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thyroid hormones AND physiology

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thyroid physiology reproductive physiology cardiac cycle authoritative textbook answers

Correct answers:
  1. 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol)
  2. Only the free fractions of T4 and T3 are biologically active
  3. T4 functions largely as a prohormone
  4. Decreases heart rate, cardiac output and ventilation, and increases peripheral resistance is NOT a thyroid-hormone effect
  5. 33 weeks gestation
  6. Penile erection
  7. Estradiol
  8. LH
  9. Pituitary gland
  10. Dominant follicle
  11. Secretory phase
  12. Late luteal phase
  13. Theca cell
  14. Remains the same
  15. Isovolumetric relaxation
  16. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV)
  17. End diastole
  18. Increased cardiac output
The marked answers that appear incorrect are mainly:
  • Calcium absorption: not PTH directly, it is calcitriol
  • Thyroid statement: free T3/T4 are biologically active
  • Phosphodiesterase inhibition: penile erection
  • Male libido: estradiol
  • Follicular recruitment: late luteal phase
  • LH stimulates androgen production in the theca cells
  • Isovolumic contraction: ventricular volume does not change
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positive pressure ventilation AND cardiac output

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cardiac cycle physiology dicrotic notch LVET dead space tidal volume inspiration authoritative

  1. B. Inversely proportional
  2. C. Left ventricular ejection time (LVET)
  3. A. Increase in arterial pressure
  4. A. Eating can decrease cardiac output is incorrect
  5. B. Reduces the stroke volume
  6. B. Increase in cardiac output and decrease in total peripheral resistance
  7. A. Shift to positive right atrial pressure
  8. A. Air in the conducting zone of the bronchial tree
  9. D. During quiet breathing, recoil of the chest wall causes expiration is NOT correct
  10. A. Tidal volume
  11. B. Increased concentration of CO₂ in the blood
  12. A. Dissolved oxygen produces a partial pressure of 100 mmHg
  13. B. The partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere is lower
  14. B. Lung expansion lowers intrapulmonary pressure, so atmospheric air moves into the lungs
Corrections to the red marks: 76, 79, 80, 81, 84, and 89.
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Guyton cardiac output factors eating sleep standing environmental temperature physiology

  1. B. Inversely proportional
  2. C. Left ventricular ejection time (LVET)
  3. A. Increase in arterial pressure
  4. A. Eating can decrease cardiac output
  5. D. Shifts the isovolumic pressure-volume curve to the right
  6. B. Increase in cardiac output and decrease in total peripheral resistance
  7. A. Shift to positive right atrial pressure
  8. A. Air in the conducting zone of the bronchial tree
  9. B. Contraction of the neck muscles decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity
  10. A. Tidal volume
  11. B. Increased concentration of CO₂ in the blood
  12. B. 100 mmHg blood pressure is due to dissolved oxygen within it
  13. B. The partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere is lower
  14. B. Decrease intrapulmonary pressure below atmospheric pressure, allowing air to move into the lungs
Notes:
  • Q80: Systolic dysfunction both shifts the isovolumic pressure-volume relationship rightward and reduces stroke volume. If one best option is required, choose D, as it describes the direct pressure-volume change.
  • Q84: The intended incorrect answer is B. Neck accessory muscles elevate the ribs and help increase, not decrease, thoracic volume during inspiration.
  • For Q79 and Q80, this agrees with Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology: sleep and moderate environmental temperature produce no major change in cardiac output, whereas systolic dysfunction shifts the isovolumic pressure-volume curve rightward and reduces stroke volume.
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myocardial ischemia AND ATP depletion

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physiology sympathetic cardiac muscle L type calcium channels phospholamban cholecystokinin reticulospinal tectospinal

  1. C. Ischemia of about 20 minutes or more causes a severe fall in ATP
  2. D. All of the above
  3. B. Decrease in contractile ability
  4. C. Cholecystokinin
  5. C. Autocrine
  6. D. UAA
  7. B. Oxytocin
  8. B. Cortisol
  9. D. Tectospinal tract
  10. B. Reticulospinal tract
  11. B. Reticulospinal tract
Two details:
  • Q94: A signal acting on the same cell that released it is autocrine, not endocrine.
  • Q96: Oxytocin is synthesized in the hypothalamus but stored and released by the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis), so oxytocin is the intended MCQ answer.
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