Table 4-2. Dosing of Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for treatment <table><thead><tr><th>Age</th><th>Body weight</th><th>Dose and duration for non/severe, suspected or confirmed, arboviral diseases</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Adults</td><td>> 50 kg</td><td>500 mg – 1 g every 4-6 hours (maximum daily dose: 4 g)</td></tr><tr><td>Paediatrics</td><td>10-15mg/kg</td><td>every 4-6 hours (maximum daily dose: 60 mg/kg)</td></tr></tbody></table>

Comparison chart featuring six macroscopic clinical photographs (A–F) of rat livers, serving as a preclinical model for drug-induced liver injury (DILI) and hepatoprotection. (A) Control group: Displays a normal, healthy liver with smooth texture and uniform dark maroon coloration. (B) Paracetamol-intoxicated group (3 g/kg): Shows severe hepatotoxicity characterized by large areas of pale tan/brown discoloration (white arrow) and loss of normal vascular appearance, indicative of massive necrosis. (C) Positive control (200 mg/kg silymarin + paracetamol): Demonstrates significant protection, appearing similar to the control with only a localized tiny hemorrhage spot (white arrow). (D–F) Experimental groups (MEMM pre-treatment at 50, 250, and 500 mg/kg + paracetamol): Illustrates a dose-dependent hepatoprotective effect. The low-dose liver (D) remains pale and discolored, while the higher doses (E and F) show a progressive return to normal morphology, smooth surface integrity, and healthy reddish-brown coloration. This series is used in pharmacology and toxicology to visually assess the efficacy of plant extracts in mitigating chemical-induced hepatic damage.

Table 4-3. Dosing of Paracetamol for patients with renal impairment <table><caption>Table 4-3. Dosing of Paracetamol for patients with renal impairment</caption><thead><tr><th>Glomerular filtration rate</th><th>Dose</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>10-50 ml/min</td><td>500 mg every 6 hours</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;10 ml/min</td><td>500 mg every 8 hours</td></tr></tbody></table>

A comparison chart containing two panels of a transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) in the apical four-chamber (A4C) view, illustrating the calculation of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) using the Simpson's method of disks. The top panel, labeled 'Diastole', shows the end-diastolic phase with a segmented trace outlining the left ventricular cavity. Measurements displayed include an LV Length of 9.93 cm, LV Area of 46.6 cm², and an End-Diastolic Volume (EDV) of 183 ml. The bottom panel, labeled 'Systole', displays the end-systolic phase with a trace measuring an LV Length of 9.42 cm, LV Area of 33.8 cm², and an End-Systolic Volume (ESV) of 102 ml. Based on these volumetric measurements, a calculated Ejection Fraction (EF) of 44.3% is provided. An integrated electrocardiogram (ECG) strip at the bottom of each panel correlates the visual frames with the cardiac cycle. This diagnostic image demonstrates the assessment of systolic function in a patient with a history of coronary artery disease.

This Comparison Chart displays X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) patterns for Paracetamol Form I, a common analgesic and antipyretic pharmacological agent. The graphic consists of two vertically stacked plots: the top represents the 'Calculated' pattern derived from the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD), and the bottom represents the 'Reference' (measured) experimental pattern. The x-axis measures the Diffraction Angle (2θ) from 5 to 30 degrees, while the y-axis shows Normalized Intensity with an offset. Both plots exhibit distinct, sharp Bragg peaks characteristic of a highly crystalline material. The peaks in both the calculated and reference patterns align at nearly identical 2θ positions—specifically notable around 12, 15, 18, 24, and 27 degrees—confirming the identity of the polymorphic form (Form I). This diagnostic comparison is used in pharmaceutical science to verify the physical form and purity of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) after processing, such as 3D printing or grinding, ensuring no phase transformation or amorphization has occurred.

This comparison chart displays time-series data from two different EndoFLIP (Endoluminal Functional Lumen Imaging Probe) measurements, evaluating the volume-pressure relationship in the esophagus. Each panel (upper and lower) consists of two synchronous plots: a top plot showing balloon volume (BV in mL) and a bottom plot showing intra-balloon pressure (BP1 in mmHg) over approximately 3000 seconds. Both panels demonstrate a controlled, stepwise increase in balloon volume from 20 mL to 60 mL. The upper panel illustrates a successful monotonic relationship where pressure increases and oscillates concurrently with volume increments, indicating reliable distensibility data. In contrast, the lower panel depicts a 'failed' monotonic relationship; intra-balloon pressure remains abnormally low and non-responsive during initial volume steps, only showing a significant rise after 1201 seconds. This discrepancy may indicate technical artifacts such as balloon twisting or squeezing, which interfere with the sensor's ability to record uniform pressure. These charts are essential for identifying quality control issues in impedance planimetry studies used to assess esophageal motility and distensibility.