Explain above topic according to bams first year charak samhita
अपामार्गस्य बीजानि पिप्पलीर्मरिचानि च। विडङ्गान्याथ शिग्रूणि सर्षपांस्तुम्बुरूणि च॥३॥अजाजीं चाजगन्धां च पीलून्वेलां हरेणुकाम्। पृथ्वीकां सुरसां श्वेतां कुठेरकफणिज्झकौ॥४॥शिरीषबीजं लशुनं हरिद्रे लवणद्वयम्। ज्योतिष्मतीं नागरं च दद्यौच्छीर्षविरेचने॥५॥गौरवे शिरसः शूले पीनसेऽर्धावभेदके। क्रिमिव्याधावपस्मारे घ्राणनाशे प्रमोहके॥६॥
| क्र. | संस्कृत नाम | हिन्दी नाम | Latin/Common Name |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | अपामार्गबीज | चिचिड़ी का बीज | Achyranthes aspera |
| 2 | पिप्पली | पीपल | Piper longum |
| 3 | मरिच | काली मिर्च | Piper nigrum |
| 4 | विडङ्ग | वायविडङ्ग | Embelia ribes |
| 5 | शिग्रु | सहिजन का बीज | Moringa oleifera |
| 6 | सर्षप | सरसों | Brassica nigra |
| 7 | तुम्बुरु | तेजबल का फल | Zanthoxylum armatum |
| 8 | अजाजी | जीरा | Cuminum cyminum |
| 9 | अजगन्धा | अजगन्धा | Cleome viscosa |
| 10 | पीलु | पीलू वृक्ष का बीज | Salvadora persica |
| 11 | वेला (एला) | बड़ी इलायची | Amomum subulatum |
| 12 | हरेणु | सम्भालु के बीज | Vitex negundo |
| 13 | पृथ्वीका | मगरैला | Nigella sativa |
| 14 | सुरसा | तुलसीभेद | Ocimum sanctum var. |
| 15 | श्वेता | अपराजिता | Clitoria ternatea |
| 16 | कुठेरक | तुलसी भेद | Ocimum gratissimum |
| 17 | फणिज्झक | मरूवा | Origanum majorana |
| 18 | शिरीषबीज | शिरीष के बीज | Albizia lebbeck |
| 19 | लशुन | लहसुन | Allium sativum |
| 20 | हरिद्रा | हल्दी | Curcuma longa |
| 21 | दारुहरिद्रा | दारुहल्दी | Berberis aristata |
| 22 | सैंधव लवण | सेन्धा नमक | Rock salt |
| 23 | कालानमक | काला नमक | Black salt |
| 24 | ज्योतिष्मती | मालकांगनी | Celastrus paniculatus |
| 25 | नागर | सोंठ | Zingiber officinale (dry) |
"यदुत्तमाङ्गमङ्गानां शिरस्तदभिधीयते" (सू. १७)
"अनामये शिरस्येव देहः सम्यक् प्रवर्धते" अर्थात् शिर के निरोग रहने पर शरीर भली-भाँति बढ़ता है।
| क्रम | कर्म | शुद्धि स्थान |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | शिरोविरेचन (Nasya) | शिर-शुद्धि (Head) |
| 2 | वमन (Vamana) | आमाशय-शुद्धि (Stomach) |
| 3 | विरेचन (Virechana) | पच्यमानाशय-शुद्धि (Small intestine) |
| 4 | निरूह बस्ति | पक्वाशय-शुद्धि (Colon) |
| 5 | अनुवासन बस्ति | पक्वाशय-शुद्धि (Colon) |
Create a summary document on Charaka Samhita Chapter 2 for reference
ls /home/daytona/workspace/ 2>/dev/null && ls /home/daytona/skills/docx/scripts/…
mkdir -p /home/daytona/workspace/charaka-ch2 && node -e "require('docx'); consol…
~/charaka-ch2/create_doc.js
const {
Document, Packer, Paragraph, TextRun, Table, TableRow, TableCell,
HeadingLevel, AlignmentType, BorderStyle, WidthType, ShadingType,
VerticalAlign, PageNumber, Header, Footer, PageBreak
} = require('docx');
const fs = require('fs');
// ── colour palette ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
const MAROON = "800000";
const GOLD = "B8860B";
const DARKRED = "8B0000";
const WHITE = "FFFFFF";
const LTBROWN = "FDF5E6";
const MIDBRN = "F5E6D3";
// ── helper: make a simple bordered TableCell ────────────────────────────────
function tc(text, opts = {}) {
const {
bold = false, color = "000000", shade = null, width = null,
align = AlignmentType.LEFT, colSpan = 1
} = opts;
const cellOpts = {
columnSpan: colSpan,
verticalAlign: VerticalAlign.CENTER,
