pes planus
pes planus flat foot arch deformity

This clinical photograph displays a medial-side view of a right foot during a pre-operative gait analysis, illustrating significant musculoskeletal deformity. The primary visible feature is the complete flattening of the medial longitudinal arch, a condition known as pes planus (flat foot). The medial border of the foot shows direct contact with the weight-bearing surface, indicated by a black arrow pointing to the collapsed arch region. Additionally, there is a visible inward tilting of the ankle and outward displacement of the heel, characteristic of a valgus hindfoot deformity (pes planovalgus). This image serves as a clinical representation of pediatric or adult acquired flatfoot deformity, demonstrating the associated pronated posture and the loss of normal anatomical curvature. It is intended for educational use in podiatry, orthopedics, and physical therapy to identify the visual markers of arch collapse and hindfoot malalignment before surgical intervention.

A clinical photograph depicting a medial view of a human left foot during a pre-operative gait analysis. The image highlights significant orthopedic pathology, specifically pes planus (flat foot). The medial longitudinal arch is visibly collapsed, with a flattened curvature and minimal clearance from the ground. A black arrow indicates the point of maximal descent of the medial arch. The ankle and heel alignment suggest hindfoot valgus and pronation of the midfoot, common findings in pes planovalgus deformity. This visual is used for clinical assessment of pediatric or adult flatfoot deformity to evaluate weight-bearing alignment and the redistribution of plantar pressure. It serves as an educational tool for identifying structural foot abnormalities and documenting baseline anatomical states prior to corrective orthopedic intervention.

This lateral weight-bearing (upright) X-ray of the right foot demonstrates a severe flat-foot deformity (pes planus). There is a significant collapse of the medial longitudinal arch, characterized by the plantarflexion of the talus and the loss of the normal angular relationship between the talus and the first metatarsal. The calcaneus, talus, and midtarsal bones appear to be in a linear, flattened alignment relative to the weight-bearing surface. The metatarsals and phalanges are long and slender, suggesting arachnodactyly, which is consistent with connective tissue disorders like Van den Ende-Gupta syndrome (VDEGS). The presence of open growth plates at the distal tibia and fibula indicates a pediatric or adolescent patient. No acute fractures or dislocations are visualized, but the structural alignment indicates significant ligamentous laxity or bony architectural compromise contributing to the arch collapse.

This clinical photograph displays a lateral view of a human foot resting on a tiled surface, demonstrating a complete collapse of the medial longitudinal arch, a condition known as pes planus (flat foot). The plantar surface of the midfoot is in direct contact with the ground. The skin over the foot and ankle appears thin with subtle horizontal wrinkling and mild hyperpigmentation, particularly around the malleolar region. There are no overt primary skin lesions, though the appearance is consistent with the soft, translucent skin often observed in connective tissue disorders such as Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS). The anatomical focus is on the orthopedic deformity of the foot and the qualitative texture of the skin, which serves as a diagnostic sign for systemic hypermobility syndromes.
"pes planus" OR "flatfoot" treatment management


| Category | Cause |
|---|---|
| Normal variant | Most common - physiological, often asymptomatic |
| Hyperlaxity syndromes | Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome |
| Tarsal coalition | Rigid and painful flatfoot; failure of mesenchymal segmentation |
| Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction | Most common cause of adult-acquired flatfoot |
| Inflammatory arthritis | Rheumatoid arthritis (often bilateral) |
| Neuromuscular | Cerebral palsy, polio |
| Feature | Flexible (FFD) | Rigid (AAFD / PCFD) |
|---|---|---|
| Arch on non-weight-bearing | Present (arch reconstitutes) | Absent |
| PTT function | Intact | Impaired or lost |
| Onset | Congenital / anatomic morphology | Acquired / asymmetric |
| Symmetry | Typically bilateral symmetric | Unilateral or asymmetric |
| Symptoms | Usually mild | More symptomatic |
| Treatment | Conservative | May require surgery |
| Stage | Key Features |
|---|---|
| Stage I | Tenosynovitis; swelling, pain, tenderness along PTT; flexible hindfoot, normal single-leg heel rise |
| Stage II | PTT dysfunction; flexible deformity; cannot perform single-leg toe raise; medial pain |
| IIA (Bluman) | <30% talar head uncovered; minimal abduction |
| IIB (Bluman) | >30% talar head uncovered; severe abduction |
| Stage III | PTT function lost; rigid hindfoot valgus; degenerative changes on X-ray; lateral sinus tarsi pain |
| Stage IV (Myerson) | Stage III + valgus ankle joint incongruence (deltoid failure) |
| Modality | Findings |
|---|---|
| Standing AP X-ray | Talonavicular uncoverage angle; forefoot abduction |
| Standing Lateral X-ray | Lateral talus-1st metatarsal angle (normal 0-10°; increased = arch loss); calcaneal pitch angle; tibial-calcaneal angle |
| MRI | Soft tissue integrity: PTT, spring ligament, deltoid ligament |
| Weight-bearing CT (WBCT) | Gold standard for 3D bony alignment and surgical planning; AOFAS strongly recommends if available |