RGUHS Nursing Management & Leadership - Complete Revision Notes

from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import A4
from reportlab.lib import colors
from reportlab.lib.styles import getSampleStyleSheet, ParagraphStyle
from reportlab.lib.units import mm, cm
from reportlab.platypus import (
    SimpleDocTemplate, Paragraph, Spacer, Table, TableStyle,
    HRFlowable, KeepTogether, PageBreak
)
from reportlab.lib.enums import TA_CENTER, TA_LEFT, TA_JUSTIFY
from reportlab.platypus import Frame, PageTemplate
from reportlab.pdfgen import canvas as pdfcanvas

OUTPUT = "/tmp/workspace/nursing-mgmt-pdf/Nursing_Management_Leadership_Quick_Reference.pdf"

# ── Colour palette ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
NAVY    = colors.HexColor("#1B3A6B")
TEAL    = colors.HexColor("#0F7E8A")
GOLD    = colors.HexColor("#E8A020")
LTBLUE  = colors.HexColor("#D6EAF8")
LTGREEN = colors.HexColor("#D5F5E3")
LTYELLOW= colors.HexColor("#FEF9E7")
LTGRAY  = colors.HexColor("#F2F3F4")
WHITE   = colors.white
DARK    = colors.HexColor("#1A1A2E")
RED     = colors.HexColor("#C0392B")

# ── Page setup ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
W, H = A4   # 595 x 842 pts
MARGIN = 18*mm

def add_page_number(canvas, doc):
    canvas.saveState()
    canvas.setFont("Helvetica", 8)
    canvas.setFillColor(colors.HexColor("#888888"))
    canvas.drawCentredString(W/2, 10*mm, f"Page {doc.page}")
    canvas.setFillColor(NAVY)
    canvas.rect(0, H-14*mm, W, 14*mm, fill=1, stroke=0)
    canvas.setFillColor(WHITE)
    canvas.setFont("Helvetica-Bold", 9)
    canvas.drawCentredString(W/2, H-9*mm,
        "RGUHS B.Sc. Nursing 6th Semester  |  Nursing Management & Leadership  |  Quick Reference Guide")
    canvas.restoreState()

doc = SimpleDocTemplate(
    OUTPUT,
    pagesize=A4,
    leftMargin=MARGIN, rightMargin=MARGIN,
    topMargin=22*mm, bottomMargin=16*mm,
    title="Nursing Management & Leadership - Quick Reference",
    author="RGUHS Nursing",
)

styles = getSampleStyleSheet()

# Custom paragraph styles
TITLE_S = ParagraphStyle("title_s", fontSize=26, textColor=WHITE,
    alignment=TA_CENTER, fontName="Helvetica-Bold", leading=32, spaceAfter=4)
SUBTITLE_S = ParagraphStyle("subtitle_s", fontSize=12, textColor=GOLD,
    alignment=TA_CENTER, fontName="Helvetica-Bold", leading=16)
SEC_HEAD = ParagraphStyle("sec_head", fontSize=13, textColor=WHITE,
    fontName="Helvetica-Bold", leading=18, spaceBefore=6, spaceAfter=3,
    backColor=NAVY, leftIndent=-4, rightIndent=-4, borderPadding=(4,6,4,6))
SUB_HEAD = ParagraphStyle("sub_head", fontSize=10.5, textColor=NAVY,
    fontName="Helvetica-Bold", leading=14, spaceBefore=5, spaceAfter=2,
    backColor=LTBLUE, leftIndent=0, borderPadding=(2,4,2,4))
BODY = ParagraphStyle("body", fontSize=9, textColor=DARK,
    fontName="Helvetica", leading=13, spaceAfter=2)
BODY_B = ParagraphStyle("body_b", fontSize=9, textColor=DARK,
    fontName="Helvetica-Bold", leading=13, spaceAfter=1)
BULLET = ParagraphStyle("bullet", fontSize=8.8, textColor=DARK,
    fontName="Helvetica", leading=12, leftIndent=14, spaceAfter=1,
    bulletIndent=4)
FORMULA = ParagraphStyle("formula", fontSize=9.5, textColor=NAVY,
    fontName="Helvetica-Bold", leading=14, backColor=LTYELLOW,
    leftIndent=6, borderPadding=(3,6,3,6), spaceAfter=3)
DEFN = ParagraphStyle("defn", fontSize=8.8, textColor=colors.HexColor("#333333"),
    fontName="Helvetica-Oblique", leading=12, leftIndent=10, spaceAfter=2)
SMALL = ParagraphStyle("small", fontSize=8, textColor=colors.HexColor("#555555"),
    fontName="Helvetica", leading=11)
NOTE = ParagraphStyle("note", fontSize=8.5, textColor=RED,
    fontName="Helvetica-Bold", leading=12, leftIndent=8, spaceAfter=2)

def sec(title):
    return [Spacer(1, 4*mm),
            Paragraph(f"  {title}", SEC_HEAD),
            Spacer(1, 2*mm)]

