from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import A4
from reportlab.lib import colors
from reportlab.lib.styles import getSampleStyleSheet, ParagraphStyle
from reportlab.lib.units import cm, mm
from reportlab.platypus import (SimpleDocTemplate, Paragraph, Spacer, Table,
                                 TableStyle, HRFlowable, PageBreak, KeepTogether)
from reportlab.graphics.shapes import Drawing, Rect, String, Line, Circle, Polygon, Arrow
from reportlab.graphics import renderPDF
from reportlab.graphics.shapes import Drawing, Rect, String, Line, Circle, Group
from reportlab.lib.enums import TA_CENTER, TA_LEFT, TA_JUSTIFY
from reportlab.platypus import Flowable
import os

OUTPUT = "/home/daytona/workspace/nursing-education/Unit1_Nursing_Education_Study_Guide.pdf"

# ── Colours ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
NAVY    = colors.HexColor("#1a3a5c")
TEAL    = colors.HexColor("#0d7377")
GOLD    = colors.HexColor("#f0a500")
LTBLUE  = colors.HexColor("#e8f4f8")
LTGREEN = colors.HexColor("#e8f8f0")
LTYELLOW= colors.HexColor("#fff8e1")
PINK    = colors.HexColor("#fce4ec")
PURPLE  = colors.HexColor("#6a1b9a")
LTPURPLE= colors.HexColor("#f3e5f5")
WHITE   = colors.white
DARKGRAY= colors.HexColor("#333333")
MIDGRAY = colors.HexColor("#666666")

# ── Styles ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
styles = getSampleStyleSheet()

def make_style(name, parent='Normal', **kwargs):
    return ParagraphStyle(name, parent=styles[parent], **kwargs)

title_style = make_style('DocTitle', fontSize=26, textColor=WHITE,
                         alignment=TA_CENTER, fontName='Helvetica-Bold',
                         spaceAfter=4, leading=32)
subtitle_style = make_style('DocSub', fontSize=13, textColor=GOLD,
                             alignment=TA_CENTER, fontName='Helvetica',
                             spaceAfter=2)
unit_heading = make_style('UnitH', fontSize=18, textColor=WHITE,
                          fontName='Helvetica-Bold', alignment=TA_CENTER,
                          spaceAfter=6, leading=22)
section_heading = make_style('SecH', fontSize=13, textColor=NAVY,
                              fontName='Helvetica-Bold', spaceBefore=10,
                              spaceAfter=4, leading=16)
sub_heading = make_style('SubH', fontSize=11, textColor=TEAL,
                          fontName='Helvetica-Bold', spaceBefore=6,
                          spaceAfter=3)
body = make_style('Body', fontSize=10, textColor=DARKGRAY,
                  fontName='Helvetica', leading=14, spaceAfter=4,
                  alignment=TA_JUSTIFY)
bullet_style = make_style('Bullet', fontSize=10, textColor=DARKGRAY,
                           fontName='Helvetica', leading=13,
                           leftIndent=14, spaceAfter=2,
                           bulletIndent=4, bulletFontName='Helvetica')
def_style = make_style('Def', fontSize=10, textColor=NAVY,
                        fontName='Helvetica-BoldOblique', leading=14,
                        leftIndent=10, spaceAfter=3)
box_style = make_style('Box', fontSize=10, textColor=DARKGRAY,
                        fontName='Helvetica', leading=13, leftIndent=8,
                        spaceAfter=2)
tip_style = make_style('Tip', fontSize=10, textColor=colors.HexColor("#7b4f00"),
                        fontName='Helvetica-BoldOblique', leading=13,
                        leftIndent=10, spaceAfter=2)
small_center = make_style('SmC', fontSize=8, textColor=MIDGRAY,
                           alignment=TA_CENTER, fontName='Helvetica')

# ── Helper Flowables ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
def hline(color=TEAL, thickness=1):
    return HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=thickness, color=color,
                      spaceAfter=4, spaceBefore=4)

def sp(h=6):
    return Spacer(1, h)

def section(text):
    return [sp(8), Paragraph(text, section_heading)]

def sub(text):
    return [sp(4), Paragraph(text, sub_heading)]

def para(text):
    return Paragraph(text, body)

def bullet(items, color="•"):
    return [Paragraph(f"{color} {i}", bullet_style) for i in items]

def definition_box(title, definition, bg=LTBLUE):
    data = [[Paragraph(f"<b>{title}</b>", make_style('dbt', fontSize=10,
             fontName='Helvetica-Bold', textColor=NAVY)),
             Paragraph(definition, make_style('dbb', fontSize=10,
             fontName='Helvetica', textColor=DARKGRAY, leading=13))]]
    t = Table(data, colWidths=[4.5*cm, 12*cm])
    t.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ('BACKGROUND', (0,0), (0,0), LTBLUE),
        ('BACKGROUND', (1,0), (1,0), bg),
        ('BOX', (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.5, TEAL),
        ('INNERGRID', (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.5, colors.HexColor("#ccddee")),
        ('VALIGN', (0,0), (-1,-1), 'TOP'),
        ('PADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 6),
    ]))
    return t

def colored_heading_bar(text, bg=NAVY, fg=WHITE):
    data = [[Paragraph(text, make_style('chb', fontSize=12,
             fontName='Helvetica-Bold', textColor=fg, alignment=TA_CENTER))]]
    t = Table(data, colWidths=[17*cm])
    t.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ('BACKGROUND', (0,0), (-1,-1), bg),
        ('PADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 8),
        ('ROUNDEDCORNERS', [4]),
    ]))
    return t

def tip_box(text, bg=LTYELLOW, label="⭐ EXAM TIP"):
    data = [[Paragraph(f"<b>{label}</b>", make_style('tbl', fontSize=10,
             fontName='Helvetica-Bold', textColor=colors.HexColor("#7b4f00"))),
             Paragraph(text, make_style('tbt', fontSize=10, fontName='Helvetica',
             textColor=DARKGRAY, leading=13))]]
    t = Table(data, colWidths=[2.5*cm, 14*cm])
    t.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ('BACKGROUND', (0,0), (-1,-1), bg),
        ('BOX', (0,0), (-1,-1), 1, GOLD),
        ('VALIGN', (0,0), (-1,-1), 'TOP'),
        ('PADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 7),
    ]))
    return t

# ── DIAGRAMS ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

class TeachingLearningDiagram(Flowable):
    """Simple Teaching-Learning Process arrow diagram."""
    def __init__(self, width=480, height=100):
        super().__init__()
        self.width = width
        self.height = height

    def draw(self):
        c = self.canv
        w, h = self.width, self.height
        boxes = [
            (NAVY,   WHITE,  "TEACHER",         "Plans & Delivers"),
            (TEAL,   WHITE,  "METHODS & MEDIA", "Strategies Used"),
            (PURPLE, WHITE,  "LEARNER",          "Receives & Responds"),
        ]
        box_w = 120
        box_h = 55
        gap = (w - 3*box_w) / 4
        y = (h - box_h) / 2

        for i, (bg, fg, title, sub) in enumerate(boxes):
            x = gap + i*(box_w + gap)
            c.setFillColor(bg)
            c.roundRect(x, y, box_w, box_h, 6, fill=1, stroke=0)
            c.setFillColor(fg)
            c.setFont("Helvetica-Bold", 9)
            c.drawCentredString(x + box_w/2, y + box_h - 18, title)
            c.setFont("Helvetica", 7.5)
            c.drawCentredString(x + box_w/2, y + box_h - 32, sub)

        # Forward arrows
        for i in range(2):
            x1 = gap + i*(box_w + gap) + box_w
            x2 = gap + (i+1)*(box_w + gap)
            mx = (x1+x2)/2
            cy = y + box_h/2 + 6
            c.setFillColor(GOLD)
            c.setStrokeColor(GOLD)
            c.setLineWidth(2)
            c.line(x1+2, cy, x2-2, cy)
            c.polygon([x2-2, cy-4, x2-2, cy+4, x2+6, cy], fill=1)

        # Feedback arrow below
        c.setStrokeColor(colors.HexColor("#aaaaaa"))
        c.setLineWidth(1.2)
        c.setDash(4, 3)
        x_start = gap + box_w/2
        x_end   = gap + 2*(box_w + gap) + box_w/2
        fb_y = y - 14
        c.line(x_start, fb_y, x_end, fb_y)
        c.setDash()
        c.setFont("Helvetica-Oblique", 7)
        c.setFillColor(MIDGRAY)
        c.drawCentredString(w/2, fb_y - 10, "← Feedback & Evaluation →")


class LearningTheoriesDiagram(Flowable):
    """Four learning theories in quadrant layout."""
    def __init__(self, width=480, height=200):
        super().__init__()
        self.width = width
        self.height = height

    def draw(self):
        c = self.canv
        w, h = self.width, self.height
        theories = [
            (NAVY,   "BEHAVIORISM",   "Pavlov, Skinner,\nThorndike",   "Stimulus → Response\nReinforcement",      "Skill training,\nrepeated practice"),
            (TEAL,   "COGNITIVISM",   "Piaget, Bruner",                 "Mental processes\nMemory, thinking",       "Teaching concepts,\npathophysiology"),
            (PURPLE, "HUMANISM",      "Maslow, Carl Rogers",            "Self-directed\nNeeds-based learning",     "Student-centred\nteaching"),
            (colors.HexColor("#c0392b"), "SOCIAL LEARNING", "Albert Bandura", "Observation &\nImitation",          "Role modeling\nin clinical areas"),
        ]
        bw = w/2 - 8
        bh = h/2 - 8
        positions = [(4, h/2+4), (w/2+4, h/2+4), (4, 4), (w/2+4, 4)]

        for (bg, title, person, concept, example), (bx, by) in zip(theories, positions):
            c.setFillColor(bg)
            c.roundRect(bx, by, bw, bh, 5, fill=1, stroke=0)
            # Title
            c.setFillColor(WHITE)
            c.setFont("Helvetica-Bold", 9)
            c.drawCentredString(bx+bw/2, by+bh-16, title)
            # Thin separator
            c.setStrokeColor(colors.HexColor("#ffffff55"))
            c.setLineWidth(0.5)
            c.line(bx+10, by+bh-20, bx+bw-10, by+bh-20)
            # Person
            c.setFont("Helvetica-Oblique", 7.5)
            c.setFillColor(GOLD)
            for j, line in enumerate(person.split('\n')):
                c.drawCentredString(bx+bw/2, by+bh-30-j*10, line)
            # Concept
            c.setFont("Helvetica", 7.5)
            c.setFillColor(WHITE)
            for j, line in enumerate(concept.split('\n')):
                c.drawCentredString(bx+bw/2, by+bh-52-j*10, line)
            # Example label
            c.setFont("Helvetica-Bold", 7)
            c.setFillColor(GOLD)
            c.drawCentredString(bx+bw/2, by+18+len(example.split('\n'))*9, "Nursing eg:")
            c.setFont("Helvetica", 7)
            c.setFillColor(WHITE)
            for j, line in enumerate(example.split('\n')):
                c.drawCentredString(bx+bw/2, by+18+(len(example.split('\n'))-1-j)*9, line)


class KolbCycleDiagram(Flowable):
    """Kolb's Experiential Learning Cycle."""
    def __init__(self, width=400, height=220):
        super().__init__()
        self.width = width
        self.height = height

    def draw(self):
        import math
        c = self.canv
        cx, cy = self.width/2, self.height/2
        r = 75

        stages = [
            ("Concrete\nExperience",      0,    NAVY),
            ("Reflective\nObservation",   90,   TEAL),
            ("Abstract\nConceptualization",180, PURPLE),
            ("Active\nExperimentation",   270,  colors.HexColor("#c0392b")),
        ]

