Diabetes Mellitus - Classification (T1/T2/MODY/GDM), pathophysiology of T2DM (insulin resistance, beta cell failure, atherogenic lipid triad), ADA diagnostic criteria, micro- and macrovascular complications, management targets, and the full pharmacological ladder from metformin through SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1 agonists to insulin.

Cushing Syndrome - Complete HPA axis physiology, full cause classification (exogenous, ACTH-dependent, ACTH-independent), the discriminatory clinical features (violaceous striae, proximal myopathy, easy bruising), the three-step diagnostic algorithm (UFC → ACTH level → IPSS), and treatment by etiology.

Acromegaly - GH/IGF-1 axis, classic acral and facial changes, systemic complications (cardiomyopathy, sleep apnea, colonic polyps), diagnostic tests (OGTT-GH suppression + IGF-1), and the treatment hierarchy (surgery → SSAs → pegvisomant → radiotherapy).

Hyperparathyroidism - All three types (primary/secondary/tertiary) with distinct biochemistry, pathogenesis of adenomas (cyclin D1, MEN1), the "bones, stones, groans, moans" clinical picture, characteristic X-ray findings, and surgical vs. medical management.

Thyrotoxicosis - Critical distinction from hyperthyroidism, causes by frequency, classic vs. apathetic (elderly) presentations, Graves-specific features, diagnostic workup including RAIU scan, and the three treatment modalities (thionamides, RAI, surgery) plus thyroid storm management.

Hypothyroidism - Hashimoto thyroiditis as the dominant cause, clinical features by system, myxedema coma, levothyroxine dosing principles (age-adjusted), and the T4/T3 combination therapy debate.