def sub(title):
    return [Paragraph(f"  {title}", SUB_HEAD), Spacer(1,1*mm)]

def b(text): return Paragraph(f"<b>{text}</b>", BODY_B)
def p(text): return Paragraph(text, BODY)
def bl(text): return Paragraph(f"• {text}", BULLET)
def fm(text): return Paragraph(text, FORMULA)
def defn(text): return Paragraph(f"<i>{text}</i>", DEFN)
def note(text): return Paragraph(f"★ {text}", NOTE)
def sp(n=2): return Spacer(1, n*mm)

def table(headers, rows, col_widths=None, head_bg=NAVY, row_bg1=WHITE, row_bg2=LTGRAY):
    data = [[Paragraph(f"<b><font color='white'>{h}</font></b>", SMALL) for h in headers]]
    for i, row in enumerate(rows):
        bg = row_bg1 if i % 2 == 0 else row_bg2
        data.append([Paragraph(str(c), SMALL) for c in row])
    cw = col_widths or [(W - 2*MARGIN) / len(headers)] * len(headers)
    t = Table(data, colWidths=cw, repeatRows=1)
    row_colors = []
    for i in range(1, len(data)):
        bg = row_bg1 if (i-1) % 2 == 0 else row_bg2
        row_colors.append(('BACKGROUND', (0, i), (-1, i), bg))
    t.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ('BACKGROUND', (0,0), (-1,0), head_bg),
        ('GRID', (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.4, colors.HexColor("#CCCCCC")),
        ('VALIGN', (0,0), (-1,-1), 'MIDDLE'),
        ('TOPPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 4),
        ('BOTTOMPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 4),
        ('LEFTPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 5),
        ('RIGHTPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 5),
        ('ROWBACKGROUNDS', (0,1), (-1,-1), [row_bg1, row_bg2]),
    ] + row_colors))
    return t

# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# CONTENT BUILD
# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story = []

# ── COVER BLOCK ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
cover_data = [[
    Paragraph("NURSING MANAGEMENT<br/>&amp; LEADERSHIP", TITLE_S),
    Paragraph("Quick Reference Guide", SUBTITLE_S),
    Spacer(1, 3*mm),
    Paragraph("RGUHS B.Sc. Nursing  |  6th Semester  |  Exam Edition 2026",
              ParagraphStyle("cov2", fontSize=10, textColor=colors.HexColor("#A0C4FF"),
                             alignment=TA_CENTER, fontName="Helvetica")),
]]
cover_tbl = Table([[col] for col in cover_data[0]],
                  colWidths=[W - 2*MARGIN])
cover_tbl.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ('BACKGROUND', (0,0), (-1,-1), NAVY),
    ('ALIGN', (0,0), (-1,-1), 'CENTER'),
    ('TOPPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 10),
    ('BOTTOMPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 8),
    ('LEFTPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 10),
    ('RIGHTPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 10),
    ('ROUNDEDCORNERS', [5]),
]))
story.append(cover_tbl)
story.append(sp(4))

# Quick reminder box
reminder_tbl = Table([[Paragraph(
    "<b>KEY REMINDER:</b>  Functions of Management = <b>POSDCORB</b>  |  "
    "Fayol's Principles = <b>14</b>  |  Maslow's Levels = <b>5</b>  |  "
    "INC Est. = <b>1949</b>  |  ICN Est. = <b>1899</b>",
    ParagraphStyle("remind", fontSize=8.5, textColor=NAVY, fontName="Helvetica-Bold",
                   alignment=TA_CENTER, leading=12))]],
    colWidths=[W-2*MARGIN])
reminder_tbl.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ('BACKGROUND', (0,0), (-1,-1), GOLD),
    ('TOPPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 6),
    ('BOTTOMPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 6),
    ('LEFTPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 8),
    ('RIGHTPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 8),
]))
story.append(reminder_tbl)
story.append(sp(3))

# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
# SECTION 1 – KEY DEFINITIONS
# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story += sec("SECTION 1 — KEY DEFINITIONS")