        # Draw center circle
        c.setFillColor(LTBLUE)
        c.setStrokeColor(TEAL)
        c.setLineWidth(1)
        c.circle(cx, cy, 40, fill=1)
        c.setFillColor(NAVY)
        c.setFont("Helvetica-Bold", 7.5)
        c.drawCentredString(cx, cy+4, "KOLB'S")
        c.drawCentredString(cx, cy-6, "CYCLE")

        for label, angle_deg, color in stages:
            angle = math.radians(angle_deg)
            bx = cx + r * math.cos(angle)
            by = cy + r * math.sin(angle)
            bw, bh = 80, 38

            c.setFillColor(color)
            c.roundRect(bx - bw/2, by - bh/2, bw, bh, 4, fill=1, stroke=0)
            c.setFillColor(WHITE)
            c.setFont("Helvetica-Bold", 7.5)
            lines = label.split('\n')
            for i, ln in enumerate(lines):
                c.drawCentredString(bx, by + 5 - i*11, ln)

            # Arrow from box edge toward center
            dx = cx - bx
            dy = cy - by
            dist = math.sqrt(dx*dx + dy*dy)
            nx, ny = dx/dist, dy/dist
            ax1 = bx + nx*42
            ay1 = by + ny*22
            ax2 = bx + nx*(dist-45)
            ay2 = by + ny*(dist-45)
            c.setStrokeColor(GOLD)
            c.setLineWidth(1.5)
            c.setFillColor(GOLD)
            # curved hint: just a straight arrow
            c.line(ax1, ay1, ax2, ay2)
            # arrowhead
            perp_angle = math.atan2(ay2-ay1, ax2-ax1)
            aw = 5
            p1x = ax2 - aw*math.cos(perp_angle - math.pi/6)
            p1y = ay2 - aw*math.sin(perp_angle - math.pi/6)
            p2x = ax2 - aw*math.cos(perp_angle + math.pi/6)
            p2y = ay2 - aw*math.sin(perp_angle + math.pi/6)
            c.polygon([ax2, ay2, p1x, p1y, p2x, p2y], fill=1, stroke=0)


class PhilosophyCompareDiagram(Flowable):
    """Philosophy comparison table as visual blocks."""
    def __init__(self, width=480, height=160):
        super().__init__()
        self.width = width
        self.height = height

    def draw(self):
        c = self.canv
        philosophies = [
            (NAVY,   "IDEALISM",       "Mind & Ideas",    "Guide/Inspirer",    "Active Thinker"),
            (TEAL,   "REALISM",        "Real World/Facts", "Subject Expert",   "Observer"),
            (PURPLE, "PRAGMATISM★",    "Learning by Doing","Facilitator",      "Active Doer"),
            (colors.HexColor("#1b5e20"), "EXISTENTIALISM", "Freedom & Choice", "Encourages Self", "Self-directed"),
            (colors.HexColor("#b71c1c"), "NATURALISM",     "Nature is Teacher", "Observer",       "Free Explorer"),
        ]
        n = len(philosophies)
        bw = (self.width - (n-1)*4) / n
        bh = self.height

        headers = ["Philosophy", "Key Belief", "Teacher Role", "Student Role"]
        row_h = (bh - 22) / len(headers)

        for i, (bg, name, belief, teacher, student) in enumerate(philosophies):
            x = i * (bw + 4)
            # Header block
            c.setFillColor(bg)
            c.roundRect(x, bh-22, bw, 20, 3, fill=1, stroke=0)
            c.setFillColor(WHITE)
            c.setFont("Helvetica-Bold", 7)
            c.drawCentredString(x + bw/2, bh-12, name)

            rows = [belief, teacher, student]
            row_colors = [LTBLUE, LTGREEN, LTYELLOW]
            for j, (val, rc) in enumerate(zip(rows, row_colors)):
                ry = bh - 22 - (j+1)*row_h
                c.setFillColor(rc)
                c.rect(x, ry, bw, row_h, fill=1, stroke=0)
                c.setFillColor(DARKGRAY)
                c.setFont("Helvetica", 6.5)
                # wrap text manually
                words = val.split()
                lines = []
                cur = ""
                for w in words:
                    test = (cur+" "+w).strip()
                    if c.stringWidth(test, "Helvetica", 6.5) < bw - 4:
                        cur = test
                    else:
                        lines.append(cur)
                        cur = w
                lines.append(cur)
                total_h = len(lines) * 8
                start_y = ry + row_h/2 + total_h/2 - 8
                for k, ln in enumerate(lines):
                    c.drawCentredString(x + bw/2, start_y - k*8, ln)

        # Row labels on left
        c.setFillColor(MIDGRAY)
        c.setFont("Helvetica-Oblique", 6)
        row_labels = ["Key Belief", "Teacher Role", "Student Role"]
        for j, lbl in enumerate(row_labels):
            ry = bh - 22 - (j+1)*row_h + row_h/2 - 3
            # small label at far left
            # (skipped to keep clean)


class MaslowDiagram(Flowable):
    """Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs pyramid."""
    def __init__(self, width=400, height=200):
        super().__init__()
        self.width = width
        self.height = height

    def draw(self):
        c = self.canv
        levels = [
            (colors.HexColor("#c0392b"), "Self-Actualisation",  "Reach full potential"),
            (colors.HexColor("#e67e22"), "Esteem Needs",         "Respect, achievement"),
            (colors.HexColor("#f1c40f"), "Social/Love Needs",    "Belonging, friendship"),
            (TEAL,                        "Safety Needs",         "Security, stability"),
            (NAVY,                        "Physiological Needs",  "Food, water, sleep"),
        ]
        n = len(levels)
        base_w = self.width * 0.85
        top_w  = 60
        total_h = self.height - 20
        level_h = total_h / n
        cx = self.width / 2

        for i, (color, name, desc) in enumerate(levels):
            idx = n - 1 - i  # bottom = 0
            lw = top_w + (base_w - top_w) * idx / (n-1)
            lx = cx - lw/2
            ly = i * level_h + 10

            c.setFillColor(color)
            c.setStrokeColor(WHITE)
            c.setLineWidth(1)
            c.rect(lx, ly, lw, level_h - 2, fill=1, stroke=1)

            c.setFillColor(WHITE)
            c.setFont("Helvetica-Bold", 8)
            c.drawCentredString(cx, ly + level_h/2 + 1, name)
            c.setFont("Helvetica", 6.5)
            c.drawCentredString(cx, ly + level_h/2 - 9, desc)

        # Label
        c.setFillColor(MIDGRAY)
        c.setFont("Helvetica-Bold", 8)
        c.drawCentredString(cx, self.height - 8, "MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS")

        # Arrow on side
        c.setStrokeColor(GOLD)
        c.setLineWidth(2)
        c.setFillColor(GOLD)
        ax = cx + base_w/2 + 12
        c.line(ax, 14, ax, total_h + 8)
        c.polygon([ax-4, total_h+8, ax+4, total_h+8, ax, total_h+16], fill=1, stroke=0)
        c.setFillColor(GOLD)
        c.setFont("Helvetica-Bold", 7)
        c.saveState()
        c.translate(ax+14, total_h/2 + 10)
        c.rotate(90)
        c.drawCentredString(0, 0, "Learning needs increase →")
        c.restoreState()


# ── BUILD PDF ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
def build_pdf():
    doc = SimpleDocTemplate(
        OUTPUT,
        pagesize=A4,
        leftMargin=2*cm, rightMargin=2*cm,
        topMargin=2*cm, bottomMargin=2*cm,
        title="Nursing Education - Unit I Study Guide",
        author="Orris AI Tutor"
    )

    story = []

    # ── COVER BLOCK ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    cover_data = [[
        Paragraph("NURSING EDUCATION", title_style),
        Paragraph("B.Sc. Nursing · 5th Semester", subtitle_style),
        Paragraph("UNIT I — Introduction and Theoretical Foundations", unit_heading),
        Paragraph("Study Guide with Diagrams", subtitle_style),
    ]]
    cover_table = Table([[
        Paragraph("NURSING EDUCATION", make_style('ct', fontSize=24,
                  textColor=WHITE, fontName='Helvetica-Bold', alignment=TA_CENTER, leading=28)),
        Paragraph("B.Sc. Nursing · 5th Semester", make_style('cs', fontSize=12,
                  textColor=GOLD, fontName='Helvetica', alignment=TA_CENTER)),
        Paragraph("UNIT I", make_style('cu', fontSize=20,
                  textColor=WHITE, fontName='Helvetica-Bold', alignment=TA_CENTER, leading=24)),
        Paragraph("Introduction and Theoretical Foundations", make_style('cu2', fontSize=13,
                  textColor=GOLD, fontName='Helvetica-Oblique', alignment=TA_CENTER)),
    ]], colWidths=[17*cm])
    # Use a simple colored rectangle approach via a table
    cover = Table([
        [Paragraph("📚  NURSING EDUCATION", make_style('cov1', fontSize=22,
                    textColor=WHITE, fontName='Helvetica-Bold', alignment=TA_CENTER, leading=26))],
        [Paragraph("B.Sc. Nursing · 5th Semester · Bhushan Science", make_style('cov2', fontSize=11,
                    textColor=GOLD, fontName='Helvetica', alignment=TA_CENTER))],
        [Spacer(1, 8)],
        [Paragraph("UNIT I", make_style('cov3', fontSize=28,
                    textColor=WHITE, fontName='Helvetica-Bold', alignment=TA_CENTER, leading=32))],
        [Paragraph("Introduction and Theoretical Foundations", make_style('cov4', fontSize=14,
                    textColor=GOLD, fontName='Helvetica-Oblique', alignment=TA_CENTER))],
        [Spacer(1, 8)],
        [Paragraph("Complete Study Guide with Diagrams", make_style('cov5', fontSize=10,
                    textColor=colors.HexColor("#ccddee"), fontName='Helvetica', alignment=TA_CENTER))],
    ], colWidths=[17*cm])
    cover.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ('BACKGROUND', (0,0), (-1,-1), NAVY),
        ('PADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 10),
        ('ROUNDEDCORNERS', [8]),
    ]))
    story += [cover, sp(16)]

