Internal capsule is supplied by middle cerebral artery. b) Posterior horn of the gray matter of spinal cord is supplied by the posterior cerebral artery. c) Damage to posterior cerebral artery leads to contralateral homonymous hemianopia. d) Contralateral hemisensory and hemiparalysis of arm and face occur due to anterior cerebral artery damage. e) Occlusion of basilar artery results in vertigo. 14) T/F regarding blood supply of brain a) Middle cerebral artery supply leg area of precentral gyrus. b) Mid brain is supplied by posterior cerebral artery. c) Internal capsule is supplied by anterior cerebral artery. d) Posterior cerebral artery obstruction leads to contralateral homonymous hemianopia. e) Occlusion of vertebrobasilar artery gives ipsilateral Horner's syndrome. 15) Blood supply of CNS a) Central arteries are end arteries. b) Central arteries of anterior cerebral artery supply basal ganglia. c) Motor area of the cortex has sole blood supply from middle cerebral arteries. d) Great cerebral vein is formed by thalamostriate and choroidal veins. e) Subdural hemorrhage is caused by damage to middle meningeal vein. 16) T/F regarding blood supply of brain a) Lower part of the posterior limb of the internal capsule is supplied by anterior choroidal artery. b) Internal ear is supplied by posterior cerebral artery. A hemorrhage into the pons is marked by pinpoint pupils and hyperpyrexia. d) Thrombosis of the posterior cerebral artery leads homonymous hemianopia. Thrombosis of anterior cerebral artery leads to paralysis of foot and leg muscles of the opposite side. 17) T/F regarding blood supply to the brain a) Provide by internal carotid and vertebral arteries. b) Anterior limb of the internal capsule is supplied by the branches of anterior choroidal artery. c) All main motor and sensory areas are supplied by middle cerebral artery. Veins in the brain have no valves. Hemi sensory loss mainly in the face and arm is caused due to the rupture of middle cerebral artery. 18) When right middle cerebral artery is damaged a) Hemiparesis of right arm. b) Hemiparesis of left lower limb. Hemiparesis of left arm. d) Left homonymous hemianopia. 可 Right homonymous hemianopia.
I'll answer these True/False questions on brain blood supply from my knowledge, while consulting the medical library for authoritative confirmation.
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True/False: Blood Supply of the Brain - Complete Answers
Question 13
a) Internal capsule is supplied by middle cerebral artery.
TRUE (partially) - The superior aspect of both the anterior and posterior limbs of the internal capsule is supplied by lenticulostriate arteries (branches of the MCA). However, the genu and middle/inferior portions of the posterior limb are supplied by the anterior choroidal artery. So MCA does supply part of the internal capsule, but not all of it. - Localization in Clinical Neurology, 8e
b) Posterior horn of the gray matter of spinal cord is supplied by the posterior spinal artery.
FALSE - The posterior horn of spinal cord gray matter is supplied by the posterior spinal artery (a branch of the vertebral artery), NOT by the posterior cerebral artery. The posterior cerebral artery supplies the occipital cortex/brainstem, not the spinal cord.
c) Damage to posterior cerebral artery leads to contralateral homonymous hemianopia.
TRUE - PCA occlusion cuts off blood to the occipital (visual) cortex, causing contralateral homonymous hemianopia, typically with macular sparing (since the occipital tip has collateral supply from MCA). - Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 22E; Goldman-Cecil Medicine
d) Contralateral hemisensory and hemiparalysis of arm and face occur due to anterior cerebral artery damage.
FALSE - ACA damage causes contralateral paralysis and sensory loss primarily of the leg and foot (medial cortical representation). Arm and face deficits are caused by MCA damage. ACA does not supply the face and arm areas of the motor/sensory cortex. - Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 22E
e) Occlusion of basilar artery results in vertigo.
