What You Have - Complete Exam Answers

MCQ Section (20 Marks)

Long Essay (10 Marks)

• Diagnosis (HbSS with clinical + electrophoresis findings)
• Full molecular pathogenesis (Glu→Val substitution, polymerization, sickling mechanism)
• Complete lab investigations table
• All 10 major complications with mechanisms

Short Notes (35 Marks)

1. Blood transfusion reactions - acute/delayed, immune/non-immune, full table with management
2. Semen analysis - WHO parameters, terminology (azoospermia, oligospermia, etc.), procedure
3. Hereditary spherocytosis - pathogenesis, osmotic fragility diagram, labs, treatment
4. Pernicious anemia - IF pathway, SACD, Schilling test, labs, B12 treatment
5. ITP - pathogenesis (anti-GPIIb/IIIa), labs (increased megakaryocytes), treatment ladder
6. Beneficence - four principles of bioethics, clinical applications, distinction from non-maleficence
7. FNAC - comprehensive advantages/disadvantages table, comparison with core biopsy

Applied Questions (20 Marks)

1. Hemophilia A - intrinsic pathway defect, Factor VIII assay, severity classification
2. CML - BCR-ABL1, Philadelphia chromosome, peripheral smear (left shift + basophilia), LAP score low, imatinib treatment
3. Hodgkin lymphoma - RS/owl-eye cells, all 4 subtypes (NS/MC/LR/LD) with gross/micro, Ann Arbor staging
4. Multiple myeloma - CRAB criteria, RANKL-mediated lytic lesions, SPEP M-spike, Bence Jones protein, treatment

Reasoning Questions (15 Marks)

1. Anticoagulants - EDTA, citrate, heparin, oxalate, ACD, CPDA-1 with mechanisms and uses
2. Heat coagulation test - why upper third only, principle, all causes of proteinuria
3. CSF cobweb clot - TB meningitis diagnosis, full differentiation table vs. pyogenic meningitis
4. Reticulocytes in infant - causes of high retic count, all stains (new methylene blue, BCB, acridine orange), corrected count formula
5. Pap smear - why recommended (HPV, CIN, 10-15 year window), all normal cells (superficial/intermediate/parabasal/endocervical), Bethesda reporting system