    # Table of contents mini
    toc_data = [
        [Paragraph("<b>CONTENTS</b>", make_style('toch', fontSize=11,
                    fontName='Helvetica-Bold', textColor=NAVY, alignment=TA_CENTER)), ""],
        ["Part 1", "Education & Educational Technology"],
        ["Part 2", "Latest Approaches to Education"],
        ["Part 3", "Educational Philosophy"],
        ["Part 4", "Teaching-Learning Process"],
        ["Part 5", "Principles of Teaching & Learning"],
        ["Part 6", "Barriers to Teaching & Learning"],
        ["Part 7", "Learning Theories ★"],
        ["Part 8", "Latest Approaches to Learning (Kolb's Cycle)"],
        ["Part 9", "Quick Revision + Practice Questions"],
    ]
    toc = Table(toc_data, colWidths=[3*cm, 14*cm])
    toc.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ('SPAN', (0,0), (1,0)),
        ('BACKGROUND', (0,0), (1,0), TEAL),
        ('TEXTCOLOR', (0,0), (1,0), WHITE),
        ('BACKGROUND', (0,1), (-1,-1), LTBLUE),
        ('ROWBACKGROUNDS', (0,1), (-1,-1), [LTBLUE, WHITE]),
        ('FONTNAME', (0,1), (0,-1), 'Helvetica-Bold'),
        ('FONTNAME', (1,1), (1,-1), 'Helvetica'),
        ('FONTSIZE', (0,0), (-1,-1), 10),
        ('PADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 6),
        ('BOX', (0,0), (-1,-1), 1, TEAL),
        ('INNERGRID', (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.5, colors.HexColor("#ccddee")),
    ]))
    story += [toc, sp(10)]

    # ── PART 1: Education & ET ───────────────────────────────────────────────
    story += section("PART 1 — Education & Educational Technology")
    story += [hline()]

    story += [definition_box("Education",
        "The process of bringing <b>desirable changes in behavior</b> — in knowledge, "
        "skills and attitudes — in a person through planned experiences."), sp(6)]

    story += sub("Etymology of 'Education'")
    story += [Table([
        [Paragraph("<b>Latin Word</b>", box_style), Paragraph("<b>Meaning</b>", box_style)],
        ["Educatum", "To educate"],
        ["Educare",  "To bring forth / to develop"],
        ["Educere",  "To lead out / push forward"],
    ], colWidths=[5*cm, 12*cm],
    style=TableStyle([
        ('BACKGROUND', (0,0), (-1,0), NAVY),
        ('TEXTCOLOR', (0,0), (-1,0), WHITE),
        ('FONTNAME', (0,0), (-1,0), 'Helvetica-Bold'),
        ('FONTNAME', (0,1), (-1,-1), 'Helvetica'),
        ('FONTSIZE', (0,0), (-1,-1), 10),
        ('PADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 6),
        ('ROWBACKGROUNDS', (0,1), (-1,-1), [LTBLUE, WHITE]),
        ('BOX', (0,0), (-1,-1), 1, TEAL),
        ('INNERGRID', (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.5, colors.HexColor("#ccddee")),
    ])), sp(6)]

    story += [definition_box("Educational Technology (ET)",
        "The <b>systematic application of scientific knowledge</b> about teaching and "
        "learning to improve the effectiveness of the teaching-learning process. It is NOT "
        "just gadgets — it includes methods, media, and strategies used scientifically.", LTGREEN), sp(4)]

    story += sub("Aims of Educational Technology")
    story += bullet([
        "Make teaching-learning more <b>effective and systematic</b>",
        "Help teachers <b>select appropriate methods</b> and media",
        "Improve <b>student learning outcomes</b>",
        "Apply <b>scientific principles</b> to education",
        "Develop competency-based, learner-centred education",
    ])
    story += [sp(6)]

    # ── PART 2: Latest Approaches ────────────────────────────────────────────
    story += section("PART 2 — Latest Approaches to Education")
    story += [hline()]

    approaches_data = [
        [Paragraph("<b>Approach</b>", make_style('ah', fontSize=10, fontName='Helvetica-Bold', textColor=WHITE)),
         Paragraph("<b>Key Idea</b>", make_style('ah2', fontSize=10, fontName='Helvetica-Bold', textColor=WHITE)),
         Paragraph("<b>Nursing Relevance</b>", make_style('ah3', fontSize=10, fontName='Helvetica-Bold', textColor=WHITE))],
        ["Transformational Education",
         "Deep change in thinking, values & behavior. Student becomes a critical thinker.",
         "Nurse develops clinical judgment, not just skills"],
        ["Relationship-Based Education",
         "Learning through trust & connection between teacher and student.",
         "Nurse-patient therapeutic relationship"],
        ["Competency-Based Education (CBE) ★",
         "Focus on demonstrating specific skills/competencies, not just passing exams.",
         "INC now follows CBE — you are assessed on what you CAN DO"],
    ]
    approaches_table = Table(approaches_data, colWidths=[4.5*cm, 7*cm, 5.5*cm])
    approaches_table.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ('BACKGROUND', (0,0), (-1,0), NAVY),
        ('TEXTCOLOR', (0,0), (-1,0), WHITE),
        ('FONTNAME', (0,1), (-1,-1), 'Helvetica'),
        ('FONTSIZE', (0,0), (-1,-1), 9),
        ('PADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 6),
        ('ROWBACKGROUNDS', (0,1), (-1,-1), [LTBLUE, WHITE, LTGREEN]),
        ('BOX', (0,0), (-1,-1), 1, TEAL),
        ('INNERGRID', (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.5, colors.HexColor("#ccddee")),
        ('VALIGN', (0,0), (-1,-1), 'TOP'),
    ]))
    story += [approaches_table, sp(6),
              tip_box("CBE (Competency-Based Education) is the INC's current approach. "
                      "Expect a question: 'What is CBE? How is it applied in nursing education?'")]

    story += [PageBreak()]

    # ── PART 3: Philosophy ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
    story += section("PART 3 — Educational Philosophy")
    story += [hline()]

    story += [definition_box("Philosophy",
        "From Greek: <b>Philo</b> (love) + <b>Sophia</b> (wisdom) = Love of wisdom. "
        "It examines fundamental questions about knowledge, values, and existence."), sp(6)]

    story += sub("Major Educational Philosophies — Visual Comparison")
    story += [sp(4), PhilosophyCompareDiagram(width=480, height=150), sp(8)]

    story += [tip_box("★ PRAGMATISM is most relevant to nursing — 'learning by doing' = clinical practice, "
                       "skill labs, and simulation. CBE is rooted in pragmatism.")]
    story += [sp(6)]

    story += sub("Philosophy of Nursing Education — Key Beliefs")
    story += bullet([
        "Every person has <b>dignity and worth</b>",
        "Nursing is both an <b>art and a science</b>",
        "Education should develop the <b>whole person</b> — cognitive, affective, psychomotor",
        "Nurses should be <b>lifelong learners</b>",
        "Nursing practice must be <b>evidence-based</b>",
        "Health care should be <b>holistic</b> — physical, psychological, social, spiritual",
    ])

    story += [PageBreak()]

    # ── PART 4: Teaching-Learning Process ───────────────────────────────────
    story += section("PART 4 — Teaching-Learning Process")
    story += [hline()]

    story += [
        definition_box("Teaching",
            "A purposeful process where the teacher <b>guides, facilitates, and assists</b> "
            "the learner to achieve desired learning outcomes through planned activities."),
        sp(4),
        definition_box("Learning",
            "A relatively <b>permanent change in behavior</b> — in knowledge, skills or "
            "attitudes — as a result of experience, practice, or instruction.", LTGREEN),
        sp(8),
    ]

    story += sub("Teaching-Learning Process Diagram")
    story += [sp(4), TeachingLearningDiagram(width=480, height=100), sp(10)]

    story += sub("Nature & Characteristics")
    char_data = [
        [Paragraph("<b>Teaching</b>", make_style('th', fontSize=10, fontName='Helvetica-Bold', textColor=NAVY)),
         Paragraph("<b>Learning</b>", make_style('lh', fontSize=10, fontName='Helvetica-Bold', textColor=TEAL))],
        ["Purposeful and goal-directed", "Produces permanent change in behavior"],
        ["Social and interactive process", "Results from practice or experience"],
        ["Both an art and a science", "It is an active process"],
        ["Involves communication", "Change must be observable"],
        ["Requires planning", "Affected by motivation and readiness"],
    ]
    char_table = Table(char_data, colWidths=[8.5*cm, 8.5*cm])
    char_table.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ('BACKGROUND', (0,0), (0,0), NAVY),
        ('BACKGROUND', (1,0), (1,0), TEAL),
        ('TEXTCOLOR', (0,0), (-1,0), WHITE),
        ('FONTNAME', (0,1), (-1,-1), 'Helvetica'),
        ('FONTSIZE', (0,0), (-1,-1), 10),
        ('PADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 6),
        ('ROWBACKGROUNDS', (0,1), (-1,-1), [LTBLUE, WHITE]),
        ('BOX', (0,0), (-1,-1), 1, colors.HexColor("#ccddee")),
        ('INNERGRID', (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.5, colors.HexColor("#ccddee")),
        ('VALIGN', (0,0), (-1,-1), 'TOP'),
    ]))
    story += [char_table, sp(8)]

