I am studying in gnm 2nd year can u help me on my studies
Msn1 msn2 child health nursing mental health nursing
Tu mla madat krshil ka majhe orris tu mla madat krshil ka majha abhyasat
| विषय | काय शिकता येईल |
|---|---|
| MSN 1 | Medical-Surgical Nursing - Heart, Lungs, Kidney diseases |
| MSN 2 | Surgical conditions, Orthopedics, Cancer nursing |
| Child Health Nursing | Pediatric diseases, Growth & Development, Immunization |
| Mental Health Nursing | Psychiatric disorders, Therapeutic communication |
1.tipa liha 1.diabities mellitus
"DM refers to a group of common metabolic disorders that share the phenotype of hyperglycemia."
- Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 22E
| Type | नाव | कारण |
|---|---|---|
| Type 1 DM | Insulin-Dependent DM (IDDM) | Autoimmune - Beta cells नष्ट होतात → Insulin बनत नाही |
| Type 2 DM | Non-Insulin Dependent DM (NIDDM) | Insulin resistance + कमी insulin secretion |
| Type 3 | Other specific types | Genetic defects, drugs, infections, hormonal diseases |
| Type 4 | Gestational DM (GDM) | Pregnancy मध्ये होणारा मधुमेह (2nd/3rd trimester) |
Insulin चा शोध 1922 मध्ये Banting & Best यांनी लावला.
Autoimmune attack → Beta cells नष्ट → Insulin नाही → Glucose cells मध्ये जात नाही → Hyperglycemia
Insulin Resistance + कमी Insulin → Glucose उपयोग कमी → Hepatic glucose उत्पादन वाढते → Hyperglycemia
| लक्षण | अर्थ |
|---|---|
| Polyuria | जास्त लघवी होणे |
| Polydipsia | जास्त तहान लागणे |
| Polyphagia | जास्त भूक लागणे |
| Weight Loss | वजन कमी होणे |
| Test | Normal | Prediabetes | Diabetes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) | <100 mg/dL | 100-125 mg/dL | ≥126 mg/dL |
| Post Prandial (PPBS) | <140 mg/dL | 140-199 mg/dL | ≥200 mg/dL |
| HbA1c | <5.7% | 5.7-6.4% | ≥6.5% |
| Random Blood Sugar | - | - | ≥200 mg/dL + symptoms |
| Drug | Mechanism |
|---|---|
| Metformin (1st choice) | Hepatic glucose उत्पादन कमी करते |
| Sulfonylureas (Glipizide) | Insulin secretion वाढवतात |
| SGLT2 inhibitors | Glucose urine मध्ये काढतात |
| DPP-4 inhibitors | Incretin वाढवतात |
| Condition | कारण |
|---|---|
| Hypoglycemia | जास्त insulin / कमी खाणे |
| DKA (Diabetic Ketoacidosis) | Type 1 मध्ये, Insulin नसल्याने |
| HHNS (Hyperosmolar State) | Type 2 मध्ये |
| System | Complication |
|---|---|
| Eyes | Diabetic Retinopathy → अंधत्व |
| Kidneys | Diabetic Nephropathy → Renal Failure |
| Nerves | Diabetic Neuropathy → Numbness |
| Heart | Coronary Artery Disease |
| Feet | Diabetic Foot → Amputation |
| Hypoglycemia | Hyperglycemia | |
|---|---|---|
| Blood sugar | <70 mg/dL | >180 mg/dL |
| Onset | अचानक (Sudden) | हळूहळू (Gradual) |
| Skin | थंड, घाम (Cold, clammy) | गरम, कोरडी (Hot, dry) |
| Breathing | Normal | Kussmaul (Deep & rapid) |
| Treatment | 15g Glucose द्या | Insulin द्या |
Thanku