TRUE - Basilar artery territory includes the brainstem (including vestibular nuclei) and cerebellum. Occlusion causes vertigo, among many other symptoms (diplopia, ataxia, "locked-in" syndrome in full occlusion). - Localization in Clinical Neurology, 8e
Question 14
a) Middle cerebral artery supplies leg area of precentral gyrus.
FALSE - The leg area (lower limb motor cortex) is on the medial surface of the hemisphere and is supplied by the anterior cerebral artery (paracentral lobule). The MCA supplies the face and arm areas on the lateral convexity.
b) Midbrain is supplied by posterior cerebral artery.
TRUE - The midbrain (mesencephalon) receives its blood supply primarily from the posterior cerebral artery (via its penetrating/perforating branches), along with contributions from the posterior communicating and superior cerebellar arteries.
c) Internal capsule is supplied by anterior cerebral artery.
FALSE - The internal capsule is supplied mainly by the lenticulostriate arteries (branches of MCA) for its superior portions, and by the anterior choroidal artery for the genu and inferior posterior limb. The ACA does not directly supply the internal capsule (though Heubner's artery from ACA supplies the anterior limb head of caudate). - Neuroanatomy through Clinical Cases 3rd Ed
d) Posterior cerebral artery obstruction leads to contralateral homonymous hemianopia.
TRUE - Same reasoning as 13c. This is the classic PCA syndrome. - Harrison's; Goldman-Cecil
e) Occlusion of vertebrobasilar artery gives ipsilateral Horner's syndrome.
TRUE - Lateral medullary (Wallenberg) syndrome from PICA/vertebral artery occlusion produces ipsilateral Horner's syndrome (due to descending sympathetic fiber damage in the lateral medulla), along with ipsilateral facial sensory loss, contralateral body sensory loss, dysphagia, ataxia, and vertigo. - Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 22E
Question 15
a) Central arteries are end arteries.
TRUE - The central (perforating/lenticulostriate) arteries are functional end arteries - they do not anastomose with each other, which is why their occlusion causes discrete lacunar infarcts with no collateral rescue.
b) Central arteries of anterior cerebral artery supply basal ganglia.
PARTIALLY TRUE / MOSTLY FALSE - The medial striate artery (Heubner's artery), a branch of the ACA, supplies the head of the caudate nucleus and anterior putamen (part of basal ganglia). The bulk of the basal ganglia (putamen, caudate body, globus pallidus) is supplied by the lenticulostriate branches of the MCA. - Adams and Victor's Principles of Neurology 12E
c) Motor area of the cortex has sole blood supply from middle cerebral arteries.
FALSE - The motor cortex on the lateral surface is supplied by MCA, but the medial motor cortex (paracentral lobule/leg area) is supplied by the ACA. So motor cortex has dual supply from both MCA and ACA.
d) Great cerebral vein (of Galen) is formed by thalamostriate and choroidal veins.
TRUE - The great cerebral vein (vein of Galen) is formed by the union of the two internal cerebral veins, each of which is formed by the union of the thalamostriate vein and the choroidal vein. This is classic neuroanatomy.
e) Subdural hemorrhage is caused by damage to middle meningeal vein.
FALSE - Subdural hemorrhage is caused by tearing of the bridging (emissary) veins between the cortex and dural sinuses. Damage to the middle meningeal artery (not vein) causes extradural (epidural) hemorrhage.
Question 16
a) Lower part of the posterior limb of internal capsule is supplied by anterior choroidal artery.
TRUE - The genu and inferior/middle portions of the posterior limb of the internal capsule are supplied by the anterior choroidal artery (branch of internal carotid). This is well-established. - Harrison's; Adams and Victor's; Goldman-Cecil
b) Internal ear is supplied by posterior cerebral artery.
FALSE - The internal ear (labyrinthine/inner ear) is supplied by the labyrinthine artery (internal auditory artery), which is a branch of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA), itself a branch of the basilar artery. Not the PCA.
c) A hemorrhage into the pons is marked by pinpoint pupils and hyperpyrexia.
