A medical infographic illustrating the progression of the menopausal transition, categorized into four stages: Premenopausal (blue), Perimenopausal (green), Menopause (purple), and Postmenopausal (red). The timeline uses circular icons and connecting lines to define each phase by clinical and biochemical criteria. 'Premenopausal' is defined by age, spontaneous menses, or FSH/E2 levels in the premenopausal range. 'Perimenopausal' is described as the period of approaching menopause characterized by endocrinological changes and vasomotor symptoms. 'Menopause' (age 42–58) identifies the final menstrual period when ovaries are depleted of oocytes and steroid activity is lost. 'Postmenopausal' is defined as 12 months since the final menstrual period, with biochemical confirmation (FSH ≥ 60 IU/L and E2 < 200 pmol/L) for patients under 45. The diagram emphasizes clinical definitions used in trials like OFSET, integrating age, hormone levels, and menstrual history to differentiate the stages of reproductive aging.

This medical illustration depicts the staging and progression patterns of Aging-Related Tau Astrogliopathy (ARTAG) in the human brain. The diagram is divided into five panels (A-E) showing subpial and gray matter distribution pathways. Red indicates initial involvement (Stage 1), while orange and blue arrows represent subsequent spread (Stages 2-3). Panels A and B illustrate subpial ARTAG: Pattern 1 begins in basal regions and spreads bidirectionally to lobar or brainstem areas; Pattern 2 starts in lobar/brainstem regions before involving the basal brain. Panels C, D, and E detail gray matter ARTAG progression. The 'Striatal path' (C) initiates in the striatum, spreading to the amygdala, cortex, or brainstem. The 'Amygdala path' (D) begins in the amygdala and follows similar trajectories. Panel E shows advanced Stage 3 combinations involving three regions simultaneously (3a: striatum/amygdala/cortex; 3b: striatum/amygdala/brainstem; 3c: amygdala/cortex/brainstem). This anatomical schematic serves as a neuropathological model for characterizing the hierarchical distribution of phosphorylated tau in astrocytes during brain aging.

This medical illustration depicts the Braak staging system for Lewy pathology progression in Parkinson’s disease. It consists of a sagittal-view anatomical diagram of the human brain with superimposed labels and directional red arrows indicating the caudo-rostral spread of alpha-synuclein pathology. A legend titled 'LOCATION OF STAGES' describes the six stages: Stage 1 (Peripheral and enteric nervous system), Stage 2 (Medulla Oblongata), Stage 3 (Pontine tegmentum), Stage 4 (Basal, mid, and fore-brain, hypothalamus, thalamus), Stage 5 (Mesocortex, allocortex), and Stage 6 (Neocortex). The visual logic uses solid and dashed red arrows to trace the ascending pathway of neurodegeneration starting from the brainstem and progressing through subcortical structures into the higher cortical regions. This educational diagram is used in neurology and pathology to visualize the stereotypical anatomical evolution of Parkinson’s disease, correlating structural involvement with the progression from premotor to motor and eventually non-motor/cognitive symptoms.