shading: shade ? { fill: shade, type: ShadingType.SOLID } : undefined,
width: width ? { size: width, type: WidthType.DXA } : undefined,
borders: {
top: { style: BorderStyle.SINGLE, size: 4, color: "8B4513" },
bottom: { style: BorderStyle.SINGLE, size: 4, color: "8B4513" },
left: { style: BorderStyle.SINGLE, size: 4, color: "8B4513" },
right: { style: BorderStyle.SINGLE, size: 4, color: "8B4513" },
},
margins: { top: 80, bottom: 80, left: 120, right: 120 },
children: [new Paragraph({
alignment: align,
children: [new TextRun({ text, bold, color, size: bold ? 20 : 19, font: "Cambria" })]
})]
};
return new TableCell(cellOpts);
}
// ── helper: section heading ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
function sectionHead(text) {
return new Paragraph({
spacing: { before: 240, after: 120 },
shading: { fill: MAROON, type: ShadingType.SOLID },
alignment: AlignmentType.CENTER,
children: [new TextRun({ text, bold: true, color: WHITE, size: 26, font: "Cambria" })]
});
}
// ── helper: sub-heading ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
function subHead(text) {
return new Paragraph({
spacing: { before: 200, after: 80 },
shading: { fill: GOLD, type: ShadingType.SOLID },
children: [new TextRun({ text, bold: true, color: WHITE, size: 22, font: "Cambria" })]
});
}
// ── helper: body paragraph ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
function body(text, opts = {}) {
const { bold = false, color = "1a1a1a", indent = false } = opts;
return new Paragraph({
spacing: { before: 60, after: 60 },
indent: indent ? { left: 400 } : undefined,
children: [new TextRun({ text, bold, color, size: 20, font: "Cambria" })]
});
}
// ── helper: Sanskrit shloka block ───────────────────────────────────────────
function shloka(text) {
return new Paragraph({
spacing: { before: 100, after: 100 },
indent: { left: 600, right: 600 },
shading: { fill: LTBROWN, type: ShadingType.SOLID },
alignment: AlignmentType.CENTER,
children: [new TextRun({ text, italics: true, color: DARKRED, size: 20, font: "Cambria" })]
});
}
// ── helper: bullet ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
function bullet(text, bold = false) {
return new Paragraph({
spacing: { before: 40, after: 40 },
indent: { left: 400 },
children: [
new TextRun({ text: "• ", bold: true, color: MAROON, size: 20, font: "Cambria" }),
new TextRun({ text, bold, color: "1a1a1a", size: 20, font: "Cambria" })
]
});
}
function gap(n = 1) {
return Array.from({ length: n }, () => new Paragraph({ spacing: { before: 60, after: 60 }, children: [] }));
}
// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// BUILD DOCUMENT
// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
const children = [
// ── TITLE PAGE ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
new Paragraph({
spacing: { before: 480, after: 120 },
alignment: AlignmentType.CENTER,
shading: { fill: MAROON, type: ShadingType.SOLID },
children: [new TextRun({ text: "CHARAKA SAMHITA", bold: true, color: WHITE, size: 48, font: "Cambria" })]
}),
new Paragraph({
spacing: { before: 0, after: 80 },
alignment: AlignmentType.CENTER,
shading: { fill: MAROON, type: ShadingType.SOLID },
children: [new TextRun({ text: "Sutra Sthana • Chapter 2", bold: true, color: "FFD700", size: 30, font: "Cambria" })]