    # ── PART 5: Principles ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
    story += section("PART 5 — Principles of Teaching & Learning")
    story += [hline()]

    story += sub("Principles of Teaching")
    teach_principles = [
        ("Activity",         "Learner must be active, not passive"),
        ("Motivation",       "Motivated learners learn better"),
        ("Readiness",        "Teach when the learner is ready"),
        ("Individual Diff.", "Every student learns differently"),
        ("Reinforcement",    "Reward correct responses"),
        ("Planning",         "Teaching must be well planned"),
        ("Evaluation",       "Always assess what was learned"),
    ]
    tp_data = [[Paragraph(f"<b>{n}</b>", make_style('tpn', fontSize=9, fontName='Helvetica-Bold', textColor=NAVY)),
                Paragraph(d, make_style('tpd', fontSize=9, fontName='Helvetica', textColor=DARKGRAY))]
               for n, d in teach_principles]
    tp_table = Table(tp_data, colWidths=[4*cm, 13*cm])
    tp_table.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ('BACKGROUND', (0,0), (0,-1), LTBLUE),
        ('FONTSIZE', (0,0), (-1,-1), 9),
        ('PADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 5),
        ('ROWBACKGROUNDS', (0,0), (-1,-1), [LTBLUE, WHITE]),
        ('BOX', (0,0), (-1,-1), 1, TEAL),
        ('INNERGRID', (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.5, colors.HexColor("#ccddee")),
    ]))
    story += [tp_table, sp(6)]

    story += sub("Thorndike's Laws of Learning (Must Know)")
    laws_data = [
        [Paragraph("<b>Law</b>", make_style('lw', fontSize=10, fontName='Helvetica-Bold', textColor=WHITE)),
         Paragraph("<b>Meaning</b>", make_style('lm', fontSize=10, fontName='Helvetica-Bold', textColor=WHITE))],
        ["Law of Readiness ★",  "Learning occurs when the learner is mentally & physically ready"],
        ["Law of Exercise ★",   "Practice makes learning permanent (repetition strengthens)"],
        ["Law of Effect ★",     "Learning strengthened by pleasant outcomes / weakened by unpleasant"],
        ["Primacy",             "What is learned first is remembered best"],
        ["Recency",             "What is learned most recently is also well remembered"],
        ["Intensity",           "Vivid/dramatic/real experiences are learned better"],
    ]
    laws_table = Table(laws_data, colWidths=[5*cm, 12*cm])
    laws_table.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ('BACKGROUND', (0,0), (-1,0), TEAL),
        ('TEXTCOLOR', (0,0), (-1,0), WHITE),
        ('FONTNAME', (0,1), (-1,-1), 'Helvetica'),
        ('FONTSIZE', (0,0), (-1,-1), 9.5),
        ('PADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 6),
        ('ROWBACKGROUNDS', (0,1), (-1,-1), [LTGREEN, WHITE]),
        ('BOX', (0,0), (-1,-1), 1, TEAL),
        ('INNERGRID', (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.5, colors.HexColor("#ccddee")),
        ('VALIGN', (0,0), (-1,-1), 'TOP'),
    ]))
    story += [laws_table, sp(6)]

    # ── PART 6: Barriers ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    story += section("PART 6 — Barriers to Teaching & Learning")
    story += [hline()]

    barriers_data = [
        [Paragraph("<b>Teacher-Related</b>", make_style('bh1', fontSize=10, fontName='Helvetica-Bold', textColor=WHITE)),
         Paragraph("<b>Student-Related</b>", make_style('bh2', fontSize=10, fontName='Helvetica-Bold', textColor=WHITE)),
         Paragraph("<b>Environment-Related</b>", make_style('bh3', fontSize=10, fontName='Helvetica-Bold', textColor=WHITE))],
        ["Poor communication", "Lack of motivation", "Noisy classroom"],
        ["No preparation", "Fear and anxiety", "Poor lighting"],
        ["Monotonous delivery", "Language barrier", "Overcrowded class"],
        ["No feedback given", "Poor health status", "Lack of resources"],
        ["Negative attitude", "Low self-confidence", "Uncomfortable seating"],
    ]
    bar_table = Table(barriers_data, colWidths=[5.7*cm, 5.7*cm, 5.6*cm])
    bar_table.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ('BACKGROUND', (0,0), (0,0), NAVY),
        ('BACKGROUND', (1,0), (1,0), TEAL),
        ('BACKGROUND', (2,0), (2,0), PURPLE),
        ('TEXTCOLOR', (0,0), (-1,0), WHITE),
        ('FONTNAME', (0,1), (-1,-1), 'Helvetica'),
        ('FONTSIZE', (0,0), (-1,-1), 9.5),
        ('PADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 6),
        ('ROWBACKGROUNDS', (0,1), (-1,-1), [colors.HexColor("#f5f5f5"), WHITE]),
        ('BOX', (0,0), (-1,-1), 1, colors.HexColor("#cccccc")),
        ('INNERGRID', (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.5, colors.HexColor("#dddddd")),
    ]))
    story += [bar_table, sp(4)]

    story += [PageBreak()]

    # ── PART 7: Learning Theories ─────────────────────────────────────────────
    story += section("PART 7 — Learning Theories ★ (High Priority)")
    story += [hline()]
    story += [sp(4), LearningTheoriesDiagram(width=480, height=200), sp(10)]

    # Detail table
    theory_data = [
        [Paragraph("<b>Theory</b>", make_style('tth', fontSize=10, fontName='Helvetica-Bold', textColor=WHITE)),
         Paragraph("<b>Key Person(s)</b>", make_style('tkh', fontSize=10, fontName='Helvetica-Bold', textColor=WHITE)),
         Paragraph("<b>Core Idea</b>", make_style('tch', fontSize=10, fontName='Helvetica-Bold', textColor=WHITE)),
         Paragraph("<b>Nursing Example</b>", make_style('tnh', fontSize=10, fontName='Helvetica-Bold', textColor=WHITE))],
        ["Behaviorism",    "Pavlov, Skinner, Thorndike", "Stimulus → Response; Reinforcement shapes behavior",          "Skill drills, return demonstration, feedback"],
        ["Cognitivism",    "Piaget, Bruner",              "Learning = mental processes (memory, thinking, perception)",  "Teaching pathophysiology, case-based reasoning"],
        ["Humanism",       "Maslow, Carl Rogers",         "Self-directed learning; needs must be met first",             "Student-centred teaching, meeting basic needs"],
        ["Social Learning","Albert Bandura",              "Learning by observation and imitation (role modelling)",       "Students learn by observing experienced nurses"],
    ]
    theory_table = Table(theory_data, colWidths=[3.5*cm, 4*cm, 5.5*cm, 4*cm])
    theory_table.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ('BACKGROUND', (0,0), (-1,0), NAVY),
        ('TEXTCOLOR', (0,0), (-1,0), WHITE),
        ('FONTNAME', (0,1), (-1,-1), 'Helvetica'),
        ('FONTSIZE', (0,0), (-1,-1), 8.5),
        ('PADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 5),
        ('ROWBACKGROUNDS', (0,1), (-1,-1), [LTBLUE, WHITE, LTGREEN, LTYELLOW]),
        ('BOX', (0,0), (-1,-1), 1, TEAL),
        ('INNERGRID', (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.5, colors.HexColor("#ccddee")),
        ('VALIGN', (0,0), (-1,-1), 'TOP'),
    ]))
    story += [theory_table, sp(8)]
    story += [tip_box("In the exam, if asked to 'apply a learning theory to nursing', "
                       "BEHAVIORISM = clinical skills practice; HUMANISM = patient education considering Maslow's needs; "
                       "SOCIAL LEARNING = role modelling in wards.")]

    # Maslow diagram
    story += [sp(10), sub("Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (Humanistic Theory)"),
              sp(6), MaslowDiagram(width=400, height=200), sp(4),
              Paragraph("Maslow says: Lower needs (physiological, safety) must be met BEFORE a student can focus on learning. "
                         "Relevance: A hungry, fearful, or anxious student cannot learn effectively.",
                         make_style('mn', fontSize=9, fontName='Helvetica-Oblique', textColor=MIDGRAY,
                                     alignment=TA_CENTER)), sp(10)]

    # ── PART 8: Latest Approaches to Learning ────────────────────────────────
    story += section("PART 8 — Latest Approaches to Learning")
    story += [hline()]

    approaches_learn = [
        ("Experiential Learning",      "Learning through direct personal experience followed by reflection (Kolb's Cycle)",
         "Clinical postings, case studies"),
        ("Reflective Learning",        "Thinking critically about your own experience to improve future practice",
         "Post-clinical debriefing, journaling, process recording"),
        ("Scenario-Based Learning",    "Using realistic clinical scenarios to develop decision-making skills",
         "OSCE stations, case vignettes in exams"),
        ("Simulation-Based Learning",  "Using mannequins/simulators to practice clinical skills in a SAFE environment",
         "Skill lab, manikin-based procedures, virtual reality"),
        ("Blended Learning",           "Combination of face-to-face classroom + online/digital learning",
         "Lectures + YouTube videos + e-modules"),
    ]
    al_data = [[Paragraph("<b>Approach</b>", make_style('alh', fontSize=9, fontName='Helvetica-Bold', textColor=WHITE)),
                Paragraph("<b>Meaning</b>", make_style('alm', fontSize=9, fontName='Helvetica-Bold', textColor=WHITE)),
                Paragraph("<b>Nursing Example</b>", make_style('aln', fontSize=9, fontName='Helvetica-Bold', textColor=WHITE))]]
    for a, m, e in approaches_learn:
        al_data.append([a, m, e])
    al_table = Table(al_data, colWidths=[4*cm, 7.5*cm, 5.5*cm])
    al_table.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ('BACKGROUND', (0,0), (-1,0), TEAL),
        ('TEXTCOLOR', (0,0), (-1,0), WHITE),
        ('FONTNAME', (0,1), (-1,-1), 'Helvetica'),
        ('FONTSIZE', (0,0), (-1,-1), 9),
        ('PADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 5),
        ('ROWBACKGROUNDS', (0,1), (-1,-1), [WHITE, LTBLUE]),
        ('BOX', (0,0), (-1,-1), 1, TEAL),
        ('INNERGRID', (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.5, colors.HexColor("#ccddee")),
        ('VALIGN', (0,0), (-1,-1), 'TOP'),
    ]))
    story += [al_table, sp(10)]

    story += sub("Kolb's Experiential Learning Cycle ★")
    story += [sp(4), KolbCycleDiagram(width=400, height=220), sp(4),
              Paragraph("The cycle moves: Concrete Experience → Reflective Observation → "
                         "Abstract Conceptualization → Active Experimentation → back to new experience. "
                         "This is the basis of clinical nursing education.",
                         make_style('kd', fontSize=9, fontName='Helvetica', textColor=MIDGRAY,
                                     alignment=TA_CENTER, leading=12)), sp(10)]

    story += [PageBreak()]

