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Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
Definition
BMR is the energy expenditure necessary to maintain basic physiological functions, including:
- Activity of the heart
- Respiration
- Conduction of nerve impulses
- Transport across membranes
- Reabsorption of kidney tubular metabolic activity
BMR is defined as the minimum amount of energy required by the body to maintain life at complete physical and mental rest.
When determining BMR, the person should be awake and in the post-absorptive stage. BMR should be measured in the fasting state.
Normal Values of BMR
BMR values are expressed as kcal per m² of body surface area per hour in adults.
| Group | Normal BMR |
|---|---|
| Healthy Males | 35–38 kcal/sqm/hr |
| Healthy Females | 32–35 kcal/sqm/hr |
This means the total caloric expenditure in 24 hours to complete basal state is:
- 1800 kcal for adult males (assuming total body surface area = 1.8 sqm)
- 1400 kcal for adult females (assuming total body surface area = 1.6 sqm)
Factors Affecting BMR
1. Gender (Sex)
BMR of males is slightly higher than that of females due to greater lean body mass.
2. Age
Decline in BMR with increasing age is probably related to:
- Loss of muscle mass (lean body mass)
- Replacement of muscle with adipose tissue, which has a lower rate of metabolism — lowering BMR
3. Age Group
BMR in children is higher than in adults.
4. Nutritional Status
BMR is low in starvation and undernourished states compared to a well-fed state.
5. Body Size / Surface Area
BMR is directly proportional to the surface area and body size of the subject.
6. Body Composition
BMR is proportionate to lean body mass (body weight minus non-essential fat / triacylglycerols).
7. Physical Activity
Athletes have higher BMR compared to persons leading a sedentary lifestyle.
8. Endocrinological / Hormonal State
- In hyperthyroidism → BMR is increased
- In hypothyroidism → BMR may be reduced by up to 40%, leading to weight gain
9. Environmental Temperature / Climate
- In colder climates → BMR is higher
- In tropical climates → BMR is proportionally lower
- Stress, anxiety, disease states, fever, burns, and cancer also raise BMR
10. Drugs
- Smoking (nicotine), coffee (caffeine), and tea (theophylline) → increase BMR
Measurement of BMR
BMR is usually measured in the morning in a fasting state. The person should be mentally relaxed and comfortably seated.
Two Methods:
① Douglas Method — Open Circuit Method
- O₂ consumption and CO₂ output are both measured.
② Benedict-Roth Method — Closed Circuit Method
- O₂ consumption is measured for 2–6 minutes under basal conditions.
- The person is asked to breathe in O₂ from a metal cylinder.
- Volume of O₂ consumed over 2–6 minutes is recorded.
- CO₂ produced is absorbed in soda lime.
Clinical Applications of BMR
- BMR is used in prescribing diets for individuals and in diet planning for communities.
- Determination of BMR is useful for diagnosis of thyroid disorders:
- In hypothyroidism → BMR is low
- In hyperthyroidism → BMR is elevated
- BMR may increase in:
- Hypertension
- Leukemia
- Polycythemia
Normal value of BMR in healthy males = 40 kcal/sqm/hr
Endocrine Glands Associated with Regulation of BMR
(Continued on next page)
Just rewrite the answer which is mentioned on the pages
BMR — Basal Metabolic Rate
Normal Rate
Definition
It is the energy expenditure necessary to maintain basic physiological functions like activity of the heart, respiration, conduction of nerve impulses, transport across membranes, reabsorption of kidney tubular metabolic activity.
BMR is defined as the minimum amount of energy required by the body to maintain life at complete physical and mental rest.
While determining BMR, the person should be awake and in post-absorptive stage. BMR should be measured in fasting stage.
Normal Values of BMR
BMR values are expressed as kcal per m² of body surface area per hour in adults.
Normal BMR in:
- Healthy males is 35–38 kcal/sqm/hr
- Healthy females is 32–35 kcal/sqm/hr
It means that the total caloric expenditure in 24 hrs to complete basal state is 1800 kcal for adult males and 1400 kcal for adult females, assuming that the total body surface areas are 1.8 sqm (male) and 1.6 sqm (female) respectively.
Factors Affecting BMR
1. Gender or Sex
BMR of males is slightly higher than that of females — body mass.
2. Age
Decline in BMR with increasing age is probably related to loss of muscle mass (lean body mass) and replacement of muscle with adipose tissue that has lower rate of metabolism — lowering BMR.
3. BMR in children is higher than in adults.
4. Nutritional Status
BMR is low in starvation and undernourished as compared to well-fed state.
5. Body Size or Surface Area
BMR is directly proportional to the surface area of the subject — BMR and body size.
6. Body Composition
BMR is proportionate to lean body mass.
Body weight = Non-essential fat (wt) + Triacylglycerols
7. Physical Activity
Athletes have higher BMR compared to persons leading a sedentary lifestyle.
8. Endocrinological or Hormonal State
In hyperthyroidism BMR is increased and in hypothyroidism it may be reduced by up to 40%, leading to weight gain.
9. Environmental Temperature or Climate
In colder climate BMR is higher and in tropical climates BMR is proportionally low. Stress, anxiety and disease states, fever, burns and cancer also raise BMR.
10. Drugs
Smoking (nicotine), coffee (caffeine), tea (theophylline) raise BMR.
Measurement of BMR
BMR is usually measured in the morning in a fasting state. The person should be mentally relaxed and comfortably seated.
Two Methods:
① Douglas Method — Open Circuit Method
In this method O₂ consumption and CO₂ output are measured.
② Benedict-Roth Method — Closed Circuit Method
In this method O₂ consumption is measured for 2–6 minutes under basal conditions. The person is asked to breathe in O₂ from a metal cylinder. Volume of O₂ consumed for 2–6 minutes is recorded. CO₂ produced is absorbed in soda lime.
Clinical Applications of BMR
- BMR is used in prescribing diets for individuals and in diet planning for communities.
- Determination of BMR is useful for diagnosis of disorders of thyroid.
- In hypothyroidism — BMR is low.
- In hyperthyroidism — BMR is elevated.
- It may increase in hypertension, leukemia and polycythemia.
- Normal value of BMR in healthy male is 40 kcal/sqm/hr
Endocrine Gland Associated with Regulation of BMR
(continued on next page)
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