}),
new Paragraph({
spacing: { before: 0, after: 200 },
alignment: AlignmentType.CENTER,
shading: { fill: MAROON, type: ShadingType.SOLID },
children: [new TextRun({ text: "अपामार्गतण्डुलीयमध्यायः", bold: true, color: "FFE4B5", size: 34, font: "Cambria" })]
}),
new Paragraph({
spacing: { before: 80, after: 80 },
alignment: AlignmentType.CENTER,
children: [new TextRun({ text: "Apamargataṇḍulīyamadhyāyaḥ", italics: true, color: DARKRED, size: 26, font: "Cambria" })]
}),
new Paragraph({
spacing: { before: 40, after: 40 },
alignment: AlignmentType.CENTER,
children: [new TextRun({ text: "Quick-Reference Summary for BAMS First Year", color: "444444", size: 22, font: "Cambria" })]
}),
new Paragraph({
spacing: { before: 40, after: 400 },
alignment: AlignmentType.CENTER,
children: [new TextRun({ text: "Commentator: Chakrapani | Narrated by: Bhagavan Atreya", italics: true, color: "666666", size: 18, font: "Cambria" })]
}),
// ── 1. OVERVIEW ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
sectionHead("1. Chapter Overview"),
...gap(),
new Table({
width: { size: 100, type: WidthType.PERCENTAGE },
rows: [
new TableRow({ children: [
tc("Attribute", { bold: true, shade: MAROON, color: WHITE }),
tc("Details", { bold: true, shade: MAROON, color: WHITE }),
]}),
new TableRow({ children: [
tc("Sthana", { shade: MIDBRN }),
tc("Sutra Sthana (सूत्रस्थान)", {}),
]}),
new TableRow({ children: [
tc("Chapter No.", { shade: MIDBRN }),
tc("2nd Chapter (द्वितीय अध्याय)", {}),
]}),
new TableRow({ children: [
tc("Chapter Name", { shade: MIDBRN }),
tc("अपामार्गतण्डुलीयमध्यायः", {}),
]}),
new TableRow({ children: [
tc("Named After", { shade: MIDBRN }),
tc("Apamarga (Achyranthes aspera / Chirchita) — first drug listed in the chapter", {}),
]}),
new TableRow({ children: [
tc("Narrated By", { shade: MIDBRN }),
tc("Bhagavan Atreya (भगवान् आत्रेय)", {}),
]}),
new TableRow({ children: [
tc("Follows", { shade: MIDBRN }),
tc("Deerghanjiviteeya Adhyaya (Chapter 1)", {}),
]}),
new TableRow({ children: [
tc("Main Topic", { shade: MIDBRN }),
tc("Panchakarma drugs — especially Shirovirechana (Nasya / Nasal Purification)", {}),
]}),
new TableRow({ children: [
tc("Key Sloka Ref",{ shade: MIDBRN }),
tc("Shlokas 3–6 (drugs); Shloka 14 — 'Sangrahah Panchakarmikaḥ' (Panchakarma reference)", {}),
]}),
]
}),
...gap(),
body("Note on the Name: The chapter is named Apamarga-Tanduliya because Apamarga seeds appear first in the drug list. Chakrapani clarifies that 'Tandula' here means bhusi-rahit (de-husked), fresh seeds capable of germination — not just any seed."),
// ── 2. OPENING VERSES ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
...gap(),
sectionHead("2. Opening Verses (Shlokas 1–2)"),
...gap(),
shloka("अथातोऽपामार्गतण्डुलीयमध्यायं व्याख्यास्यामः ॥१॥"),
shloka("इति ह स्माह भगवानात्रेयः ॥२॥"),
...gap(),
body("Translation: 'We shall now explain the Apamargataṇḍulīya chapter — thus spoke Bhagavan Atreya.'"),
// ── 3. SHIROVIRECHANA DRUGS ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
...gap(),
sectionHead("3. Shirovirechana Dravyas — Shlokas 3–5"),
...gap(),
subHead("Sanskrit Shlokas"),
