Which of the following statement is TRUE about right to left shunt? * • Alveolar ventilation is normal. Alveolar ventilation is decreased. • Alveolar ventilation is not affected on right to left shunt. • Alveolar ventilation is increased.
"right-to-left shunt" AND ventilation
right to left shunt alveolar ventilation normal decreased physiology
TRUE about the Wolff-Chaikoff Effect: * When the intake of iodide exceeds 2 mg/day, the intraglandular concentration of iodide reaches a level that suppresses NADPH oxidase activity When the intake of iodide exceeds 4 mg/day, the intraglandular concentration of iodide reaches a level that suppresses NADPH oxidase activity When the intake of iodide exceeds 2 mg/day, the intraglandular concentration of iodide reaches a level that stimulates NADPH oxidase activity When the intake of iodide exceeds 4 mg/day, the intraglandular concentration of iodide reaches a level that stimulates NADPH oxidase activity
"Wolff-Chaikoff effect"
Wolff Chaikoff effect iodide 2 mg day NADPH oxidase
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9519864/
What is the FIRST step in signal transduction? * • Messenger activation 4 • Ligand activates receptor 3 Signal transport 2 Signal synthesis 1
"signal transduction" AND receptor
signal transduction begins ligand binds receptor definition
Which statement is FALSE of the contractile unit of the cardiac muscle? * 1 point It is composed of 1 and A bands. The Z line are point of attachments of actin filaments. O It is composed of both thick and thin filaments. Thin filaments include actin, troponin and myosin. The thick filament is tropomyosin. It is rich in connective tissue with • All statements are not true of cardiac muscles
sarcomere actin myosin tropomyosin
cardiac sarcomere thin filaments actin troponin tropomyosin thick filaments myosin Z line
“Thin filaments include actin, troponin and myosin. The thick filament is tropomyosin.”
- Thin filament = actin + tropomyosin + troponin
- Thick filament = myosin
During exercise, TPR decreases because of the effect of: * The sympathetic nervous system on splanchnic arterioles Local metabolites on skeletal muscle arterioles Local metabolites on cerebral arterioles • The parasympathetic nervous system on skeletal muscle arterioles Achmed, after jogging, was breathing heavily and sweating profusely. He complained that his calves ached and felt weak. He was offered Gatorade (a sport drink) by his mother and told to rest and "catch his breath". Why was Achmed breathing heavily? * • His ATP supply is depleted He lost so much sodium (hyponatremia) due to profuse sweating • His diaphragm was undergoing tetanic contractions To repay the incurred oxygen debt Pulmonary vasoconstrictors, EXCEPT * Histamine Leukotriene Prostaglandins Prostacyclin
exercise peripheral resistance metabolites
exercise total peripheral resistance skeletal muscle local metabolites pulmonary vasoconstrictors prostacyclin physiology
-
During exercise, TPR decreases because of:
✅ Local metabolites on skeletal muscle arterioles
Active muscle releases vasodilator metabolites such as K⁺, H⁺, CO₂, adenosine, and lactate, producing arteriolar dilation. -
Why was Achmed breathing heavily after jogging?
✅ To repay the incurred oxygen debt
More precisely, this is excess post-exercise oxygen consumption, used to restore ATP-phosphocreatine stores, reoxygenate tissues, and help clear/metabolize lactate. -
Pulmonary vasoconstrictors, EXCEPT:
✅ Prostacyclin (PGI₂)
Prostacyclin is a potent pulmonary vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet aggregation. It is used therapeutically in pulmonary arterial hypertension.
In second-degree heart block * the ventricular rate is lower than the atrial rate stroke volume is decreased cardiac output is increased • the ventricular ECG complexes are distorted 1 point FALSE STATEMENT about right ventricular heart failure: * It may be caused by occlusive disease predominantly of the coronary vessels to the right ventricle. The major hemodynamic effects of chronic right heart failure are pronounced reductions in cardiac output and venous blood pressure arterial pressure • The principal treatment is infusion of blood or plasma. Bypass of the right ventricle may be performed surgically in patients with certain congenital cardiac defects 1 point Which of the following types of anti-infective components can be found in 1 point breast milk?* Immunoglobulins such as IgA and IgG J Cellular components such as macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes • Other components such as lactoferrin and lyzozome All of the choices
breast milk immunoglobulin lactoferrin
second degree AV block ventricular rate lower atrial rate right ventricular failure treatment breast milk anti infective immunoglobulins lactoferrin lysozyme
-
Second-degree heart block:
✅ The ventricular rate is lower than the atrial rate.
Some atrial impulses fail to conduct to the ventricles, producing dropped QRS complexes. -
False statement about right ventricular heart failure:
✅ “The principal treatment is infusion of blood or plasma.”
This is not the principal treatment. Management targets the cause, optimizes fluid status carefully, and treats pulmonary hypertension or ischemia when present. Excess fluid can worsen systemic venous congestion. -
Anti-infective components in breast milk:
✅ All of the choices.
Breast milk contains immunoglobulins, especially secretory IgA, immune cells including macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes, plus lactoferrin and lysozyme. Human milk components
The maintenance of internal temperature within a tolerable range is called A. Osmoregulation Thermoregulation Homeostasis D. Downregulation
thermoregulation body temperature
thermoregulation definition maintenance of internal body temperature
Give correct answers
mineralocorticoid aldosterone potassium zona glomerulosa
physiology vital capacity tidal volume inspiratory capacity secondary oocyte metaphase II adrenal cortex mineralocorticoid zona glomerulosa potassium
Matching
- Vital capacity → E
- Tidal volume → B
- Total lung capacity → D
- Inspiratory capacity → A
- Expiratory reserve volume → C
Multiple choice
- Rough endoplasmic reticulum
- Nucleus
- Thermoregulation
- Osmoregulation
- Metaphase II
- Mesoderm and ectoderm (neural crest)
- The option in the photo says “endoderm and mesoderm,” which is not correct as written. The adrenal cortex arises from mesoderm and the adrenal medulla from neural crest ectoderm.
- Outer region of adrenal cortex
- It controls the sodium and potassium ratio in extracellular and intracellular fluids
- Higher concentration of potassium ion in plasma
- Question 10: should be Metaphase II, not Prophase I.
- Question 11: the choices appear to contain an error. The scientifically correct answer is ectoderm and mesoderm.