Sex ratio from park , nfhs
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Here is a complete summary of Sex Ratio as covered in Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, including NFHS data:
Sex Ratio - As per Park's Textbook of PSM
Definition
Sex ratio = Number of females per 1000 males
Factors Affecting Sex Ratio
- Differentials in mortality conditions of males vs. females
- Sex-selective migration
- Sex ratio at birth
- Easy availability of sex determination tests and abortion services
- Preconception sex selection facilities
"Female Deficit Syndrome"
A low sex ratio indicates:
- Strong male-child preference
- Gender inequities and neglect of the girl child
- Higher mortality in younger females
- Female infanticide and foeticide
- Higher maternal mortality
- Male bias in enumeration
Historical Trend in Sex Ratio in India (Table 9, Park)
| Year | Females per 1000 Males |
|---|---|
| 1901 | 972 |
| 1911 | 964 |
| 1921 | 955 |
| 1931 | 950 |
| 1941 | 945 |
| 1951 | 946 |
| 1961 | 941 |
| 1971 | 930 |
| 1981 | 934 |
| 1991 | 927 |
| 2001 | 933 |
| 2011 | 940 |
The sex ratio in India has been generally adverse to women - i.e., consistently less than 1000 females per 1000 males, and declined over several decades.
Sex Ratio at Birth (2016-2018)
- National average: 899 females per 1000 males
- Rural: 900 | Urban: 897
State-wise variation (bigger states):
| State | Total | Rural | Urban |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chhattisgarh | 958 (highest) | 976 | 881 |
| Haryana | 843 (lowest) | 840 | 847 |
| Delhi | 844 | 960 | 841 |
| Gujarat | 866 | 866 | 865 |
| Andhra Pradesh | 920 | 930 | 898 |
| Assam | 925 | 927 | 905 |
| Bihar | 895 | 896 | 883 |
Child Sex Ratio (0-6 years) - Census 2011
- Fell to an all-time low of 914 (since 1961)
- Declined by 13 points from 927 (2001) to 914 (2011)
- Rural: fell 15 points - 934 (2001) to 919 (2011)
- Urban: fell 4 points - 906 (2001) to 902 (2011)
Target (National Health Policy): Raise child sex ratio from 914 to 950 by 2017
NFHS Data on Sex Ratio
NFHS-3 (2005-06):
- Noted an accelerated decline in sex ratio at birth from 1993-97 to 2000-04
- ~56% women and 59% men considered ideal family size to be 2 or fewer children, but with consistent son preference
- ~1/3 women and 1/4 men wanted more sons than daughters; only 2% wanted more daughters
NFHS-4 (2015-16): Overall sex ratio = 991 females per 1000 males
NFHS-5 (2019-21): Overall sex ratio = 1020 females per 1000 males
- This is the first time it crossed 1000, indicating more women than men in the population (reflecting improved female life expectancy - women now live ~2.5 years longer than men)
Key Points for Exams
- Sex ratio = females per 1000 males (in India; internationally it may be defined inversely)
- India's census 2011 sex ratio = 940
- Child sex ratio 2011 = 914 (all-time low)
- NFHS-5 sex ratio = 1020 (first time >1000)
- Worst child sex ratio state = Haryana (840 at birth)
- Best child sex ratio state = Chhattisgarh (958 at birth)
- Child sex ratio declines in BOTH rural and urban areas; greater decline in rural
- Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, pp. 570-571
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