shloka("अपामार्गस्य बीजानि पिप्पलीर्मरिचानि च । विडङ्गान्याथ शिग्रूणि सर्षपांस्तुम्बुरूणि च ॥३॥"),
shloka("अजाजीं चाजगन्धां च पीलून्वेलां हरेणुकाम् । पृथ्वीकां सुरसां श्वेतां कुठेरकफणिज्झकौ ॥४॥"),
shloka("शिरीषबीजं लशुनं हरिद्रे लवणद्वयम् । ज्योतिष्मतीं नागरं च दद्यौच्छीर्षविरेचने ॥५॥"),
...gap(),
subHead("Complete Drug List (25 Dravyas)"),
...gap(),
new Table({
width: { size: 100, type: WidthType.PERCENTAGE },
rows: [
new TableRow({ children: [
tc("No.", { bold: true, shade: MAROON, color: WHITE, width: 600 }),
tc("Sanskrit Name", { bold: true, shade: MAROON, color: WHITE }),
tc("Hindi Name", { bold: true, shade: MAROON, color: WHITE }),
tc("Botanical Name",{ bold: true, shade: MAROON, color: WHITE }),
]}),
...[
["1", "अपामार्गबीज (Apamargabīja)", "चिचिड़ी के बीज", "Achyranthes aspera"],
["2", "पिप्पली (Pippalī)", "पीपल", "Piper longum"],
["3", "मरिच (Maricha)", "काली मिर्च", "Piper nigrum"],
["4", "विडङ्ग (Viḍaṅga)", "वायविडंग", "Embelia ribes"],
["5", "शिग्रु (Śigru)", "सहिजन के बीज", "Moringa oleifera"],
["6", "सर्षप (Sarṣapa)", "सरसों", "Brassica nigra"],
["7", "तुम्बुरु (Tumburu)", "तेजबल का फल", "Zanthoxylum armatum"],
["8", "अजाजी (Ajājī)", "जीरा", "Cuminum cyminum"],
["9", "अजगन्धा (Ajagandhā)", "अजगन्धा", "Cleome viscosa"],
["10", "पीलु (Pīlu)", "पीलू वृक्ष के बीज", "Salvadora persica"],
["11", "वेला/एला (Velā)", "बड़ी इलायची", "Amomum subulatum"],
["12", "हरेणु (Hareṇu)", "सम्भालु के बीज", "Vitex negundo"],
["13", "पृथ्वीका (Pṛthvīkā)", "मगरैला", "Nigella sativa"],
["14", "सुरसा (Surasā)", "तुलसीभेद", "Ocimum sanctum var."],
["15", "श्वेता (Śvetā)", "अपराजिता", "Clitoria ternatea"],
["16", "कुठेरक (Kuṭheraka)", "तुलसी भेद", "Ocimum gratissimum"],
["17", "फणिज्झक (Phaṇijjhaka)", "मरूवा", "Origanum majorana"],
["18", "शिरीषबीज (Śirīṣabīja)", "शिरीष के बीज", "Albizia lebbeck"],
["19", "लशुन (Laśuna)", "लहसुन", "Allium sativum"],
["20", "हरिद्रा (Haridrā)", "हल्दी", "Curcuma longa"],
["21", "दारुहरिद्रा (Dāruharidrā)", "दारुहल्दी", "Berberis aristata"],
["22", "सैंधव लवण (Saindhava Lavaṇa)", "सेन्धा नमक", "Rock Salt"],
["23", "काल लवण (Kāla Lavaṇa)", "काला नमक", "Black Salt"],
["24", "ज्योतिष्मती (Jyotiṣmatī)", "मालकांगनी", "Celastrus paniculatus"],
["25", "नागर (Nāgara)", "सोंठ", "Zingiber officinale (dry)"],
].map((row, i) =>
new TableRow({ children: row.map(cell => tc(cell, { shade: i % 2 === 0 ? LTBROWN : WHITE })) })
)
]
}),
...gap(),
// ── 4. INDICATIONS ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
sectionHead("4. Indications of Shirovirechana — Shloka 6"),
...gap(),
shloka("गौरवे शिरसः शूले पीनसेऽर्धावभेदके । क्रिमिव्याधावपस्मारे घ्राणनाशे प्रमोहके ॥६॥"),
...gap(),
body("The above 25 drugs are to be administered as Shirovirechana (Nasya) in the following conditions:", { bold: true }),
...gap(),
new Table({
width: { size: 100, type: WidthType.PERCENTAGE },
rows: [
new TableRow({ children: [
tc("No.", { bold: true, shade: MAROON, color: WHITE, width: 600 }),
tc("Sanskrit Term", { bold: true, shade: MAROON, color: WHITE }),
tc("Hindi", { bold: true, shade: MAROON, color: WHITE }),
tc("Modern Equivalent", { bold: true, shade: MAROON, color: WHITE }),
]}),
...[
["1", "गौरव शिरसः", "सिर का भारीपन", "Heaviness of head"],
["2", "शिरःशूल", "सिरदर्द", "Headache"],
