AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AND CARDIAC FUNCTIONS Introduction Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic division Parasympathetic division Enteric nervous system Autonomic Neurotransmitters Autonomic Control of the Heart Sympathetic Effects on the Heart β₁ receptor mechanism Positive chronotropy Positive dromotropy Positive inotropy Positive lusitropy Parasympathetic Effects on the Heart M₂ receptor mechanism Effect on SA node Effect on AV node Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic Effects on Heart Cardiac Functions Automaticity Excitability Conductivity Contractility Rhythmicity Automaticity Excitability Conductivity Cardiac conduction pathway Contractility Cardiac Action Potential Phase 0 Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 Cardiac Cycle Cardiac Output Heart rate Stroke volume Formula: CO = HR × SV Determinants of Stroke Volume Preload Afterload Contractility Baroreceptor Reflex Carotid sinus Aortic arch Afferent pathways Medullary cardiovascular centre Baroreceptor Reflex During Fall in Blood Pressure Baroreceptor Reflex During Rise in Blood Pressure Chemoreceptor Reflex Carotid body Aortic body Hypoxia Hypercapnia Acidosis CNS Ischemic Response – Last Ditch Stand Cushing's reflex Atrial Stretch Reflex Type A receptors Type B receptors Central Cardiovascular Control Autonomic Response During Exercise Clinical Importance High-Yield Exam Points Reference Textbooks