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Traumatic brain injury

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) ranges from concussion to severe brain damage and is commonly classified by Glasgow Coma Scale score, imaging findings, and duration of altered consciousness.
Topic map
  1. Definition, causes, and classification
  2. Primary vs secondary brain injury
  3. Assessment: ABCDE, GCS, pupils, neurological examination
  4. Investigations: CT head, cervical-spine imaging, monitoring
  5. Emergency management and prevention of secondary injury
  6. Mild TBI/concussion, including return to activity
  7. Moderate and severe TBI, including raised intracranial pressure
  8. Complications and rehabilitation
  9. Prognosis and prevention
High-level overview: Initial management prioritizes airway, oxygenation, circulation, cervical-spine protection, and urgent recognition of neurosurgical emergencies. Worsening consciousness, unequal pupils, seizures, repeated vomiting, focal weakness, or a suspected skull fracture require emergency assessment.
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