TRUE - Pontine hemorrhage is classically associated with:
- Pinpoint (1 mm) pupils - due to bilateral destruction of sympathetic fibers with preserved parasympathetic input
- Hyperpyrexia - due to involvement of descending hypothalamic temperature-regulating pathways
- Also: coma, quadriplegia, loss of horizontal eye movements - Plum and Posner's Diagnosis and Treatment of Stupor and Coma
d) Thrombosis of the posterior cerebral artery leads to homonymous hemianopia.
TRUE - Confirmed above (same as 13c, 14d).
e) Thrombosis of anterior cerebral artery leads to paralysis of foot and leg muscles of the opposite side.
TRUE - ACA supplies the medial cerebral hemisphere (paracentral lobule), which contains the motor and sensory representation for the contralateral leg and foot. ACA occlusion = contralateral leg/foot weakness. - Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 22E
Question 17
a) Provided by internal carotid and vertebral arteries.
TRUE - The brain receives its entire blood supply from two pairs of vessels: the two internal carotid arteries (anterior circulation) and the two vertebral arteries (posterior circulation, which join to form the basilar artery). These are united by the Circle of Willis.
b) Anterior limb of internal capsule is supplied by branches of anterior choroidal artery.
FALSE - The anterior limb of the internal capsule is supplied primarily by the lenticulostriate branches of the MCA and by Heubner's artery (medial striate, from ACA). The anterior choroidal artery supplies the posterior limb (genu and inferior portions), not the anterior limb. - Localization in Clinical Neurology, 8e; Neuroanatomy through Clinical Cases
c) All main motor and sensory areas are supplied by middle cerebral artery.
FALSE - As noted above, the leg/foot motor and sensory areas (paracentral lobule, medial surface) are supplied by the ACA. The MCA supplies the face, arm, and trunk areas on the lateral convexity. Not ALL motor/sensory areas are supplied by MCA.
d) Veins in the brain have no valves.
TRUE - Cerebral veins, like all veins in the head and neck (and indeed most central veins), have no valves. This allows bidirectional flow and is relevant to spread of infection (e.g., cavernous sinus thrombosis).
e) Hemi-sensory loss mainly in face and arm is caused due to rupture of middle cerebral artery.
TRUE - MCA supplies the lateral cortex including the face and arm areas of the sensorimotor cortex and the internal capsule via lenticulostriates. MCA rupture/infarction produces contralateral hemiplegia and hemisensory loss predominantly affecting the face and arm (more than leg). - Adams and Victor's Principles of Neurology 12E
Question 18: When right MCA is damaged
a) Hemiparesis of right arm. FALSE - MCA infarcts cause contralateral deficits. Right MCA damage = left-sided weakness.
b) Hemiparesis of left lower limb. FALSE (or minimal) - The lower limb is primarily supplied by the ACA (medial cortex). MCA mainly causes upper limb and face weakness. Some proximal lower limb involvement can occur but it is NOT the primary finding.
c) Hemiparesis of left arm. TRUE - Right MCA supplies the right lateral motor cortex (face + arm area). Damage = contralateral (left) arm and face hemiparesis. This is the classic finding.
d) Left homonymous hemianopia. TRUE - Right MCA infarction can involve the optic radiations (through the temporal/parietal lobe), causing a left homonymous hemianopia or hemianopic visual field defect contralateral to the side of the lesion.
e) Right homonymous hemianopia. FALSE - Right MCA damage causes contralateral (LEFT) visual field defect, not ipsilateral (right).