["3", "पीनस", "पुराना जुकाम / नासा-शोथ", "Chronic Rhinitis / Sinusitis"],
["4", "अर्धावभेदक", "अधकपारी", "Hemicrania / Migraine"],
["5", "कृमिव्याधि", "कृमिजन्य शिरोरोग", "Headache due to worm infestation"],
["6", "अपस्मार", "मिरगी", "Epilepsy"],
["7", "घ्राणनाश", "गंध-ज्ञान का नाश", "Anosmia / Loss of smell"],
["8", "प्रमोह / मूर्च्छा", "मूर्च्छा, बेहोशी", "Syncope / Fainting"],
].map((row, i) =>
new TableRow({ children: row.map(cell => tc(cell, { shade: i % 2 === 0 ? LTBROWN : WHITE })) })
)
]
}),
...gap(),
// ── 5. PANCHAKARMA ORDER ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
sectionHead("5. Panchakarma — Order of Purification (Vimarsha)"),
...gap(),
subHead("Why is Shirovirechana described FIRST?"),
...gap(),
body("Although the usual Panchakarma sequence begins with Vamana and Virechana, Acharya Charaka describes Shirovirechana (Nasya) first. The justification comes from Sutra 17:"),
...gap(),
shloka("यदुत्तमाङ्गमङ्गानां शिरस्तदभिधीयते"),
body("Translation: 'Among all limbs, the head (Shira) is the most important (Uttamanga).'"),
...gap(),
shloka("अनामये शिरस्येव देहः सम्यक् प्रवर्धते"),
body("Translation: 'Only when the head is free from disease does the body grow/flourish properly.'"),
...gap(),
body("Just as a tree thrives when its root (mula) is healthy, the entire body remains healthy when the head is purified. Hence, head purification takes priority."),
...gap(),
subHead("Sequence of the 5 Karmas"),
...gap(),
new Table({
width: { size: 100, type: WidthType.PERCENTAGE },
rows: [
new TableRow({ children: [
tc("Order", { bold: true, shade: MAROON, color: WHITE, width: 800 }),
tc("Karma (Action)", { bold: true, shade: MAROON, color: WHITE }),
tc("Organ Purified", { bold: true, shade: MAROON, color: WHITE }),
tc("Sanskrit", { bold: true, shade: MAROON, color: WHITE }),
]}),
...[
["1st", "Shirovirechana / Nasya", "Head (Shira)", "शिर-शुद्धि"],
["2nd", "Vamana (Emesis)", "Stomach (Amasaya)", "आमाशय-शुद्धि"],
["3rd", "Virechana (Purgation)", "Small intestine", "पच्यमानाशय-शुद्धि"],
["4th", "Niruha Basti", "Colon (Pakvasaya)", "पक्वाशय-शुद्धि"],
["5th", "Anuvasana Basti", "Colon (Pakvasaya)", "पक्वाशय-शुद्धि"],
].map((row, i) =>
new TableRow({ children: row.map(cell => tc(cell, { shade: i % 2 === 0 ? LTBROWN : WHITE })) })
)
]
}),
...gap(),
// ── 6. KEY EXAM POINTS ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
sectionHead("6. Important Points for BAMS Examination"),
...gap(),
bullet("This chapter is the 2nd chapter of Sutra Sthana of Charaka Samhita.", true),
bullet("Narrated by Bhagavan Atreya; compiled by Agnivesha; commentary by Chakrapani."),
bullet("Chapter named 'Apamarga-Tanduliya' because Apamarga seeds are listed first among drugs."),
bullet("'Tandula' = bhusi-rahit (de-husked), fresh, germination-capable seeds of Apamarga."),
bullet("Total drugs for Shirovirechana = 25 dravyas (Shlokas 3-5)."),
bullet("Shloka 14 explicitly mentions Panchakarma: 'Sangrahah Panchakarmikaḥ'."),
bullet("Shira = Uttamanga (most important organ) — justifies Shirovirechana being first."),
bullet("Shirovirechana = Nasya karma — one of the five Panchakarma procedures."),
bullet("8 indications for Shirovirechana are listed in Shloka 6."),
