Pulsed field ablation system for AF [3] ════════════ 2023 ════════════ • Re-entry in cardiac arrhythmias [5] • Management of atrial fibrillation [5] • Etiology of hyperkalemia [3] • ECG features of hyperkalemia [3] • Management of hyperkalemia [4] ════════════ 2022 ════════════ • Pathogenesis of PSVT [5] • Orthostatic hypotension – pathophysiology and management [5] 🟥ENDOCRINOLOGY – SHORT QUESTIONS ════════════ 2025 ════════════ • Classification of newer insulins [3] • Limitations of conventional insulin therapy [3] • Define incretins [2] • Physiological role of incretins [2] • Mechanism of action of incretin hormones [2] • Classification of incretin-based therapies [2] • Clinical benefits of incretin therapy [4] • Recent developments in incretin therapy [4] ════════════ 2024 ════════════ • Hormonal feedback regulatory systems [2] • Causes of hyperprolactinemia [3] • Clinical features of hyperprolactinemia [3] • Treatment of hyperprolactinemia [2] • Magnesium metabolism [3] • Causes of hypomagnesemia [3] • Clinical manifestations of hypomagnesemia [2] • Treatment of hypomagnesemia [2] • Incretin-based therapy [5] • Diagnosis of gestational diabetes [2] • Treatment of gestational diabetes [3] • Intermittent fasting vs caloric restriction [4] • Causes of insulin resistance [2] • Diagnosis of insulin resistance [2] • Treatment of insulin resistance [2] ════════════ 2023 ════════════ • Types of insulin delivery devices [4] • Advantages and disadvantages of insulin delivery devices [6] • Pituitary regulation of endocrine glands [4] • Causes of diabetes insipidus [3] • Treatment of diabetes insipidus [3] • Causes of thyrotoxicosis [2] • Pathophysiology of subacute thyroiditis [2] • Causes of subacute thyroiditis [2] • Laboratory evaluation of subacute thyroiditis [2] • Treatment of subacute thyroiditis [2] ════════════ 2022 ════════════ • HPA axis [5] • Pathophysiology of Hyperosmolar Non-Ketotic Coma (HONK/HHS) [5] • Clinical features of multinodular goitre [3] • Investigations of multinodular goitre [3] • Treatment of multinodular goitre [4] 🟥NEUROLOGY – SHORT QUESTIONS🟥 ════════════ 2025 ════════════ • Midbrain cross-section at superior colliculus [5] • Major midbrain stroke syndromes [5] • Drug-induced parkinsonism [2] • Red flag signs for Parkinson disease [3] • ICHD-3 classification of headache disorders [2] • Diagnostic approach to new-onset headache [3] • Red flag features of secondary headache [5] • Inclusion and exclusion criteria for IV alteplase [5] • Mechanical thrombectomy – principles and outcomes [5] ════════════ 2024 ════════════ • Neurological localization of lesion [5] • AIDS-associated myelopathy [5] • Causes of reversible dementia [5] • Recent advances in Alzheimer's disease [5] • Midbrain syndromes [5] ════════════ 2023 ════════════ • Reflex arc of plantar response [5] • Abnormal plantar responses and causes [5] • Drug-induced movement disorders [4] • Clinical features of Parkinsonism [3] • Management of Parkinsonism [3] ════════════ 2022 ════════════ • Localization of lesion in nervous system [5] • Midbrain syndromes [5] • AIDS-associated myelopathy [5] 🟥RESPIRATORY MEDICINE – SHORT QUESTIONS🟥 ════════════ 2025 ════════════ • Approach to dyspnoea [5] • Classification of ILD [3] • Clinical features of IPF [2] • Diagnosis of IPF [2] • Management of IPF [3] ════════════ 2024 ════════════ • Endocrine functions of lung [5] • POCUS in acute dyspnoea [5] ════════════ 2023 ════════════ • Define brittle asthma [3] • Pathophysiology of acute severe asthma [3] • Treatment of acute severe asthma [4] ════════════ 2022 ════════════ • Risk factors for pulmonary thromboembolism [2] • Clinical features of pulmonary thromboembolism [3] • Diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism [2] • Treatment of pulmonary thromboembolism [3] 🟥GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY – SHORT QUESTIONS🟥 ════════════ 2025 ════════════ • Composition of fecal microbiota [3] • Functions of fecal microbiota [3] • Indications of FMT [3] • Contraindications of FMT [3] • Techniques