Quick Summary Table
| Q | a | b | c | d | e |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 13 | T (partial) | F | T | F | T |
| 14 | F | T | F | T | T |
| 15 | T | Partial T | F | T | F |
| 16 | T | F | T | T | T |
| 17 | T | F | F | T | T |
| 18 | F | F | T | T | F |
Sources: Localization in Clinical Neurology 8e, Adams and Victor's Principles of Neurology 12e, Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 22e, Goldman-Cecil Medicine, Neuroanatomy through Clinical Cases 3rd Ed, Plum and Posner's Diagnosis and Treatment of Stupor and Coma
19) Regarding blood supply of brain a) Anterior cerebral artery is a small terminal branch of internal carotid artery. b) Middle cerebral artery supplies all the motor area except head area. c) Posterior cerebral artery supplies motor speech area. d) Middle cerebral artery supplies the primary visual area. e) Basilar artery formed by only union of vertebral arteries. 20) True or False a) Cerebral arteries don't anastomoses within brain substances. b) Area for head on precentral gyrus is supplied by middle cerebral artery. c) Basilar artery supplies thalamus. d) Veins of brain have no smooth muscles. e) Subarachnoid hemorrhages usually result from rupture of a congenital aneurism. 21) Hemiplegia follows thrombosis of a) Cortical branches of anterior cerebral artery. b) Cortical branches of middle cerebral artery. C) Central branches of middle cerebral artery. d) Central branches of posterior cerebral artery. e) Posterior inferior cerebellar artery. 22) True or False a) The medial medullary syndrome is caused by thrombosis of the anterior spinal artery. b) Veins in the brain have no valves. c) Transient ischemic attack could not cause permanent disabilities. d) Rupture of meningeal artery can cause sub hemorrhage. e) Abnormalities of cranial blood vessels can be detected by cranial angiograms. 23) Regarding blood supply of brain a) Out of two terminal branches of internal carotid artery, anterior cerebral artery is the larger. b) Circle of Willis is located interpeduncular fossa. Basal vein drains into internal cerebral vein. d) Internal cerebral veins get join to form great cerebral vein at the apex of splenium.
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True/False: Blood Supply of the Brain - Questions 19-23
Question 19
a) Anterior cerebral artery is a small terminal branch of internal carotid artery.
FALSE - The ICA divides into two terminal branches: the ACA and the MCA. The MCA is the larger terminal branch, while the ACA is the smaller of the two. The statement is wrong to call ACA "small" while implying it's notable - it is indeed a terminal branch, but the characterization as "small" is misleading and in MCQ context this is considered FALSE because the MCA is the larger terminal branch. - Creasy & Resnik's Maternal-Fetal Medicine; Color Atlas of Human Anatomy Vol 2
b) Middle cerebral artery supplies all the motor area except the head area.
FALSE - The MCA supplies the lateral convexity including the motor areas for the face, head, neck, arm, and trunk. It is the leg area (not the head area) that MCA does NOT supply - the leg/foot motor area (paracentral lobule on the medial surface) is supplied by the ACA. So the correct statement would be "MCA supplies all motor area except the leg/foot area."
c) Posterior cerebral artery supplies the motor speech area.
FALSE - The motor speech area (Broca's area, area 44/45, inferior frontal gyrus) is on the lateral surface of the frontal lobe and is supplied by the MCA (specifically its upper division). The PCA supplies the occipital lobe, medial temporal lobe, and midbrain.
d) Middle cerebral artery supplies the primary visual area.
FALSE - The primary visual cortex (area 17, calcarine cortex) is on the medial surface of the occipital lobe and is supplied by the posterior cerebral artery (calcarine branch). The MCA supplies the lateral occipital cortex (visual association areas) only partially. - Localization in Clinical Neurology, 8e
e) Basilar artery is formed only by union of vertebral arteries.
TRUE - The basilar artery is formed solely by the junction of the two vertebral arteries at the pontomedullary junction. No other vessel contributes to its formation.
Question 20
a) Cerebral arteries don't anastomose within brain substance.
TRUE - Within the brain parenchyma, the central (perforating) arteries are functional end arteries with no significant anastomoses. There ARE leptomeningeal/cortical anastomoses on the surface between ACA, MCA, and PCA territories, but once the arteries penetrate the brain substance they do not anastomose - which is why deep infarcts (lacunar) cause irreversible damage with no collateral rescue.
b) Area for head on precentral gyrus is supplied by middle cerebral artery.
