*Calcium* Hypercalcemia Hypo calcemia Tetany *IRON* Mucosal block theory Anemia Wilson disease Hemosiderosis Na+ and K+regulation in kidney Hypo and hyperNatremia Hypo and hyperkalemia Pseudo hypernatremia Ph regulation by renal + respiratory mechanism Anion gap significance Calculation High AG Mixed acid base disorder Compensatory mechanism Metabolic acidosis nd alkalosis Respiratory acidosis nd alkalosis Factors affecting enzyme activity and action fig 3.18 .19 .20 Substrate concentration Tempt ph Enzyme regulations or inhibition (part of regulation) :2 types long and short term regulations Induction example:- cyt p50 by barbuttarea and repression example:- heme synthesis Long terms covalent modification 3m Allosdtresic regulation -5m imp Ultra short cm Classification of enzymes Enzyme inhibitoion reversible:- competitive Non revereselble ;- non completivve 3.27 3.29 a b Difference between competitive and nkn completivve 3.27 3.29 Other name of suicide inhibition Isoenzyme - applied aspect atleast one Acute pancreatitis, MI hepatitis Cellular markers Regans enzyme MCQ Co enzyme nd co factors Co enzyme is a part of co factors What is tpp, atp, plp , biotin , folate , co Acyl tranfering?? MCQ Enzyme classification Glycolysis Gluconeogenisis :- from 4 non carb precursor 4 key enzymes GLUT 12, 4, SGlu T 1,2 Glycogen metabolism Fructose metabolism Hmp pathway + significance Polyol pathway of glucose Regulation of blood glucose Metabolism of alcohol Glycogen disorders Acute toxicity of alcohol Fatty liver Hunter syndrome Hurler syndrome Mucopoly saccharides Galactosemia Alpha fatty oxidation Beta oxidation Metabolism of propionyl co A De novo synthesis of fat Triglycerides synthesis Ketone body metabolism Ketolysis Ketosis summary diagram Causes of HyperCholesterol Steroids synthesis from cholesterol HDL, LDL chylomicrons metabolism Eicosanoids Aspirin Classification of phospho lipid Pufa significance ETC Osmotic theory Complex inhibitors Uncouplers Collagen synthesis, structure Function of proteglycans , glyco glycans Defination of ECM
What's Covered - Index
| Section | Topics |
|---|---|
| 1. Calcium | Regulation (PTH/VitD/Calcitonin), Hypercalcemia (causes + CHIMPANZEES), Hypocalcemia, Tetany + signs |
| 2. Iron | Absorption + pathway (DMT1/ferroportin), Mucosal block theory + Hepcidin, Iron deficiency anemia, Wilson disease, Hemosiderosis/Hemochromatosis |
| 3. Na⁺/K⁺ Kidney | Tubular handling, Aldosterone/ADH, Hypo/hypernatremia + Pseudohypernatremia, Hypo/hyperkalemia with ECG changes + treatment |
| 4. pH Regulation | Respiratory + Renal mechanisms, All 4 acid-base disorders, Winter's formula, Compensation rules, Anion Gap (MUDPILES), Mixed disorders, Delta-delta ratio |
| 5. Enzymes | Michaelis-Menten, Temp/pH effects, Allosteric regulation (5m), Covalent modification, Induction (CYP450) + Repression (heme synthesis), Enzyme classification (6 classes), Competitive vs Non-competitive (comparison table), Suicide inhibition (other names), Isoenzymes - LDH/CK/ALP/Amylase, Regan's enzyme, Coenzymes table (TPP/FAD/NAD/CoA/PLP/Biotin/Folate) |
| 6. Carbohydrates | GLUT 1-5/12, SGLT 1/2, Glycolysis (key enzymes), Gluconeogenesis (4 precursors + 4 bypass enzymes), Glycogen synthesis/lysis, Glycogen storage diseases (Type I-VI), Fructose metabolism + HFI, HMP pathway + significance + G6PD deficiency, Polyol pathway + diabetic complications, Blood glucose regulation, Alcohol metabolism + fatty liver |
| 7. Mucopolysaccharides | GAGs classification, MPS (Hurler vs Hunter - key comparison), Galactosemia |
| 8. Lipids | Alpha oxidation (Refsum), Beta oxidation (steps + ATP yield), Propionyl-CoA metabolism (B12), De novo synthesis (ACC/FAS), TAG synthesis, Ketogenesis (HMG-CoA), Ketolysis (SCOT), Ketosis summary, Cholesterol synthesis + steroids, Causes of hypercholesterolemia, Lipoprotein metabolism (chylomicrons/LDL/HDL), Eicosanoids + Aspirin, Phospholipid classification, PUFA significance |
| 9. ETC | All 5 complexes + inhibitors, Chemiosmotic theory, Uncouplers |
| 10. Collagen/ECM | Collagen types, Synthesis steps (Vit C role), Lysyl oxidase (Cu), ECM definition, Proteoglycan functions |
| Quick MCQ Table | All high-yield one-liners |