    # ── PART 9: Quick Revision ────────────────────────────────────────────────
    story += [colored_heading_bar("⚡  QUICK REVISION BOX — Unit I", TEAL), sp(8)]

    qr_data = [
        [Paragraph("<b>Topic</b>", make_style('qrh1', fontSize=10, fontName='Helvetica-Bold', textColor=WHITE)),
         Paragraph("<b>Key Point to Remember</b>", make_style('qrh2', fontSize=10, fontName='Helvetica-Bold', textColor=WHITE))],
        ["Education",             "Desirable change in behavior (knowledge, skill, attitude)"],
        ["Educare (Latin)",       "To bring forth / to develop"],
        ["Educational Technology","Systematic application of science to teaching-learning"],
        ["CBE",                   "Focus on demonstrating competencies — INC follows this"],
        ["Transformational Ed.",  "Deep change in thinking and values"],
        ["Pragmatism ★",          "Learning by doing — most relevant to nursing"],
        ["Teaching",              "Guiding learner to achieve desired outcomes"],
        ["Learning",              "Permanent change in behavior from experience"],
        ["Law of Readiness",      "Learning occurs when learner is ready (Thorndike)"],
        ["Law of Effect",         "Pleasant outcomes strengthen learning"],
        ["Behaviorism",           "Stimulus-Response; Skinner, Pavlov, Thorndike"],
        ["Cognitivism",           "Mental processes; Piaget, Bruner"],
        ["Humanism",              "Self-directed, needs-based; Maslow, Carl Rogers"],
        ["Social Learning",       "Observation & imitation; Albert Bandura"],
        ["Kolb's Cycle",          "Experience → Reflection → Conceptualize → Experiment"],
        ["Blended Learning",      "Face-to-face + online learning combined"],
        ["Simulation-Based",      "Practice in safe environment using mannequins/simulators"],
    ]
    qr_table = Table(qr_data, colWidths=[5*cm, 12*cm])
    qr_table.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ('BACKGROUND', (0,0), (-1,0), NAVY),
        ('TEXTCOLOR', (0,0), (-1,0), WHITE),
        ('FONTNAME', (0,1), (-1,-1), 'Helvetica'),
        ('FONTNAME', (0,1), (0,-1), 'Helvetica-Bold'),
        ('FONTSIZE', (0,0), (-1,-1), 9.5),
        ('PADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 5),
        ('ROWBACKGROUNDS', (0,1), (-1,-1), [LTBLUE, WHITE]),
        ('BOX', (0,0), (-1,-1), 1, TEAL),
        ('INNERGRID', (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.5, colors.HexColor("#ccddee")),
    ]))
    story += [qr_table, sp(12)]

    # Practice Questions
    story += [colored_heading_bar("📝  PRACTICE QUESTIONS — Unit I", PURPLE), sp(8)]

    story += [Paragraph("<b>Long Answer Questions (10 marks)</b>", sub_heading), sp(4)]
    lq = [
        "Define Educational Technology. Explain its scope and importance in nursing education.",
        "Describe the major learning theories with their key persons, core principles, and application to nursing.",
        "What is Competency-Based Education? How is it applied in nursing education in India?",
        "Explain the teaching-learning process with a diagram. Describe the principles of teaching.",
        "Write a note on Kolb's Experiential Learning Cycle with a diagram. How is it applied in clinical nursing education?",
    ]
    for i, q in enumerate(lq, 1):
        story += [Paragraph(f"<b>Q{i}.</b> {q}", make_style('lqq', fontSize=10,
                   fontName='Helvetica', textColor=DARKGRAY, leading=14,
                   leftIndent=8, spaceAfter=5))]

    story += [sp(6), Paragraph("<b>Short Answer Questions (5 marks)</b>", sub_heading), sp(4)]
    sq = [
        "Differentiate between teaching and learning.",
        "What are the latest approaches to education? (Transformational, Relationship-based, CBE)",
        "Write short notes on: (a) Pragmatism in nursing education (b) Humanistic theory",
        "Explain Maslow's hierarchy of needs and its relevance to learning.",
        "What is blended learning? Give examples in nursing.",
        "Differentiate: Experiential learning vs Simulation-based learning.",
    ]
    for i, q in enumerate(sq, 1):
        story += [Paragraph(f"<b>Q{i}.</b> {q}", make_style('sqq', fontSize=10,
                   fontName='Helvetica', textColor=DARKGRAY, leading=14,
                   leftIndent=8, spaceAfter=5))]

    story += [sp(6), Paragraph("<b>One-Line / Definition Questions</b>", sub_heading), sp(4)]
    ol = [
        "Define: Education / Educational Technology / CBE / Blended learning",
        "Name the 4 learning theories and their key persons.",
        "What are Thorndike's Laws of Learning?",
        "Name 5 barriers to learning.",
        "What does 'Educare' mean?",
    ]
    for i, q in enumerate(ol, 1):
        story += [Paragraph(f"<b>Q{i}.</b> {q}", make_style('olq', fontSize=10,
                   fontName='Helvetica', textColor=DARKGRAY, leading=14,
                   leftIndent=8, spaceAfter=5))]

    # Footer note
    story += [sp(16), hline(colors.HexColor("#cccccc"), 0.5),
              Paragraph("Study Guide prepared by Orris AI Tutor · B.Sc. Nursing 5th Sem · Nursing Education Unit I",
                         small_center)]

    doc.build(story)
    print(f"PDF created: {OUTPUT}")

build_pdf()

Successfully replaced 1 instance(s) of the string in '/home/daytona/workspace/nursing-education/unit1_study_guide.py'

"""
Nursing Education - Unit I Study Guide PDF
B.Sc. Nursing 5th Semester (Bhushan Science / INC Revised Syllabus)
"""
import math
from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import A4
from reportlab.lib import colors
from reportlab.lib.styles import getSampleStyleSheet, ParagraphStyle
from reportlab.lib.units import cm
from reportlab.platypus import (SimpleDocTemplate, Paragraph, Spacer, Table,
                                 TableStyle, HRFlowable, PageBreak)
from reportlab.platypus import Flowable
from reportlab.lib.enums import TA_CENTER, TA_LEFT, TA_JUSTIFY

OUTPUT = "/home/daytona/workspace/nursing-education/Unit1_Nursing_Education_Study_Guide.pdf"

# ── Colours ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
NAVY    = colors.HexColor("#1a3a5c")
TEAL    = colors.HexColor("#0d7377")
GOLD    = colors.HexColor("#f0a500")
LTBLUE  = colors.HexColor("#e8f4f8")
LTGREEN = colors.HexColor("#e8f8f0")
LTYELLOW= colors.HexColor("#fff8e1")
PURPLE  = colors.HexColor("#6a1b9a")
WHITE   = colors.white
DARKGRAY= colors.HexColor("#333333")
MIDGRAY = colors.HexColor("#888888")
RED     = colors.HexColor("#c0392b")
ORANGE  = colors.HexColor("#e67e22")
GREEN   = colors.HexColor("#1b5e20")

# ── Styles ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
styles = getSampleStyleSheet()
def S(name, **kw):
    return ParagraphStyle(name, parent=styles['Normal'], **kw)

body      = S('body', fontSize=10, textColor=DARKGRAY, fontName='Helvetica', leading=14, spaceAfter=4, alignment=TA_JUSTIFY)
sec_h     = S('sech', fontSize=13, textColor=NAVY, fontName='Helvetica-Bold', spaceBefore=10, spaceAfter=4, leading=16)
sub_h     = S('subh', fontSize=11, textColor=TEAL, fontName='Helvetica-Bold', spaceBefore=6, spaceAfter=3)
blt       = S('blt',  fontSize=10, textColor=DARKGRAY, fontName='Helvetica', leading=13, leftIndent=14, spaceAfter=2)
small_c   = S('smc',  fontSize=8,  textColor=MIDGRAY,  fontName='Helvetica', alignment=TA_CENTER)
center_it = S('cit',  fontSize=9,  textColor=MIDGRAY,  fontName='Helvetica-Oblique', alignment=TA_CENTER, leading=12)
bold10    = S('b10',  fontSize=10, textColor=DARKGRAY, fontName='Helvetica-Bold')

# ── Helpers ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
def sp(h=8):  return Spacer(1, h)
def hline():  return HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=0.8, color=TEAL, spaceAfter=4, spaceBefore=4)
def P(t, st=body): return Paragraph(t, st)
def B(items):  return [P(f"• {i}", blt) for i in items]

def draw_triangle(canvas, x1,y1, x2,y2, x3,y3, fill_color):
    """Draw a filled triangle using path."""
    p = canvas.beginPath()
    p.moveTo(x1, y1)
    p.lineTo(x2, y2)
    p.lineTo(x3, y3)
    p.close()
    canvas.setFillColor(fill_color)
    canvas.drawPath(p, fill=1, stroke=0)

def color_bar(text, bg=NAVY, fg=WHITE, size=12):
    t = Table([[P(text, S('cb', fontSize=size, fontName='Helvetica-Bold',
                           textColor=fg, alignment=TA_CENTER))]], colWidths=[17*cm])
    t.setStyle(TableStyle([('BACKGROUND',(0,0),(-1,-1),bg),
                            ('PADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),8)]))
    return t

def def_box(label, text, bg=LTBLUE):
    t = Table([[P(f"<b>{label}</b>", S('dl', fontSize=10, fontName='Helvetica-Bold',
                                        textColor=NAVY)),
                P(text, S('dt', fontSize=10, fontName='Helvetica',
                           textColor=DARKGRAY, leading=13))]],
               colWidths=[4*cm, 13*cm])
    t.setStyle(TableStyle([('BACKGROUND',(0,0),(0,0),LTBLUE),
                            ('BACKGROUND',(1,0),(1,0),bg),
                            ('BOX',(0,0),(-1,-1),0.5,TEAL),
                            ('INNERGRID',(0,0),(-1,-1),0.5,colors.HexColor("#ccddee")),
                            ('VALIGN',(0,0),(-1,-1),'TOP'),
                            ('PADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),6)]))
    return t

def tip(text):
    t = Table([[P("⭐ EXAM TIP", S('tl', fontSize=9, fontName='Helvetica-Bold',
                                    textColor=colors.HexColor("#7b4f00"))),
                P(text, S('tt', fontSize=9, fontName='Helvetica',
                           textColor=DARKGRAY, leading=13))]],
               colWidths=[2.5*cm, 14.5*cm])
    t.setStyle(TableStyle([('BACKGROUND',(0,0),(-1,-1),LTYELLOW),
                            ('BOX',(0,0),(-1,-1),1,GOLD),
                            ('VALIGN',(0,0),(-1,-1),'TOP'),
                            ('PADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),7)]))
    return t

def std_table(data, col_widths, row_colors=None, head_bg=NAVY):
    if row_colors is None:
        row_colors = [LTBLUE, WHITE]
    t = Table(data, colWidths=col_widths)
    ts = [('BACKGROUND',(0,0),(-1,0), head_bg),
          ('TEXTCOLOR',(0,0),(-1,0), WHITE),
          ('FONTNAME',(0,0),(-1,0),'Helvetica-Bold'),
          ('FONTNAME',(0,1),(-1,-1),'Helvetica'),
          ('FONTSIZE',(0,0),(-1,-1),9.5),
          ('PADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),6),
          ('BOX',(0,0),(-1,-1),1,TEAL),
          ('INNERGRID',(0,0),(-1,-1),0.5,colors.HexColor("#ccddee")),
          ('VALIGN',(0,0),(-1,-1),'TOP'),
          ('ROWBACKGROUNDS',(0,1),(-1,-1), row_colors)]
    t.setStyle(TableStyle(ts))
    return t