bullet("Vimarsha commentary notes: the chapter also covers remaining drugs from Panchakarma (after Chapter 1's Muliniya dravyas)."),
bullet("Key Sutra: 'Yaduttamangamanganam shirastadabhidhiyate' (Su. 17) — head is supreme organ."),
...gap(),
// ── 7. GLOSSARY ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
sectionHead("7. Quick Glossary"),
...gap(),
new Table({
width: { size: 100, type: WidthType.PERCENTAGE },
rows: [
new TableRow({ children: [
tc("Term", { bold: true, shade: MAROON, color: WHITE }),
tc("Meaning", { bold: true, shade: MAROON, color: WHITE }),
]}),
...[
["Shirovirechana / Nasya", "Nasal purification therapy — instillation of drugs through nose"],
["Tandula", "Seeds (specifically de-husked, fresh seeds capable of germination)"],
["Panchakarma","Five purification procedures in Ayurveda"],
["Vimarsha", "Commentary / critical notes added by commentators like Chakrapani"],
["Uttamanga", "Supreme organ / the head"],
["Sthana", "Section of a classical Ayurvedic text"],
["Adhyaya", "Chapter"],
["Amasaya", "Stomach"],
["Pakvasaya", "Colon / large intestine"],
["Apsamara", "Epilepsy"],
["Pinas", "Chronic rhinitis / sinusitis"],
["Ardha-avabhedaka", "Hemicrania / migraine"],
].map((row, i) =>
new TableRow({ children: row.map(cell => tc(cell, { shade: i % 2 === 0 ? LTBROWN : WHITE })) })
)
]
}),
...gap(),
// ── FOOTER NOTE ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
new Paragraph({
spacing: { before: 300, after: 60 },
alignment: AlignmentType.CENTER,
shading: { fill: MAROON, type: ShadingType.SOLID },
children: [new TextRun({ text: "Charaka Samhita | Sutra Sthana | Chapter 2 — Reference Summary for BAMS First Year", color: WHITE, size: 18, font: "Cambria" })]
}),
];
// ── BUILD & WRITE ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
const doc = new Document({
styles: {
default: {
document: {
run: { font: "Cambria", size: 20 }
}
}
},
sections: [{
properties: {
page: {
margin: { top: 1000, bottom: 1000, left: 1100, right: 1100 }
}
},
children
}]
});
Packer.toBuffer(doc).then(buf => {
fs.writeFileSync('/home/daytona/workspace/charaka-ch2/Charaka_Samhita_Chapter2_Summary.docx', buf);
console.log('Done: Charaka_Samhita_Chapter2_Summary.docx');
}).catch(e => { console.error(e); process.exit(1); });
cd /home/daytona/workspace/charaka-ch2 && node create_doc.js 2>&1
python3 /home/daytona/skills/docx/scripts/office/validate.py /home/daytona/works…
python3 -c "import zipfile, sys; z=zipfile.ZipFile('/home/daytona/workspace/char…
Charaka Samhita Chapter2 Summary
Word Document · DOCX
| Section | Content |
|---|---|
| 1. Chapter Overview | Quick-reference table: Sthana, Chapter No., name, narrator, main topic |
| 2. Opening Verses | Shlokas 1-2 with translation |
| 3. Shirovirechana Dravyas | All 3 shlokas (3-5) + complete table of all 25 drugs with Sanskrit, Hindi, and botanical names |
| 4. Indications | Shloka 6 + table of all 8 indications with Sanskrit, Hindi, and modern equivalents |
| 5. Panchakarma Order | Why Shirovirechana is first (with key sutras) + table of all 5 karmas in sequence |
| 6. Exam Points | 11 bullet-point key facts for BAMS First Year exams |
| 7. Glossary | 12 important terms with meanings |