TRUE - The homunculus on the precentral gyrus places the head/face representation on the lateral convexity, which is in MCA territory. The MCA supplies the face, head, neck, arm, and trunk areas of the motor cortex. (Note: this is distinct from the leg area which is supplied by ACA on the medial surface.)
c) Basilar artery supplies thalamus.
FALSE (mostly) - The thalamus is primarily supplied by the posterior cerebral artery (thalamoperforating and thalamogeniculate arteries) and the posterior communicating artery. The basilar artery itself supplies the pons, cerebellum (via AICA and SCA), and midbrain. Branches of the PCA (which arises from the basilar tip) do supply the thalamus, but the basilar artery per se is not the direct supplier.
d) Veins of brain have no smooth muscle.
TRUE - Cerebral veins have extremely thin walls with virtually no smooth muscle or elastic tissue in their walls, unlike systemic veins. This is a well-established anatomical fact and is why cerebral venous pressure closely reflects ICP changes.
e) Subarachnoid hemorrhages usually result from rupture of a congenital aneurysm.
TRUE - The vast majority (75-80%) of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhages are due to rupture of berry (saccular) aneurysms, which arise from congenital weakness at arterial bifurcations (typically on the Circle of Willis). - Neuroanatomy through Clinical Cases 3rd Ed; PC Dikshit Forensic Medicine
Question 21: Hemiplegia follows thrombosis of -
a) Cortical branches of anterior cerebral artery.
TRUE - ACA cortical branch occlusion causes contralateral leg and foot hemiplegia (monoplegia, really) from infarction of the paracentral lobule/medial motor cortex. This is a form of hemiplegia (specifically involving the contralateral lower limb).
b) Cortical branches of middle cerebral artery.
TRUE - MCA cortical branch occlusion causes contralateral hemiplegia predominantly affecting the face and arm (with relative leg sparing) from infarction of the lateral motor cortex.
c) Central branches of middle cerebral artery.
TRUE - This is the most "pure" hemiplegia. The lenticulostriate (central) branches of MCA supply the internal capsule (posterior limb), where all corticospinal fibers are tightly packed. Occlusion here (classic lacunar infarct or hypertensive hemorrhage) causes a complete, dense contralateral hemiplegia affecting face, arm, and leg equally - the classic "capsular hemiplegia."
d) Central branches of posterior cerebral artery.
FALSE - PCA central branches supply the thalamus and midbrain. Thalamic infarction causes sensory loss (thalamic syndrome), not hemiplegia. Midbrain PCA branch infarction can cause Weber's syndrome (ipsilateral CN III palsy + contralateral hemiplegia from cerebral peduncle involvement), but this is not a straightforward hemiplegia and is not the classic cause.
e) Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA).
FALSE - PICA occlusion causes the lateral medullary (Wallenberg) syndrome: vertigo, dysphagia, ipsilateral facial sensory loss, contralateral body sensory loss, ipsilateral Horner's, and cerebellar ataxia. It does not cause hemiplegia because the corticospinal tract in the medullary pyramid (medial medulla) is NOT in PICA territory.
Summary for Q21: a = T, b = T, c = T, d = F, e = F
Question 22
a) The medial medullary syndrome is caused by thrombosis of the anterior spinal artery.
TRUE - The medial medullary syndrome (Dejerine syndrome) is caused by occlusion of the anterior spinal artery or paramedian branches of the vertebral artery. It presents with: contralateral hemiplegia (pyramid), contralateral loss of proprioception/vibration (medial lemniscus), and ipsilateral hypoglossal (CN XII) palsy.
b) Veins in the brain have no valves.
TRUE - Confirmed again. Cerebral veins are valveless, allowing bidirectional flow. This is important in the spread of septic thrombophlebitis.
c) Transient ischemic attack could not cause permanent disabilities.