# ── DIAGRAMS ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

class TeachingLearningDiagram(Flowable):
    def __init__(self, w=480, h=110): super().__init__(); self.width=w; self.height=h
    def wrap(self, *args): return self.width, self.height
    def draw(self):
        c = self.canv
        boxes = [
            (NAVY,   "TEACHER",         "Plans & Delivers"),
            (TEAL,   "METHODS & MEDIA", "Strategies Used"),
            (PURPLE, "LEARNER",          "Receives & Responds"),
        ]
        bw, bh = 118, 52
        gap = (self.width - 3*bw) / 4
        y0 = (self.height - bh) / 2 + 12

        for i, (bg, title, sub) in enumerate(boxes):
            x = gap + i*(bw + gap)
            c.setFillColor(bg)
            c.roundRect(x, y0, bw, bh, 6, fill=1, stroke=0)
            c.setFillColor(WHITE)
            c.setFont("Helvetica-Bold", 9)
            c.drawCentredString(x+bw/2, y0+bh-17, title)
            c.setFont("Helvetica", 7.5)
            c.drawCentredString(x+bw/2, y0+bh-30, sub)

        # Forward arrows between boxes
        for i in range(2):
            x1 = gap + i*(bw+gap) + bw + 2
            x2 = gap + (i+1)*(bw+gap) - 2
            my = y0 + bh/2 + 5
            c.setStrokeColor(GOLD)
            c.setLineWidth(2)
            c.line(x1, my, x2-7, my)
            c.setFillColor(GOLD)
            draw_triangle(c, x2-7, my-4, x2-7, my+4, x2+1, my, GOLD)

        # Feedback dashed arrow
        c.setStrokeColor(MIDGRAY)
        c.setLineWidth(1)
        c.setDash(4,3)
        fx1 = gap + bw/2
        fx2 = gap + 2*(bw+gap) + bw/2
        fy = y0 - 12
        c.line(fx1, fy, fx2, fy)
        c.setDash()
        c.setFont("Helvetica-Oblique", 7)
        c.setFillColor(MIDGRAY)
        c.drawCentredString(self.width/2, fy-10, "Feedback & Evaluation")


class LearningTheoriesDiagram(Flowable):
    def __init__(self, w=480, h=195): super().__init__(); self.width=w; self.height=h
    def wrap(self, *args): return self.width, self.height
    def draw(self):
        c = self.canv
        theories = [
            (NAVY,   "BEHAVIORISM",       "Pavlov · Skinner · Thorndike", "Stimulus → Response\nReinforcement",        "Skill drills, practice,\nreturn demonstration"),
            (TEAL,   "COGNITIVISM",        "Piaget · Bruner",              "Mental processes\nMemory, thinking",         "Teaching concepts,\npathophysiology"),
            (PURPLE, "HUMANISM",           "Maslow · Carl Rogers",         "Self-directed\nNeeds-based learning",        "Student-centred\nteaching"),
            (RED,    "SOCIAL LEARNING",    "Albert Bandura",               "Observation &\nImitation (role model)",      "Watch experienced\nnurses in wards"),
        ]
        bw = self.width/2 - 6
        bh = self.height/2 - 6
        pos = [(3, self.height/2+3), (self.width/2+3, self.height/2+3),
               (3, 3),               (self.width/2+3, 3)]

        for (bg, title, person, concept, example), (bx, by) in zip(theories, pos):
            c.setFillColor(bg)
            c.roundRect(bx, by, bw, bh, 5, fill=1, stroke=0)
            c.setFillColor(WHITE)
            c.setFont("Helvetica-Bold", 9.5)
            c.drawCentredString(bx+bw/2, by+bh-16, title)
            c.setStrokeColor(colors.HexColor("#ffffff44"))
            c.setLineWidth(0.5)
            c.line(bx+8, by+bh-20, bx+bw-8, by+bh-20)
            c.setFillColor(GOLD)
            c.setFont("Helvetica-Oblique", 7.5)
            for j, ln in enumerate(person.split('·')):
                c.drawCentredString(bx+bw/2, by+bh-31-j*10, ln.strip())
            c.setFillColor(WHITE)
            c.setFont("Helvetica", 7.5)
            for j, ln in enumerate(concept.split('\n')):
                c.drawCentredString(bx+bw/2, by+bh-55-j*10, ln)
            c.setFillColor(GOLD)
            c.setFont("Helvetica-Bold", 7)
            c.drawCentredString(bx+bw/2, by+25, "Nursing eg:")
            c.setFillColor(WHITE)
            c.setFont("Helvetica", 7)
            for j, ln in enumerate(example.split('\n')):
                c.drawCentredString(bx+bw/2, by+15-j*9, ln)


class KolbCycleDiagram(Flowable):
    def __init__(self, w=440, h=220): super().__init__(); self.width=w; self.height=h
    def wrap(self, *args): return self.width, self.height
    def draw(self):
        c = self.canv
        cx, cy = self.width/2, self.height/2
        r = 78
        stages = [
            ("Concrete\nExperience",         0,   NAVY),
            ("Reflective\nObservation",       90,  TEAL),
            ("Abstract\nConceptualization",   180, PURPLE),
            ("Active\nExperimentation",       270, RED),
        ]
        # Centre circle
        c.setFillColor(LTBLUE)
        c.setStrokeColor(TEAL)
        c.setLineWidth(1.5)
        c.circle(cx, cy, 38, fill=1, stroke=1)
        c.setFillColor(NAVY)
        c.setFont("Helvetica-Bold", 8)
        c.drawCentredString(cx, cy+4, "KOLB'S")
        c.drawCentredString(cx, cy-7, "CYCLE")

        for label, angle_deg, color in stages:
            angle = math.radians(angle_deg)
            bx = cx + r * math.cos(angle)
            by = cy + r * math.sin(angle)
            bw, bh = 82, 40
            c.setFillColor(color)
            c.roundRect(bx-bw/2, by-bh/2, bw, bh, 4, fill=1, stroke=0)
            c.setFillColor(WHITE)
            c.setFont("Helvetica-Bold", 8)
            lines = label.split('\n')
            for j, ln in enumerate(lines):
                c.drawCentredString(bx, by + 6 - j*12, ln)

            # Arrow from box edge toward center
            dx, dy = cx-bx, cy-by
            dist = math.sqrt(dx*dx+dy*dy)
            nx, ny = dx/dist, dy/dist
            ax1 = bx + nx*44
            ay1 = by + ny*22
            ax2 = bx + nx*(dist-42)
            ay2 = by + ny*(dist-42)
            c.setStrokeColor(GOLD)
            c.setLineWidth(1.5)
            c.line(ax1, ay1, ax2, ay2)
            # Arrowhead
            pa = math.atan2(ay2-ay1, ax2-ax1)
            aw = 5
            draw_triangle(c,
                ax2 - aw*math.cos(pa-math.pi/6), ay2 - aw*math.sin(pa-math.pi/6),
                ax2 - aw*math.cos(pa+math.pi/6), ay2 - aw*math.sin(pa+math.pi/6),
                ax2 + 2*math.cos(pa),              ay2 + 2*math.sin(pa), GOLD)


class MaslowPyramid(Flowable):
    def __init__(self, w=420, h=210): super().__init__(); self.width=w; self.height=h
    def wrap(self, *args): return self.width, self.height
    def draw(self):
        c = self.canv
        levels = [
            (RED,    "Self-Actualisation",  "Reach full potential - learning, creativity"),
            (ORANGE, "Esteem Needs",        "Respect, achievement, recognition"),
            (GOLD,   "Social / Love Needs", "Belonging, friendship, acceptance"),
            (TEAL,   "Safety Needs",        "Security, stability, freedom from fear"),
            (NAVY,   "Physiological Needs", "Food, water, sleep, warmth (BASIC)"),
        ]
        n = len(levels)
        base_w = self.width * 0.82
        top_w  = 55
        lh = (self.height - 22) / n
        cx = self.width / 2

        for i, (color, name, desc) in enumerate(levels):
            # i=0 is TOP (smallest)
            lw = top_w + (base_w - top_w) * (n-1-i) / (n-1)
            lx = cx - lw/2
            ly = (n-1-i) * lh + 4
            c.setFillColor(color)
            c.setStrokeColor(WHITE)
            c.setLineWidth(1.2)
            c.rect(lx, ly, lw, lh-2, fill=1, stroke=1)
            c.setFillColor(WHITE)
            c.setFont("Helvetica-Bold", 8.5)
            c.drawCentredString(cx, ly+lh/2+2, name)
            c.setFont("Helvetica", 7)
            c.drawCentredString(cx, ly+lh/2-8, desc)

        # Title
        c.setFillColor(DARKGRAY)
        c.setFont("Helvetica-Bold", 9)
        c.drawCentredString(cx, self.height-12, "MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS")

