What This Review Covers

Anatomy (Part I)

1. Gross anatomy and position — relations to bladder, rectum, pubic symphysis, Denonvilliers' fascia
2. McNeal's zonal anatomy — Peripheral zone (PZ), Central zone (CZ), Transition zone (TZ), Anterior fibromuscular stroma (AFMS) — with diagram
3. Sonographic and MRI characteristics — echogenicity of zones on TRUS; T2 signal patterns; PI-RADS v.2
4. Histology — tubuloalveolar glands, secretory + basal cell layers
5. Blood supply — inferior vesical, internal pudendal, middle rectal arteries; Santorini's plexus
6. Lymphatic drainage — internal iliac, sacral, external iliac, retroperitoneal nodes
7. Nerve supply — inferior hypogastric plexus; neurovascular bundles

Carcinoma (Part II)

1. Epidemiology — #1 male cancer; autopsy prevalence; racial disparities
2. Aetiology and molecular pathogenesis — androgens, BRCA2/heredity, TMPRSS2–ETS fusion, PTEN/MYC/TP53/GSTP1 alterations
3. HGPIN — precursor lesion
4. Gross and microscopic pathology — site of origin, macroscopic appearance, histological criteria, perineural invasion
5. Gleason grading — patterns 1–5, score 6–10, ISUP Grade Groups 1–5 with prognosis
6. PSA — biology, sensitivity/specificity, diagnostic cutoffs, monitoring value
7. TNM staging — T1a–T4, N, M with detailed definitions
8. Patterns of spread — local, haematogenous (osteoblastic bone mets), lymphatic
9. Clinical features — by stage
10. Diagnosis — DRE, PSA, mpMRI, TRUS biopsy, bone scan, PSMA-PET
11. Natural history — stage-by-stage progression data
12. Treatment — active surveillance, radical prostatectomy, radiotherapy, ADT, chemotherapy, risk stratification table