FALSE - Modern understanding clearly shows that TIAs can and do cause permanent brain injury. DWI-MRI shows that 30-50% of "TIAs" have evidence of true infarction. Furthermore, TIA is a major risk factor for subsequent completed stroke. The old definition (symptoms resolving within 24 hours = no permanent damage) has been replaced. TIAs can leave subtle permanent deficits.
d) Rupture of meningeal artery can cause subdural hemorrhage.
FALSE - Rupture of the middle meningeal artery (a branch of the maxillary artery running in the epidural space) causes extradural (epidural) hemorrhage, not subdural hemorrhage. Subdural hemorrhage results from tearing of bridging veins.
e) Abnormalities of cranial blood vessels can be detected by cranial angiograms.
TRUE - Cerebral angiography (DSA - digital subtraction angiography) is the gold standard for detecting vascular abnormalities including aneurysms, AVMs, stenoses, vasculitis, and vessel occlusions. CTA and MRA are non-invasive alternatives.
Question 23
a) Out of two terminal branches of internal carotid artery, anterior cerebral artery is the larger.
FALSE - The middle cerebral artery is the larger terminal branch of the ICA. The ACA is the smaller of the two. This is confirmed by vessel caliber and territory size - MCA supplies the majority of the lateral hemisphere. - Creasy & Resnik's; Color Atlas of Human Anatomy Vol 2
b) Circle of Willis is located in the interpeduncular fossa.
TRUE - The Circle of Willis lies on the base of the brain in the interpeduncular fossa (also called the basal cistern/cisterna interpeduncularis), surrounding the optic chiasm, tuber cinereum, and interpeduncular space. This is the standard anatomical description.
c) Basal vein drains into internal cerebral vein.
FALSE - The basal vein of Rosenthal drains into the great cerebral vein (vein of Galen), not into the internal cerebral vein. The internal cerebral veins (formed by thalamostriate + choroidal veins) and the basal veins both drain separately into the great cerebral vein (vein of Galen). Some sources also note the basal vein may drain into the straight sinus directly.
d) Internal cerebral veins join to form the great cerebral vein at the apex of the splenium.
TRUE - The two internal cerebral veins run posteriorly in the tela choroidea of the third ventricle and unite just posterior to the pineal gland, at the level of the splenium of the corpus callosum, to form the great cerebral vein (vein of Galen). This then drains into the straight sinus.
Complete Summary Table
| Q | a | b | c | d | e |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 19 | F | F | F | F | T |
| 20 | T | T | F | T | T |
| 21 | T | T | T | F | F |
| 22 | T | T | F | F | T |
| 23 | F | T | F | T | - |
Key Mnemonics to Remember
- ICA terminal branches: ACA (smaller) + MCA (larger) - "MCA is the Major branch"
- Motor cortex supply: MCA = face/arm/trunk (lateral); ACA = leg/foot (medial paracentral lobule)
- Visual cortex: PCA supplies primary visual cortex (calcarine); MCA supplies visual association cortex
- Pure/dense hemiplegia: Central branches of MCA (lenticulostriate) → internal capsule → tightest packing of corticospinal fibers
- SAH: Berry aneurysm at Circle of Willis bifurcations (congenital weakness)
- Epidural vs Subdural: Middle meningeal ARTERY → Epidural; Bridging VEINS → Subdural
- Vein of Galen: Formed by union of the two internal cerebral veins at the splenium
Sources: Neuroanatomy through Clinical Cases 3rd Ed, Adams and Victor's Principles of Neurology 12e, Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 22e, Color Atlas of Human Anatomy Vol 2, PC Dikshit Textbook of Forensic Medicine