        # Side arrow
        ax = cx + base_w/2 + 14
        c.setStrokeColor(GOLD); c.setLineWidth(2); c.setFillColor(GOLD)
        c.line(ax, 4, ax, self.height-24)
        draw_triangle(c, ax-4, self.height-24, ax+4, self.height-24, ax, self.height-16, GOLD)
        c.saveState()
        c.translate(ax+16, self.height/2-10)
        c.rotate(90)
        c.setFont("Helvetica-Bold", 7.5)
        c.setFillColor(GOLD)
        c.drawCentredString(0, 0, "Learning needs increase")
        c.restoreState()


class PhilosophyDiagram(Flowable):
    def __init__(self, w=480, h=145): super().__init__(); self.width=w; self.height=h
    def wrap(self, *args): return self.width, self.height
    def draw(self):
        c = self.canv
        phils = [
            (NAVY,   "IDEALISM",       "Mind & Ideas",     "Guide/Inspirer",   "Active Thinker"),
            (TEAL,   "REALISM",        "Real World/Facts",  "Subject Expert",  "Observer"),
            (PURPLE, "PRAGMATISM ★",   "Learning by Doing","Facilitator",      "Active Doer"),
            (GREEN,  "EXISTENTIALISM", "Freedom & Choice", "Encourages Self",  "Self-directed"),
            (RED,    "NATURALISM",     "Nature is Teacher", "Observer",        "Free Explorer"),
        ]
        n = len(phils)
        bw = (self.width - (n-1)*3) / n
        # Row heights
        header_h = 22
        row_h = (self.height - header_h) / 3
        rows_data = [(LTBLUE, "Key Belief", 0),
                     (LTGREEN, "Teacher Role", 1),
                     (LTYELLOW, "Student Role", 2)]

        for i, (bg, name, belief, teacher, student) in enumerate(phils):
            x = i*(bw+3)
            # Header
            c.setFillColor(bg)
            c.roundRect(x, self.height-header_h, bw, header_h-2, 3, fill=1, stroke=0)
            c.setFillColor(WHITE)
            c.setFont("Helvetica-Bold", 6.5)
            c.drawCentredString(x+bw/2, self.height-12, name)

            vals = [belief, teacher, student]
            for j, (rc, _, row_idx) in enumerate(rows_data):
                ry = self.height - header_h - (j+1)*row_h
                c.setFillColor(rc)
                c.rect(x, ry, bw, row_h-1, fill=1, stroke=0)
                c.setFillColor(DARKGRAY)
                c.setFont("Helvetica", 6.5)
                words = vals[j].split()
                lines, cur = [], ""
                for w in words:
                    test = (cur+" "+w).strip()
                    if c.stringWidth(test,"Helvetica",6.5) < bw-4:
                        cur = test
                    else:
                        lines.append(cur); cur=w
                lines.append(cur)
                total = len(lines)*8
                sy = ry + row_h/2 + total/2 - 7
                for k, ln in enumerate(lines):
                    c.drawCentredString(x+bw/2, sy-k*8, ln)

        # Row labels on far right
        c.setFillColor(MIDGRAY); c.setFont("Helvetica-Oblique", 6.5)
        for j, (_, lbl, _) in enumerate(rows_data):
            ry = self.height - header_h - (j+1)*row_h + row_h/2 - 3
            # skip for cleanliness


# ── BUILD ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
def build():
    doc = SimpleDocTemplate(OUTPUT, pagesize=A4,
                             leftMargin=2*cm, rightMargin=2*cm,
                             topMargin=2*cm,  bottomMargin=2*cm,
                             title="Nursing Education Unit I Study Guide")
    s = []  # story

    # ── COVER ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    cover = Table([
        [P("📚  NURSING EDUCATION", S('c1', fontSize=22, textColor=WHITE,
           fontName='Helvetica-Bold', alignment=TA_CENTER, leading=26))],
        [P("B.Sc. Nursing · 5th Semester · Bhushan Science", S('c2', fontSize=11,
           textColor=GOLD, fontName='Helvetica', alignment=TA_CENTER))],
        [sp(6)],
        [P("UNIT I", S('c3', fontSize=30, textColor=WHITE,
           fontName='Helvetica-Bold', alignment=TA_CENTER, leading=34))],
        [P("Introduction and Theoretical Foundations", S('c4', fontSize=14,
           textColor=GOLD, fontName='Helvetica-Oblique', alignment=TA_CENTER))],
        [sp(6)],
        [P("Complete Study Guide with Diagrams", S('c5', fontSize=10,
           textColor=colors.HexColor("#aaccee"), fontName='Helvetica', alignment=TA_CENTER))],
    ], colWidths=[17*cm])
    cover.setStyle(TableStyle([('BACKGROUND',(0,0),(-1,-1),NAVY),
                                ('PADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),10)]))
    s += [cover, sp(14)]

    # Contents mini-table
    toc = std_table([
        [P("<b>CONTENTS</b>", S('toc0',fontSize=11,fontName='Helvetica-Bold',textColor=WHITE,alignment=TA_CENTER)), ""],
        ["Part 1", "Education & Educational Technology"],
        ["Part 2", "Latest Approaches to Education (CBE, Transformational, Relationship-based)"],
        ["Part 3", "Educational Philosophy + Diagram"],
        ["Part 4", "Teaching-Learning Process + Diagram"],
        ["Part 5", "Principles of Teaching & Learning"],
        ["Part 6", "Barriers to Teaching & Learning"],
        ["Part 7", "Learning Theories ★ + Diagram"],
        ["Part 8", "Maslow's Hierarchy + Kolb's Cycle Diagram"],
        ["Part 9", "Quick Revision Box + Practice Questions"],
    ], [3*cm, 14*cm], head_bg=TEAL)
    s += [toc, sp(6)]

    # ── PART 1 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    s += [P("PART 1 — Education & Educational Technology", sec_h), hline(),
          def_box("Education",
            "The process of bringing <b>desirable changes in behavior</b> — in "
            "knowledge, skills and attitudes — through planned experiences."), sp(5),
          def_box("Educational Technology",
            "The <b>systematic application of scientific knowledge</b> about "
            "teaching and learning to improve effectiveness. NOT just gadgets — "
            "includes methods, media, and strategies used scientifically.", LTGREEN), sp(5)]
    s += [P("Etymology of 'Education'", sub_h)]
    s += [std_table([
        [P("<b>Latin Word</b>", S('eh',fontSize=10,fontName='Helvetica-Bold',textColor=WHITE)),
         P("<b>Meaning</b>", S('em',fontSize=10,fontName='Helvetica-Bold',textColor=WHITE))],
        ["Educatum", "To educate"],
        ["Educare",  "To bring forth / to develop from within"],
        ["Educere",  "To lead out / to push forward"],
    ], [5*cm, 12*cm]), sp(5)]
    s += [P("Aims of Educational Technology", sub_h)]
    s += B(["Make teaching-learning more <b>effective and systematic</b>",
            "Help teachers select <b>appropriate methods and media</b>",
            "Improve <b>student learning outcomes</b>",
            "Apply <b>scientific principles</b> to education",
            "Develop <b>competency-based, learner-centred</b> education"])
    s += [sp(6)]

    # ── PART 2 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    s += [P("PART 2 — Latest Approaches to Education", sec_h), hline()]
    s += [std_table([
        [P("<b>Approach</b>",S('a0',fontSize=10,fontName='Helvetica-Bold',textColor=WHITE)),
         P("<b>Key Idea</b>",S('a1',fontSize=10,fontName='Helvetica-Bold',textColor=WHITE)),
         P("<b>Nursing Relevance</b>",S('a2',fontSize=10,fontName='Helvetica-Bold',textColor=WHITE))],
        ["Transformational Education",
         "Deep change in thinking, values & behavior. Student becomes a critical thinker.",
         "Nurse develops clinical judgment, not just technical skills"],
        ["Relationship-Based Education",
         "Learning happens through trust and connection between teacher and student.",
         "Mirrors therapeutic nurse-patient relationship"],
        ["Competency-Based Education (CBE) ★",
         "Focus on demonstrating specific skills/competencies, not just passing exams.",
         "INC now follows CBE — assessed on what you CAN DO, not just what you know"],
    ], [4.5*cm, 7*cm, 5.5*cm], row_colors=[LTBLUE, WHITE, LTGREEN]), sp(6),
    tip("CBE is the INC's current model. Expected exam Q: 'What is CBE? How is it applied in nursing education?'")]
    s += [sp(6), PageBreak()]

    # ── PART 3 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    s += [P("PART 3 — Educational Philosophy", sec_h), hline(),
          def_box("Philosophy",
            "From Greek: <b>Philo</b> (love) + <b>Sophia</b> (wisdom) = Love of Wisdom. "
            "It examines fundamental questions about knowledge, values, and existence."), sp(6),
          P("Major Educational Philosophies — Comparison Diagram", sub_h), sp(4),
          PhilosophyDiagram(), sp(6),
          tip("★ PRAGMATISM is most relevant to nursing — 'learning by doing' = clinical practice, "
               "skill labs, simulation. CBE itself is rooted in pragmatist philosophy."), sp(6)]
    s += [P("Philosophy of Nursing Education — Key Beliefs", sub_h)]
    s += B(["Every person has <b>dignity and worth</b>",
            "Nursing is both an <b>art and a science</b>",
            "Education must develop the <b>whole person</b> — cognitive, affective, psychomotor",
            "Nurses must be <b>lifelong learners</b> — education does not stop after graduation",
            "Nursing practice must be <b>evidence-based</b>",
            "Health care must be <b>holistic</b> — physical, psychological, social, spiritual"])
    s += [sp(6), PageBreak()]

    # ── PART 4 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    s += [P("PART 4 — Teaching-Learning Process", sec_h), hline(),
          def_box("Teaching",
            "A purposeful process where the teacher <b>guides, facilitates and assists</b> "
            "the learner to achieve desired learning outcomes through planned activities."), sp(4),
          def_box("Learning",
            "A relatively <b>permanent change in behavior</b> — in knowledge, skills or "
            "attitudes — as a result of experience, practice, or instruction.", LTGREEN), sp(8),
          P("Teaching-Learning Process Diagram", sub_h), sp(4),
          TeachingLearningDiagram(), sp(10)]
    s += [P("Nature & Characteristics", sub_h)]
    s += [std_table([
        [P("<b>Teaching</b>",S('th',fontSize=10,fontName='Helvetica-Bold',textColor=WHITE)),
         P("<b>Learning</b>",S('lh',fontSize=10,fontName='Helvetica-Bold',textColor=WHITE))],
        ["Purposeful and goal-directed",        "Produces a permanent change in behavior"],
        ["Social and interactive process",       "Results from practice or experience"],
        ["Both an art and a science",            "It is an active process"],
        ["Requires planning and preparation",    "Affected by motivation and readiness"],
        ["Involves effective communication",     "Change must be observable and measurable"],
    ], [8.5*cm, 8.5*cm], head_bg=TEAL), sp(8)]
    s += [PageBreak()]