of FMT [4] • Future perspectives of FMT [4] • Diagnostic approach to alcoholic liver disease [3] • Prognostic scoring systems in ALD [2] • Hepatic porphyrias [3] ════════════ 2024 ════════════ • Complications of IBD [3] • Novel drugs in IBD [3] • Clinical nutritional assessment [5] • Parenteral nutrition [5] ════════════ 2023 ════════════ • Small bowel endoscopy [10] • Diagnosis of IBS [5] • Management of IBS [5] • MAFLD pathophysiology [5] • Prevention and treatment of MAFLD [5] ════════════ 2022 ════════════ • Gut hormones [5] • Diagnostic tests for H. pylori [5] • Causes of hematemesis [5] • Causes of acute pancreatitis [5] • Causes of fever with jaundice [5] 🟥NEPHROLOGY – SHORT QUESTIONS🟥 ════════════ 2025 ════════════ • Immunopathogenesis of Anti-GBM disease [5] • Plasmapheresis in Anti-GBM disease [5] ════════════ 2024 ════════════ • Functions of Loop of Henle [4] • Inherited disorders of Loop of Henle [3] • Bartter syndrome [3] ════════════ 2023 ════════════ • Estimation of GFR [5] • Pathophysiology of diabetic kidney disease [5] ════════════ 2022 ════════════ • Estimation of GFR [5] • Recurrent UTI – causes [2] • Recurrent UTI – evaluation [3] • Recurrent UTI – treatment [3] 🟥HEMATOLOGY – SHORT QUESTIONS🟥 ════════════ 2025 ════════════ • Clinical manifestations of hemophilia [3] • Management of hemophilia [2] • Recent advances in hemophilia [5] • CAR-T mechanism [5] • CAR-T indications and complications [5] ════════════ 2024 ════════════ • Blood component therapy [5] • Artificial oxygen carriers [5] ════════════ 2023 ════════════ • Clinical features of PNH [5] ════════════ 2022 ════════════ • Hemoglobin degradation [5] • Hypercoagulable states [5] 🟥RHEUMATOLOGY – SHORT QUESTIONS🟥 ════════════ 2025 ════════════ • Classification of crystal-induced arthritis [5] • Connective tissue disorder – diagnostic approach [5] • Differentiate inflammatory and non-inflammatory arthritis [3] • ACR/EULAR criteria for systemic sclerosis [3] • Scleroderma renal crisis [4] ════════════ 2024 ════════════ • ANA in rheumatological diseases [2] • ANA patterns and interpretation [3] • CNS manifestations of SLE [5] • Refractory rheumatoid arthritis [1] ════════════ 2023 ════════════ • Clinical features of systemic sclerosis [3] • Diagnosis of systemic sclerosis [3] • Treatment of systemic sclerosis [4] ════════════ 2022 ════════════ • Clinical features of ankylosing spondylitis [3] • Diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis [3] • Management of ankylosing spondylitis [4] 🟥INFECTIOUS DISEASES / TOXICOLOGY / RECENT ADVANCES, SHORT QUESTIONS ════════════ 🟥INFECTIOUS DISEASES🟥 ════════════ 2025 • NTEP recent guidelines [5] • New anti-TB drugs and side effects [5] • Physiological changes in pregnancy predisposing to infection [5] • Antimicrobial use in pregnancy [5] 2024 • Viral hemorrhagic fever viruses [3] • Dengue – clinical features [3] • Dengue – management [4] • Duke criteria for infective endocarditis [4] 2023 • ART drugs and mechanism [5] • MDR-TB diagnosis and management [5] • Pulmonary manifestations of HIV [5] 2022 • Antimicrobial resistance [5] • Antimicrobial stewardship [5] ════════════ 🟥TOXICOLOGY🟥 ════════════ 2025 • Snake envenomation [5] • Antivenom therapy [5] 2024 • Heat stroke [5] • Hyperbaric oxygen therapy [5] 2022 • Organophosphorus poisoning [5] • Forced alkaline diuresis [5] • Viper bite [5] ════════════ 🟥RECENT ADVANCES🟥 ════════════ 2025 • Oncogenes [5] • Tumor suppressor genes [5] • Cytokines [3] • Cytokine storm [4] • Type III hypersensitivity [5] • CAR-T therapy [5] • Nanomedicine [2] • Smart drugs [2] • Nanocarriers [2] • NGS [5] • Genetic mutations [5] 2024 • Pulsed field ablation [3] • SGLT2 inhibitors [3] • Biosimilars [5] • Epigenetic clock [1] 2023 • PCSK9 inhibitors [5] • Incretin-based therapy [5] • Artificial oxygen carriers [5] • Ghrelin physiology [5] 2022 • Toll-like receptors [5] • Single gene disorders [5] • Gene therapy [5] • Stem cell transplantation [5] • Novel vaccine approaches [5]

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