defs = [
    ("Management", "The process of planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling organizational resources to achieve goals efficiently and effectively. (Fayol)"),
    ("Administration", "The upper-level function concerned with determining major objectives and policies of an organization."),
    ("Leadership", "The ability to influence, inspire, and guide others toward the achievement of common goals."),
    ("Supervision", "The active process of directing, guiding, and overseeing the performance of workers to achieve quality outcomes."),
    ("Delegation", "The transfer of authority from a superior to a subordinate to perform a specific task, while accountability remains with the delegator."),
    ("Coordination", "The synchronization of activities and efforts of different units/individuals to achieve organizational goals."),
    ("Span of Control", "The number of subordinates that a manager can directly and effectively supervise."),
    ("Organizational Chart", "A visual diagram showing the formal authority, hierarchy, and relationships within an organization."),
    ("Job Description", "A written statement of the tasks, duties, responsibilities, and working conditions of a particular post."),
    ("Job Specification", "A written statement of the minimum qualifications, skills, and personal attributes required for a post."),
    ("Recruitment", "The process of attracting qualified candidates to fill vacant positions in an organization."),
    ("Performance Appraisal", "A systematic evaluation of an employee's job performance against set standards."),
    ("Motivation", "An internal state that activates, directs, and sustains goal-oriented behavior."),
    ("Conflict", "A disagreement, clash, or incompatibility between individuals or groups within an organization."),
    ("Grievance", "Any real or perceived cause of dissatisfaction or injustice felt by an employee."),
    ("Budgeting", "A formal financial plan expressed in numerical terms covering a specific time period."),
    ("Quality Assurance (QA)", "A systematic process of monitoring, evaluating, and improving the quality of patient care to meet established standards."),
    ("Nursing Audit", "A method of evaluating nursing care by reviewing patient care records or direct observation against predetermined standards."),
    ("Benchmarking", "The process of comparing one's performance metrics with the best practices of high-performing organizations."),
    ("TQM (Total Quality Management)", "A management philosophy focused on continuous improvement of quality in all processes involving all members."),
    ("MBO (Management by Objectives)", "A management approach in which managers and employees jointly set specific, measurable goals and evaluate performance against them. (Peter Drucker)"),
    ("Nursing Informatics", "The integration of nursing science, computer science, and information science to manage and communicate data, information, and knowledge in nursing practice. (Graves & Corcoran, 1989)"),
    ("Staffing", "The management function of identifying, recruiting, selecting, orienting, and retaining qualified personnel to fill positions in an organization."),
    ("Primary Nursing", "A patient care delivery system in which one registered nurse is responsible for planning and delivering total care to a specific patient over 24 hours."),
    ("Team Nursing", "A patient care delivery system where a team leader (RN) leads a group of nursing personnel to provide care for a group of patients."),
    ("Change Management", "A structured approach for transitioning individuals, teams, and organizations from a current state to a desired future state."),
    ("Hawthorne Effect", "The tendency of people to modify their behavior when they know they are being observed (Elton Mayo)."),
    ("Scalar Chain", "The unbroken line of authority from the highest to the lowest level in an organization (Fayol's Principle)."),
]

for term, definition in defs:
    row = Table([[
        Paragraph(f"<b>{term}</b>", ParagraphStyle("term", fontSize=8.8, textColor=NAVY,
                  fontName="Helvetica-Bold", leading=12)),
        Paragraph(definition, ParagraphStyle("def2", fontSize=8.5, textColor=DARK,
                  fontName="Helvetica", leading=12)),
    ]], colWidths=[48*mm, W-2*MARGIN-52*mm])
    row.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ('VALIGN', (0,0), (-1,-1), 'TOP'),
        ('TOPPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 3),
        ('BOTTOMPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 3),
        ('LEFTPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 4),
        ('RIGHTPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 4),
        ('LINEBELOW', (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.3, colors.HexColor("#DDDDDD")),
        ('BACKGROUND', (0,0), (0,-1), LTBLUE),
    ]))
    story.append(row)

story.append(sp(4))

# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
# SECTION 2 – MANAGEMENT THEORIES
# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story += sec("SECTION 2 — MANAGEMENT THEORIES AT A GLANCE")
story.append(table(
    ["Theory", "Theorist", "Core Idea", "Key Contribution"],
    [
        ["Scientific Management", "F.W. Taylor", "Efficiency through work study", "Time & motion study, piece-rate pay"],
        ["Administrative Theory", "Henri Fayol", "14 Principles of management", "POSDCORB functions"],
        ["Bureaucratic Theory", "Max Weber", "Rational-legal authority", "Rules, hierarchy, impersonality"],
        ["Human Relations Theory", "Elton Mayo", "Social factors affect productivity", "Hawthorne studies"],
        ["Systems Theory", "Bertalanffy", "Organization = open system", "Input-Process-Output model"],
        ["Contingency Theory", "Lawrence & Lorsch", "No single best management style", "Context-dependent leadership"],
        ["Theory X & Y", "McGregor", "X: workers are lazy; Y: self-motivated", "Managerial assumptions model"],
        ["MBO", "Peter Drucker", "Goal-setting partnership", "SMART objectives, participation"],
    ],
    col_widths=[42*mm, 36*mm, 55*mm, 52*mm]
))
story.append(sp(4))

# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
# SECTION 3 – MOTIVATION THEORIES & FORMULAS
# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story += sec("SECTION 3 — MOTIVATION THEORIES & FORMULAS")

story += sub("Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (1943)")
maslow = Table([
    [Paragraph("<b>Level</b>", SMALL), Paragraph("<b>Need</b>", SMALL), Paragraph("<b>Nursing Application</b>", SMALL)],
    [Paragraph("5 (Highest)", SMALL), Paragraph("Self-Actualization", SMALL), Paragraph("Opportunities for growth, research, leadership roles", SMALL)],
    [Paragraph("4", SMALL), Paragraph("Esteem", SMALL), Paragraph("Recognition, awards, promotion, respect", SMALL)],
    [Paragraph("3", SMALL), Paragraph("Love/Belonging", SMALL), Paragraph("Team spirit, inclusion, supportive work culture", SMALL)],
    [Paragraph("2", SMALL), Paragraph("Safety & Security", SMALL), Paragraph("Job security, safe work environment, policies", SMALL)],
    [Paragraph("1 (Lowest)", SMALL), Paragraph("Physiological", SMALL), Paragraph("Salary, breaks, meals, rest", SMALL)],
], colWidths=[28*mm, 42*mm, W-2*MARGIN-74*mm])
maslow.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ('BACKGROUND', (0,0), (-1,0), TEAL),
    ('TEXTCOLOR', (0,0), (-1,0), WHITE),
    ('GRID', (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.4, colors.HexColor("#AAAAAA")),
    ('ROWBACKGROUNDS', (0,1), (-1,-1), [WHITE, LTGREEN]),
    ('VALIGN', (0,0), (-1,-1), 'MIDDLE'),
    ('TOPPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 4), ('BOTTOMPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 4),
    ('LEFTPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 5), ('RIGHTPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 5),
]))
story.append(maslow)
story.append(sp(3))

story += sub("Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory (1959)")
story.append(table(
    ["HYGIENE FACTORS (Prevent Dissatisfaction)", "MOTIVATORS (Create Satisfaction)"],
    [
        ["Salary, wages", "Achievement & recognition"],
        ["Job security", "Responsibility"],
        ["Working conditions", "Advancement/Promotion"],
        ["Company policy & administration", "The work itself"],
        ["Interpersonal relationships", "Personal growth"],
    ],
    col_widths=[(W-2*MARGIN)/2]*2,
    head_bg=TEAL
))
story.append(sp(2))

story += sub("Vroom's Expectancy Theory Formula")
story.append(fm("Motivation  =  Expectancy  ×  Instrumentality  ×  Valence"))
story.append(p("  Expectancy = Belief that effort → performance"))
story.append(p("  Instrumentality = Belief that performance → reward"))
story.append(p("  Valence = Value placed on the reward"))
story.append(sp(2))

story += sub("Other Motivation Theories")
story.append(table(
    ["Theory", "Theorist", "Key Concept"],
    [
        ["Theory X & Y", "McGregor", "X=lazy/need control; Y=self-motivated/seek responsibility"],
        ["ERG Theory", "Alderfer", "Existence, Relatedness, Growth (condensed Maslow)"],
        ["Equity Theory", "Adams", "Motivation based on fairness: Outcome/Input compared to others"],
        ["Achievement Motivation", "McClelland", "nAch, nPow, nAff – three learned needs"],
    ],
    col_widths=[42*mm, 36*mm, W-2*MARGIN-82*mm]
))
story.append(sp(4))

# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
# SECTION 4 – LEADERSHIP STYLES
# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story += sec("SECTION 4 — LEADERSHIP STYLES")
story.append(table(
    ["Style", "Decision Making", "Best Used When", "Disadvantage"],
    [
        ["Autocratic", "Leader decides alone", "Crisis/emergency; new/untrained staff", "Low morale; no creativity"],
        ["Democratic / Participative", "Staff involved in decisions", "Experienced team; policy development", "Time-consuming"],
        ["Laissez-faire / Free-rein", "Full freedom to staff", "Highly skilled, self-directed professionals", "Chaos if staff unmotivated"],
        ["Transactional", "Exchange-based (reward/punishment)", "Routine tasks, stable environment", "No innovation"],
        ["Transformational", "Inspires beyond self-interest", "Change management; vision building", "Risk of burnout"],
        ["Servant Leadership", "Leader serves team first", "Staff empowerment, patient-centred culture", "May appear weak"],
        ["Situational (Hersey & Blanchard)", "Adapted to staff maturity", "Mixed-experience teams", "Requires constant assessment"],
    ],
    col_widths=[38*mm, 40*mm, 50*mm, 40*mm]
))
story.append(sp(2))
story.append(note("Exam tip: Kurt Lewin described the classic 3 styles — Autocratic, Democratic, Laissez-faire"))
story.append(sp(4))

# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
# SECTION 5 – FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT
# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story += sec("SECTION 5 — FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT")
story.append(fm("POSDCORB  =  Planning | Organizing | Staffing | Directing | Coordinating | Reporting | Budgeting"))
story.append(sp(2))
story.append(table(
    ["Function", "Definition", "Nursing Example"],
    [
        ["Planning", "Deciding in advance what, when, how, and who", "Preparing duty roster, nursing care plan"],
        ["Organizing", "Arranging resources and tasks to achieve objectives", "Setting up ward structure, org chart"],
        ["Staffing", "Recruiting, selecting, and retaining qualified staff", "Nurse recruitment, appraisals"],
        ["Directing / Leading", "Guiding and supervising staff to accomplish goals", "Supervising ward rounds, giving instructions"],
        ["Controlling", "Comparing actual vs planned performance; corrective action", "Nursing audit, quality checks"],
        ["Coordinating", "Synchronizing activities across departments", "Liaising with pharmacy, lab, OT"],
        ["Reporting", "Communicating results to relevant stakeholders", "Shift handover, incident reports"],
        ["Budgeting", "Allocating financial resources to activities", "Preparing ward supply requisitions"],
    ],
    col_widths=[35*mm, 60*mm, W-2*MARGIN-99*mm]
))
story.append(sp(4))

# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
# SECTION 6 – FAYOL'S 14 PRINCIPLES
# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story += sec("SECTION 6 — FAYOL'S 14 PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT")
principles = [
    ("1. Division of Work", "Specialization increases efficiency"),
    ("2. Authority & Responsibility", "Authority to give orders must equal responsibility"),
    ("3. Discipline", "Obedience to organizational rules"),
    ("4. Unity of Command", "One subordinate receives orders from ONE superior only"),
    ("5. Unity of Direction", "One plan, one head for related activities"),
    ("6. Subordination of Individual Interest", "Organizational interest > personal interest"),
    ("7. Remuneration", "Fair pay for services rendered"),
    ("8. Centralization", "Degree of concentration of authority at top level"),
    ("9. Scalar Chain", "Unbroken line of authority from top to bottom"),
    ("10. Order", "Right person in the right place"),
    ("11. Equity", "Fairness and kindness to employees"),
    ("12. Stability of Tenure", "Stable employment for efficiency"),
    ("13. Initiative", "Encourage employees to take initiative"),
    ("14. Esprit de Corps", "Team spirit and unity"),
]
p_data = [[Paragraph(f"<b>{pr[0]}</b>", SMALL), Paragraph(pr[1], SMALL)] for pr in principles]
p_tbl = Table(p_data, colWidths=[55*mm, W-2*MARGIN-59*mm], repeatRows=0)
p_tbl.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ('GRID', (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.3, colors.HexColor("#CCCCCC")),
    ('BACKGROUND', (0,0), (0,-1), LTBLUE),
    ('ROWBACKGROUNDS', (0,0), (-1,-1), [WHITE, LTGRAY]),
    ('VALIGN', (0,0), (-1,-1), 'TOP'),
    ('TOPPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 3), ('BOTTOMPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 3),
    ('LEFTPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 5), ('RIGHTPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 5),
]))
story.append(p_tbl)
story.append(sp(4))

# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
# SECTION 7 – STAFFING FORMULAS & NORMS
# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story += sec("SECTION 7 — STAFFING FORMULAS & NORMS")

story += sub("Nursing Staff-Patient Ratios (INC / TNAI Norms)")
story.append(table(
    ["Clinical Area", "Day Shift", "Night Shift"],
    [
        ["General Ward", "1 : 6 patients", "1 : 10 patients"],
        ["ICU / CCU", "1 : 1 – 2 patients", "1 : 1 – 2 patients"],
        ["OT (Scrub Nurse)", "1 : 1 operating table", "—"],
        ["Labour Room (active labour)", "1 : 1 patient", "—"],
        ["Paediatric Ward", "1 : 4 patients", "1 : 8 patients"],
        ["Outpatient Department", "1 : 100 OPD/day", "—"],
    ],
    col_widths=[65*mm, 45*mm, 60*mm],
    head_bg=TEAL
))
story.append(sp(3))

story += sub("Staffing Calculation Formulas")
story.append(fm("Total Nursing Hours Required  =  Number of Patients × Hours of Care per Patient per Day"))
story.append(sp(1))
story.append(fm("Number of Nurses Needed per Day  =  Total Nursing Hours Required ÷ Hours per Shift"))
story.append(sp(1))
story.append(fm("Relief Factor  =  (Days off + Leave days) ÷ Working days per year"))
story.append(sp(1))
story.append(fm("Total Staff Required  =  Nurses on duty per day  ×  Relief Factor"))
story.append(sp(1))

story += sub("Patient Classification (Nursing Care Hours/Day)")
story.append(table(
    ["Category", "Type", "Avg Nursing Hours/Day"],
    [
        ["Type I", "Minimal / Self-care", "1 – 2 hours"],
        ["Type II", "Moderate care", "3 – 4 hours"],
        ["Type III", "Maximum / Total care", "5 – 6 hours"],
        ["Type IV", "Intensive care", "7+ hours"],
    ],
    col_widths=[30*mm, 60*mm, W-2*MARGIN-94*mm],
    head_bg=TEAL
))
story.append(sp(4))

# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
# SECTION 8 – BUDGETING FORMULAS
# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story += sec("SECTION 8 — FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT & BUDGETING")

story += sub("Types of Budget")
story.append(table(
    ["Budget Type", "Description"],
    [
        ["Line-Item Budget", "Expenses listed by category (salaries, supplies, equipment)"],
        ["Programme Budget", "Allocated by programme/activity rather than object"],
        ["Zero-Based Budget (ZBB)", "Every expense must be justified from zero each cycle"],
        ["Performance Budget", "Linked to measurable outcomes/activities"],
        ["Capital Budget", "For major equipment, infrastructure (long-term assets)"],
        ["Operating Budget", "Day-to-day expenses (salaries, consumables, utilities)"],
    ],
    col_widths=[52*mm, W-2*MARGIN-56*mm]
))
story.append(sp(2))

story += sub("Cost Formulas")
story.append(fm("Total Cost  =  Fixed Costs  +  Variable Costs"))
story.append(sp(1))
story.append(fm("Cost per Patient Day  =  Total Ward Expenditure ÷ Total Patient Days"))
story.append(sp(1))
story.append(fm("Budget Variance  =  Actual Expenditure  −  Budgeted Expenditure"))
story.append(sp(1))
story.append(fm("Cost-Benefit Ratio  =  Total Benefits ÷ Total Costs  (>1 = cost-effective)"))
story.append(sp(1))

story += sub("Cost Concepts")
costs = [
    ("Fixed Costs", "Do not change with patient volume (e.g., salaries, rent, insurance)"),
    ("Variable Costs", "Change proportionally with patient volume (e.g., drugs, dressings)"),
    ("Direct Costs", "Directly attributable to patient care (nursing salary, medications)"),
    ("Indirect Costs", "Overhead costs not directly related to individual care (admin, utilities)"),
    ("Opportunity Cost", "Value of the next best alternative foregone when a decision is made"),
]
for term, desc in costs:
    story.append(table(
        [term, desc],
        [],
        col_widths=[42*mm, W-2*MARGIN-46*mm]
    ))
story.append(sp(4))

# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
# SECTION 9 – QUALITY & CONTROL
# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story += sec("SECTION 9 — QUALITY ASSURANCE & CONTROL")

story += sub("Nursing Audit Types")
story.append(table(
    ["Type", "When Conducted", "Method"],
    [
        ["Retrospective Audit", "After patient discharge", "Review of completed records/charts"],
        ["Concurrent Audit", "During patient stay", "Direct observation + ongoing chart review"],
        ["Prospective Audit", "Before care is given", "Standards/criteria set in advance"],
    ],
    col_widths=[48*mm, 46*mm, W-2*MARGIN-98*mm],
    head_bg=TEAL
))
story.append(sp(2))
story.append(note("Phaneuf's Nursing Audit Tool — most commonly cited tool for retrospective audit"))
story.append(sp(2))

story += sub("Donabedian's Quality Framework")
story.append(fm("Quality  =  Structure  +  Process  +  Outcome"))
story.append(p("  Structure = Resources, facilities, staff qualifications"))
story.append(p("  Process = How care is delivered (procedures, documentation)"))
story.append(p("  Outcome = Patient results (recovery rate, satisfaction, complications)"))
story.append(sp(2))

story += sub("Patient Care Delivery Systems")
story.append(table(
    ["System", "Description", "Advantage", "Disadvantage"],
    [
        ["Case Method", "1 nurse: 1 patient (total care)", "Individualized, holistic care", "Costly; needs many RNs"],
        ["Functional", "Tasks assigned by function", "Efficient, economical", "Fragmented, impersonal"],
        ["Team Nursing", "RN leads a team for a group", "Shared skills, teamwork", "Communication gaps"],
        ["Primary Nursing", "1 RN responsible 24 hrs", "Continuity, accountability", "Needs highly skilled RNs"],
        ["Modular", "Geographic assignment (district)", "Balance of team + primary", "Moderate complexity"],
    ],
    col_widths=[32*mm, 45*mm, 45*mm, W-2*MARGIN-126*mm]
))
story.append(sp(4))

# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
# SECTION 10 – CHANGE & CONFLICT
# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story += sec("SECTION 10 — CHANGE MANAGEMENT & CONFLICT RESOLUTION")

story += sub("Lewin's Change Theory (3 Stages)")
story.append(fm("Unfreezing  →  Moving/Changing  →  Refreezing"))
lewin = [
    ("Unfreezing", "Creating readiness; reducing resistance to change. Motivate the need for change."),
    ("Moving / Changing", "Implementing the change. Providing new information, models, and support."),
    ("Refreezing", "Stabilizing and integrating the new behavior into the system. Reward and reinforce."),
]
for stage, desc in lewin:
    story.append(table(
        [stage, desc], [], col_widths=[38*mm, W-2*MARGIN-42*mm]
    ))
story.append(sp(2))

story += sub("Conflict Resolution Styles (Thomas-Kilmann Model)")
story.append(table(
    ["Style", "Approach", "Best When"],
    [
        ["Collaborating (WIN-WIN)", "Assert own needs AND satisfy other's needs", "Complex issues; long-term relationships"],
        ["Compromising", "Each party gives up something", "Equal-power parties; time-limited situation"],
        ["Competing (WIN-LOSE)", "Assert own position forcefully", "Quick decisions; emergencies"],
        ["Accommodating", "Yield to other party's wishes", "Issue more important to other party"],
        ["Avoiding", "Withdraw from conflict", "Trivial issue; cooling-off period needed"],
    ],
    col_widths=[46*mm, 60*mm, W-2*MARGIN-110*mm],
    head_bg=TEAL
))
story.append(note("Best conflict resolution style in nursing = COLLABORATING (win-win)"))
story.append(sp(4))

# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
# SECTION 11 – DELEGATION & ORGANIZING
# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story += sec("SECTION 11 — DELEGATION, ORGANIZING & COORDINATION")

story += sub("Principles of Delegation")
delegation_pts = [
    "Delegate authority, NOT responsibility — accountability stays with the delegator",
    "Clarity of task and expected outcomes",
    "Right task → Right person → Right level of authority",
    "Two-way communication — feedback is essential",
    "Supervisory support must be available",
]
for pt in delegation_pts:
    story.append(bl(pt))
story.append(sp(2))

story += sub("Barriers to Delegation")
barriers = [
    ("Manager's side", "Fear of losing authority; lack of trust; perfectionism; insecurity"),
    ("Subordinate's side", "Fear of criticism; lack of confidence; already overloaded; no incentive"),
    ("Organizational", "No clear policies; inadequate training; poor communication"),
]
story.append(table(
    ["Barrier Source", "Examples"],
    barriers,
    col_widths=[40*mm, W-2*MARGIN-44*mm],
    head_bg=TEAL
))
story.append(sp(2))

story += sub("Organizational Structure Types")
story.append(table(
    ["Structure", "Authority Flow", "Example"],
    [
        ["Line Organization", "Directly top to bottom", "Small nursing unit"],
        ["Line & Staff", "Line + advisory staff", "Large hospitals"],
        ["Functional", "By specialty/function", "Departmental hospital"],
        ["Matrix", "Dual authority (project + function)", "Project-based nursing research"],
        ["Committee", "Group decision making", "Hospital ethics committee"],
    ],
    col_widths=[40*mm, 50*mm, W-2*MARGIN-94*mm]
))
story.append(sp(4))

# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
# SECTION 12 – IMPORTANT DATES & ONE-LINERS
# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story += sec("SECTION 12 — IMPORTANT DATES, FACTS & EXAM ONE-LINERS")

facts = [
    ("INC (Indian Nursing Council) established", "1949"),
    ("TNAI (Trained Nurses Association of India) established", "1908"),
    ("ICN (International Council of Nurses) established", "1899"),
    ("Father of Modern Management", "Henri Fayol"),
    ("Father of Scientific Management", "F.W. Taylor"),
    ("Hawthorne Studies conducted by", "Elton Mayo"),
    ("MBO coined by", "Peter Drucker"),
    ("Nursing Informatics defined by", "Graves & Corcoran (1989)"),
    ("Magnet Hospital concept origin", "USA, 1983 (ANCC)"),
    ("National Health Policy (India)", "2017"),
    ("Ayushman Bharat launched", "2018"),
    ("NMC replaced MCI", "2020"),
    ("Fayol's Principles of Management", "14"),
    ("Maslow's Levels of Need", "5"),
    ("Herzberg's Factors", "2 (Hygiene + Motivators)"),
    ("Lewin's Change Stages", "3 (Unfreeze → Change → Refreeze)"),
    ("POSDCORB coined by", "Luther Gulick"),
    ("Phaneuf's tool used for", "Retrospective Nursing Audit"),
    ("Scalar chain definition by", "Henri Fayol"),
    ("Unity of Command means", "One subordinate, ONE boss only"),
]

facts_data = [[Paragraph(f[0], SMALL), Paragraph(f"<b>{f[1]}</b>", ParagraphStyle("ans", fontSize=8.5,
    textColor=NAVY, fontName="Helvetica-Bold", leading=11))] for f in facts]
facts_tbl = Table(facts_data, colWidths=[W-2*MARGIN-35*mm, 35*mm])
facts_tbl.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ('GRID', (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.3, colors.HexColor("#CCCCCC")),
    ('ROWBACKGROUNDS', (0,0), (-1,-1), [WHITE, LTYELLOW]),
    ('TOPPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 3), ('BOTTOMPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 3),
    ('LEFTPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 5), ('RIGHTPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 5),
    ('VALIGN', (0,0), (-1,-1), 'MIDDLE'),
    ('ALIGN', (-1,0), (-1,-1), 'CENTER'),
]))
story.append(facts_tbl)
story.append(sp(4))

# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
# SECTION 13 – MNEMONICS
# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story += sec("SECTION 13 — MNEMONICS & MEMORY AIDS")

mnemonics = [
    ("POSDCORB", "Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, Reporting, Budgeting"),
    ("SMART Goals", "Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound"),
    ("5 Rights of Delegation", "Right Task, Right Person, Right Direction, Right Supervision, Right Feedback"),
    ("Maslow → PSLEA", "Physiological → Safety → Love → Esteem → Actualization"),
    ("Lewin's Change → UFR", "Unfreeze → Flow (change) → Refreeze"),
    ("BARS", "Behaviourally Anchored Rating Scale (performance appraisal)"),
    ("360° Appraisal", "Feedback from Self + Superiors + Peers + Subordinates + Patients"),
    ("ABC Analysis (supplies)", "A = High value/low volume | B = Moderate | C = Low value/high volume"),
    ("FIFO", "First In First Out (inventory: older stock used first)"),
    ("DDR", "Dangerous Drugs Register (mandatory for narcotic/controlled drugs)"),
    ("4 Ps of Planning", "Purpose, Plan, Procedures, Policies"),
    ("TQM", "Total Quality Management = Quality in ALL processes by ALL members"),
]
for mnem, meaning in mnemonics:
    story.append(table(
        [mnem, meaning], [],
        col_widths=[42*mm, W-2*MARGIN-46*mm]
    ))
    
story.append(sp(4))

# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
# SECTION 14 – HIGH PRIORITY EXAM TOPICS
# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story += sec("SECTION 14 — HIGH-PRIORITY EXAM TOPICS CHECKLIST")

priority_topics = [
    ("★★★ MUST KNOW (10-mark essays)", [
        "Functions of management (POSDCORB) with nursing examples",
        "Leadership styles (Autocratic, Democratic, Laissez-faire) — advantages & disadvantages",
        "Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs — diagram + nursing applications",
        "Nursing audit — definition, types (retrospective/concurrent/prospective), tools",
        "Patient care delivery systems — comparison table",
        "Delegation — definition, principles, barriers",
        "Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory with examples",
        "TQM in nursing — definition, principles, implementation",
        "Staffing — steps, norms, patient classification",
        "Nursing informatics — definition, components, applications",
    ]),
    ("★★ SHORT NOTES (5 marks)", [
        "Gantt chart and Milestone chart",
        "MBO (Management by Objectives)",
        "Grievance handling procedure",
        "Benchmarking",
        "Hawthorne effect",
        "Span of control",
        "Narcotic drug management in the ward",
        "Incident report — content, purpose, procedure",
        "Lewin's change theory",
        "BARS (Behaviourally Anchored Rating Scale)",
    ]),
    ("★ SHORT ANSWERS (2 marks)", [
        "Unity of command", "Scalar chain", "Zero-based budget",
        "FIFO", "DDR", "ICN, INC, TNAI founding years",
        "Primary nursing", "Performance appraisal tools",
        "Relief factor", "Equity theory",
    ]),
]
for section_title, items in priority_topics:
    story.append(Table(
        [[Paragraph(section_title, ParagraphStyle("pt", fontSize=9.5, textColor=WHITE,
            fontName="Helvetica-Bold", leading=13))]],
        colWidths=[W-2*MARGIN]
    ))
    story[-1].setStyle(TableStyle([
        ('BACKGROUND', (0,0), (-1,-1), TEAL if "★★★" in section_title else
         (NAVY if "★★" in section_title else colors.HexColor("#555555"))),
        ('TOPPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 4), ('BOTTOMPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 4),
        ('LEFTPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 8),
    ]))
    cols = 2 if "SHORT ANSWERS" in section_title else 1
    if cols == 1:
        for item in items:
            story.append(bl(f"✓  {item}"))
    else:
        pairs = [(items[i], items[i+1] if i+1 < len(items) else "") for i in range(0, len(items), 2)]
        story.append(table(
            [], [[p(f"✓ {a}"), p(f"✓ {b}")] for a, b in pairs],
            col_widths=[(W-2*MARGIN)/2]*2
        ))
    story.append(sp(2))

# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
# FOOTER BLOCK
# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(sp(4))
story.append(HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=1.5, color=GOLD))
story.append(sp(2))
footer_tbl = Table([[Paragraph(
    "<b>Best wishes for your examination!</b>  Study smart — focus on definitions, comparisons, and application of theories.<br/>"
    "This guide covers all 11 units of the RGUHS Nursing Management &amp; Leadership syllabus.",
    ParagraphStyle("footer", fontSize=9, textColor=NAVY, fontName="Helvetica",
                   alignment=TA_CENTER, leading=13))]],
    colWidths=[W-2*MARGIN])
footer_tbl.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ('BACKGROUND', (0,0), (-1,-1), LTYELLOW),
    ('TOPPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 8), ('BOTTOMPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 8),
    ('LEFTPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 12), ('RIGHTPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 12),
]))
story.append(footer_tbl)

# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
# BUILD
# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
doc.build(story, onFirstPage=add_page_number, onLaterPages=add_page_number)
print(f"PDF created: {OUTPUT}")