    # ── PART 5 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    s += [P("PART 5 — Principles of Teaching & Learning", sec_h), hline(),
          P("Principles of Teaching", sub_h)]
    s += [std_table([
        [P("<b>Principle</b>",S('p0',fontSize=10,fontName='Helvetica-Bold',textColor=WHITE)),
         P("<b>Meaning</b>",  S('p1',fontSize=10,fontName='Helvetica-Bold',textColor=WHITE))],
        ["Principle of Activity",          "Learner must be active, not a passive listener"],
        ["Principle of Motivation",        "Motivated learners learn better and retain more"],
        ["Principle of Readiness",         "Teach only when the learner is mentally ready"],
        ["Principle of Individual Diff.",  "Every student has different pace and style"],
        ["Principle of Reinforcement",     "Reward correct responses to strengthen learning"],
        ["Principle of Planning",          "Teaching must be well-planned with clear objectives"],
        ["Principle of Evaluation",        "Always assess what was learned after teaching"],
    ], [5*cm, 12*cm]), sp(6)]
    s += [P("Thorndike's Laws of Learning ★ (Must Know!)", sub_h)]
    s += [std_table([
        [P("<b>Law</b>",    S('l0',fontSize=10,fontName='Helvetica-Bold',textColor=WHITE)),
         P("<b>Meaning</b>",S('l1',fontSize=10,fontName='Helvetica-Bold',textColor=WHITE))],
        ["Law of Readiness ★", "Learning occurs when the learner is mentally & physically ready"],
        ["Law of Exercise ★",  "Repetition / practice makes learning permanent"],
        ["Law of Effect ★",    "Learning strengthened by pleasant outcomes, weakened by unpleasant"],
        ["Primacy",            "What is learned FIRST is remembered best"],
        ["Recency",            "What is learned MOST RECENTLY is also well retained"],
        ["Intensity",          "Vivid, dramatic, real experiences are learned better"],
    ], [5*cm, 12*cm], head_bg=TEAL), sp(6)]
    s += [PageBreak()]

    # ── PART 6 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    s += [P("PART 6 — Barriers to Teaching & Learning", sec_h), hline()]
    s += [std_table([
        [P("<b>Teacher-Related</b>", S('b0',fontSize=10,fontName='Helvetica-Bold',textColor=WHITE)),
         P("<b>Student-Related</b>", S('b1',fontSize=10,fontName='Helvetica-Bold',textColor=WHITE)),
         P("<b>Environment-Related</b>",S('b2',fontSize=10,fontName='Helvetica-Bold',textColor=WHITE))],
        ["Poor communication skills",    "Lack of motivation",         "Noisy classroom"],
        ["No preparation / planning",    "Fear and anxiety",           "Poor lighting"],
        ["Monotonous delivery",          "Language barrier",           "Overcrowded class"],
        ["No feedback given",            "Poor health status",         "Lack of resources"],
        ["Negative attitude",            "Low self-confidence",        "Uncomfortable seating"],
    ], [5.7*cm, 5.6*cm, 5.7*cm],
    row_colors=[colors.HexColor("#f5f5f5"), WHITE]), sp(6)]

    # ── PART 7 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    s += [P("PART 7 — Learning Theories ★ (High Priority)", sec_h), hline(),
          sp(4), LearningTheoriesDiagram(), sp(10)]
    s += [std_table([
        [P("<b>Theory</b>",         S('t0',fontSize=9,fontName='Helvetica-Bold',textColor=WHITE)),
         P("<b>Key Person(s)</b>",  S('t1',fontSize=9,fontName='Helvetica-Bold',textColor=WHITE)),
         P("<b>Core Idea</b>",      S('t2',fontSize=9,fontName='Helvetica-Bold',textColor=WHITE)),
         P("<b>Nursing Example</b>",S('t3',fontSize=9,fontName='Helvetica-Bold',textColor=WHITE))],
        ["Behaviorism",    "Pavlov, Skinner, Thorndike",
         "Stimulus → Response; reinforcement shapes behavior",
         "Skill drills, return demonstration, positive feedback"],
        ["Cognitivism",    "Piaget, Bruner",
         "Learning = mental processes: memory, thinking, perception",
         "Teaching pathophysiology, case-based reasoning"],
        ["Humanism",       "Maslow, Carl Rogers",
         "Self-directed; lower needs must be met before learning",
         "Student-centred teaching, addressing student's basic needs"],
        ["Social Learning","Albert Bandura",
         "Learning by observation and imitation (role modelling)",
         "Students learn by watching experienced nurses in wards"],
    ], [3.5*cm, 4*cm, 5.5*cm, 4*cm]), sp(6)]
    s += [tip("Apply learning theories: BEHAVIORISM = clinical skills practice; "
               "HUMANISM = patient education (Maslow); SOCIAL LEARNING = ward role modelling.")]
    s += [sp(6), PageBreak()]

    # ── PART 8 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    s += [P("PART 8 — Maslow's Hierarchy & Kolb's Cycle", sec_h), hline(),
          P("Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (Humanistic Theory)", sub_h), sp(6),
          MaslowPyramid(), sp(4),
          P("A student who is hungry, unsafe, or anxious CANNOT learn effectively. "
             "The teacher must ensure lower needs are met first.", center_it), sp(12),
          P("Latest Approaches to Learning", sub_h)]
    s += [std_table([
        [P("<b>Approach</b>",     S('al0',fontSize=9,fontName='Helvetica-Bold',textColor=WHITE)),
         P("<b>Meaning</b>",      S('al1',fontSize=9,fontName='Helvetica-Bold',textColor=WHITE)),
         P("<b>Nursing Example</b>",S('al2',fontSize=9,fontName='Helvetica-Bold',textColor=WHITE))],
        ["Experiential Learning",    "Learn through direct experience + reflection (Kolb's Cycle)",
         "Clinical postings, case studies"],
        ["Reflective Learning",      "Think critically about own experience to improve practice",
         "Post-clinical debriefing, journaling, process recording"],
        ["Scenario-Based Learning",  "Use realistic clinical scenarios to develop decision-making",
         "OSCE stations, case vignettes"],
        ["Simulation-Based Learning","Practice in a SAFE environment using mannequins/simulators",
         "Skill lab, manikin procedures"],
        ["Blended Learning",         "Face-to-face + online/digital learning combined",
         "Lectures + e-modules + YouTube videos"],
    ], [4*cm, 7.5*cm, 5.5*cm]), sp(8)]
    s += [P("Kolb's Experiential Learning Cycle ★ Diagram", sub_h), sp(4),
          KolbCycleDiagram(), sp(4),
          P("Cycle: Concrete Experience → Reflective Observation → "
             "Abstract Conceptualization → Active Experimentation → back to new experience. "
             "This forms the basis of clinical nursing education.", center_it), sp(8)]
    s += [PageBreak()]

    # ── PART 9: Revision ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
    s += [color_bar("⚡  QUICK REVISION BOX — Unit I", TEAL), sp(8)]
    s += [std_table([
        [P("<b>Topic</b>",    S('qh0',fontSize=10,fontName='Helvetica-Bold',textColor=WHITE)),
         P("<b>Key Point to Remember</b>",S('qh1',fontSize=10,fontName='Helvetica-Bold',textColor=WHITE))],
        ["Education",              "Desirable change in behavior (knowledge, skill, attitude)"],
        ["Educare (Latin)",        "To bring forth / to develop"],
        ["Educational Technology", "Systematic application of science to teaching-learning"],
        ["CBE ★",                  "Focus on demonstrating competencies — INC follows this now"],
        ["Transformational Ed.",   "Deep change in thinking, values and behavior"],
        ["Pragmatism ★",           "Learning by doing — most relevant to nursing education"],
        ["Teaching",               "Guiding learner to achieve desired learning outcomes"],
        ["Learning",               "Permanent change in behavior from experience or practice"],
        ["Law of Readiness ★",     "Learning occurs when learner is mentally ready (Thorndike)"],
        ["Law of Effect ★",        "Pleasant outcomes strengthen learning (Thorndike)"],
        ["Behaviorism",            "Stimulus-Response; Skinner, Pavlov, Thorndike"],
        ["Cognitivism",            "Mental processes; Piaget, Bruner"],
        ["Humanism",               "Self-directed, needs-based; Maslow, Carl Rogers"],
        ["Social Learning",        "Observation & imitation; Albert Bandura"],
        ["Kolb's Cycle",           "Experience → Reflection → Conceptualize → Experiment"],
        ["Blended Learning",       "Face-to-face classroom + online learning combined"],
        ["Simulation-Based",       "Safe practice using mannequins/simulators in skill lab"],
    ], [5*cm, 12*cm]), sp(12)]

    # Practice Questions
    s += [color_bar("📝  PRACTICE QUESTIONS — Unit I", PURPLE), sp(8),
          P("<b>Long Answer Questions (10 marks)</b>", sub_h), sp(4)]
    for i, q in enumerate([
        "Define Educational Technology. Explain its scope and importance in nursing education.",
        "Describe the major learning theories with key persons, core principles, and application to nursing.",
        "What is Competency-Based Education (CBE)? How is it applied in nursing education in India?",
        "Explain the teaching-learning process with a diagram. Describe the principles of teaching.",
        "Write a note on Kolb's Experiential Learning Cycle with a diagram and its application in clinical nursing.",
    ], 1):
        s += [P(f"<b>Q{i}.</b> {q}", S(f'lq{i}', fontSize=10, fontName='Helvetica',
                 textColor=DARKGRAY, leading=14, leftIndent=8, spaceAfter=5))]

    s += [sp(6), P("<b>Short Answer Questions (5 marks)</b>", sub_h), sp(4)]
    for i, q in enumerate([
        "Differentiate between teaching and learning.",
        "What are the latest approaches to education? (Transformational, Relationship-based, CBE)",
        "Write short notes on: (a) Pragmatism in nursing  (b) Humanistic theory",
        "Explain Maslow's hierarchy of needs and its relevance to learning.",
        "What is blended learning? Give 3 examples in nursing.",
        "Differentiate: Experiential learning vs Simulation-based learning.",
    ], 1):
        s += [P(f"<b>Q{i}.</b> {q}", S(f'sq{i}', fontSize=10, fontName='Helvetica',
                 textColor=DARKGRAY, leading=14, leftIndent=8, spaceAfter=5))]

    s += [sp(6), P("<b>One-Line / Definition Questions</b>", sub_h), sp(4)]
    for i, q in enumerate([
        "Define: Education / Educational Technology / CBE / Blended learning",
        "Name the 4 learning theories and their key persons.",
        "What are Thorndike's 3 main Laws of Learning?",
        "Name 5 barriers to learning.",
        "What does 'Educare' mean? Which philosopher said 'education is learning by doing'?",
    ], 1):
        s += [P(f"<b>Q{i}.</b> {q}", S(f'oq{i}', fontSize=10, fontName='Helvetica',
                 textColor=DARKGRAY, leading=14, leftIndent=8, spaceAfter=5))]

    s += [sp(16), HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=0.5,
                               color=colors.HexColor("#cccccc"), spaceAfter=4),
          P("Study Guide prepared by Orris AI Tutor · B.Sc. Nursing 5th Sem · Nursing Education Unit I",
            small_c)]
    doc.build(s)
    print("Done:", OUTPUT)

build()