112)T/F regarding the cerebral hemispheres a) Developed from the telencephalon. b) Pre-occipital notch is present in the superior-medial border. 2 Gyrus rectus is present in the occipital lobe. d) Infundibulum is present in the inferior wall of 3 ventricle. e) Internal capsule consists of association fibers. 113)T/F of cerebral hemispheres a) Association fibers connect corresponding regions of the two hemispheres. b) Cingulate sulcus separate cingulate gyrus from corpus callosum. c) Broca area is in the inferior temporal gyrus. d) Blood supply of precunes area is from anterior cerebral artery. e) Caudate nucleus is located in between internal and external capsules. 114) Regarding cerebral hemispheres (SBR) a) Posterior perforated substance lies behind mammillary body. b) Corpus callosum is a myelinated association fiber. c) Lamina terminalis forms anterior wall of the 3'd ventricle. d) Orbital gyrus is situated lateral to the gyrus rectus. e) Broca area is in the inferior temporal gyrus. 115)Which is/are true about cerebral hemispheres a) Lateral wall of the third ventricle mainly made by hypothalamus. b) Claustrum is separated from corpus striatum by insula cortex. に Fornix connects hippocampus to mammillary bodies. d) Internal capsule lies between caudate and lentiform nucleus. e) Mammillary bodies lie over the olfactory sulcus. 116)T/F regarding the cerebral hemispheres a) Fornix is myelinated nerve fibers bundle which connect hippocampus with mammillary body. b) Internal capsule lies between caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus. Destructive lesions of pre-motor area cause permanent loss of movements on same side. d) Motor speech area is located in inferior frontal gyrus. e) Association fibers connect corresponding area of each cerebral hemisphere.
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True/False: Cerebral Hemispheres - Questions 112-116
Question 112
a) Developed from the telencephalon.
TRUE - The cerebral hemispheres (including the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and white matter) develop from the telencephalon, which is the most rostral part of the prosencephalon (forebrain). The diencephalon gives rise to the thalamus, hypothalamus, and third ventricle.
b) Pre-occipital notch is present in the superior-medial border.
FALSE - The pre-occipital notch (incisure) is a shallow indentation on the inferolateral border of the cerebral hemisphere, not the superior-medial border. It marks the boundary between the temporal and occipital lobes laterally, and between the parietal and occipital lobes (along with the parietooccipital sulcus).
c) Gyrus rectus is present in the occipital lobe.
FALSE - The gyrus rectus ("straight gyrus") is located in the frontal lobe, on the orbital (inferior) surface of the frontal lobe, medial to the olfactory sulcus. It lies between the olfactory sulcus laterally and the interhemispheric fissure medially. It has nothing to do with the occipital lobe.
d) Infundibulum is present in the inferior wall of the 3rd ventricle.
TRUE - The floor (inferior wall) of the third ventricle has a downward funnel-shaped recess called the infundibular recess, which corresponds to the stalk of the pituitary gland (infundibulum). The floor structures from front to back include: optic chiasm, tuber cinereum, infundibulum, mammillary bodies, and posterior perforated substance.
e) Internal capsule consists of association fibers.
FALSE - The internal capsule consists of projection fibers (corticospinal, corticobulbar, thalamocortical, corticopontine, etc.) - fibers that connect the cortex to subcortical structures. Association fibers connect different cortical areas within the same hemisphere (e.g., arcuate fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus). Commissural fibers connect the two hemispheres (e.g., corpus callosum).
Question 113
a) Association fibers connect corresponding regions of the two hemispheres.
FALSE - This is the definition of commissural fibers (e.g., corpus callosum, anterior commissure). Association fibers connect different cortical areas WITHIN the same hemisphere (ipsilateral connections). The question has swapped the definitions.
b) Cingulate sulcus separates cingulate gyrus from corpus callosum.
FALSE - The cingulate sulcus separates the cingulate gyrus from the medial frontal gyrus (superior frontal gyrus on the medial surface) above it. The cingulate gyrus itself arches directly over and around the corpus callosum, separated from it by the callosal sulcus (not the cingulate sulcus).
c) Broca's area is in the inferior temporal gyrus.
FALSE - Broca's area (Brodmann areas 44 and 45) is in the inferior frontal gyrus - specifically in the pars triangularis and pars opercularis of the inferior frontal gyrus of the dominant (usually left) hemisphere. The inferior temporal gyrus is not a speech area. - Neuroanatomy through Clinical Cases 3rd Ed; Localization in Clinical Neurology 8e
d) Blood supply of precuneus area is from anterior cerebral artery.
TRUE - The precuneus is on the medial surface of the parietal lobe (between the paracentral lobule anteriorly and the parietooccipital sulcus posteriorly). Being on the medial surface, it is supplied by the posterior branch of the anterior cerebral artery (pericallosal artery branches).
e) Caudate nucleus is located between internal and external capsules.
FALSE - The caudate nucleus is located medial to the internal capsule (between the internal capsule laterally and the lateral ventricle medially). It is the lentiform nucleus (putamen + globus pallidus) that lies lateral to the internal capsule. The external capsule lies between the putamen and the claustrum. The caudate is NOT between the internal and external capsules.
Question 114
a) Posterior perforated substance lies behind the mammillary bodies.
TRUE - The posterior perforated substance is a small region on the base of the brain in the interpeduncular fossa, posterior to the mammillary bodies and between the cerebral peduncles. It is perforated by the posterior central (thalamoperforating) branches of the posterior cerebral artery.
b) Corpus callosum is a myelinated association fiber.
FALSE - The corpus callosum is myelinated, but it is a commissural fiber bundle, not an association fiber bundle. It connects homotopic (corresponding) cortical areas of the two cerebral hemispheres. Association fibers connect areas within the same hemisphere. This is a classic trick question - the corpus callosum IS myelinated, but it is commissural, not associational.
c) Lamina terminalis forms the anterior wall of the 3rd ventricle.
TRUE - The lamina terminalis is a thin membrane that forms the anterior wall of the third ventricle, stretching from the optic chiasm below to the anterior commissure above. It represents the rostral end of the embryonic neural tube. - Localization in Clinical Neurology 8e
d) Orbital gyrus is situated lateral to the gyrus rectus.
TRUE - On the orbital (inferior) surface of the frontal lobe, the olfactory sulcus divides the surface into:
- Gyrus rectus - medial to the olfactory sulcus
- Orbital gyri (H-shaped, with anterior, posterior, medial, and lateral orbital gyri) - lateral to the olfactory sulcus So yes, orbital gyri are lateral to the gyrus rectus.
e) Broca's area is in the inferior temporal gyrus.
FALSE - Same as Q113c. Broca's area is in the inferior frontal gyrus (pars triangularis + pars opercularis), NOT the inferior temporal gyrus. - Neuroanatomy through Clinical Cases 3rd Ed
Question 115
a) Lateral wall of the third ventricle is mainly made by hypothalamus.
FALSE (partially) - The lateral wall of the third ventricle is formed by both the thalamus (upper part) and the hypothalamus (lower part), separated by the hypothalamic sulcus. The thalamus actually contributes the larger portion. Saying it is "mainly" hypothalamus is incorrect - the thalamus forms the larger superior portion of the lateral wall. - Localization in Clinical Neurology 8e
b) Claustrum is separated from corpus striatum by insula cortex.
FALSE - The claustrum is separated from the putamen (part of corpus striatum) by the external capsule. It is separated from the insula cortex by the extreme capsule. The spatial arrangement from medial to lateral is:
Internal capsule → Putamen → External capsule → Claustrum → Extreme capsule → Insula cortex
The insula is lateral to the claustrum, not between the claustrum and corpus striatum. - Gray's Anatomy for Students
c) Fornix connects hippocampus to mammillary bodies.
TRUE - The fornix is the main efferent pathway from the hippocampus. It arches forward and downward from the hippocampus to terminate in the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus (forming the mammillothalamic tract of Papez circuit). This is the Papez circuit: hippocampus → fornix → mammillary bodies → thalamus (anterior nucleus) → cingulate gyrus → entorhinal cortex → hippocampus.
d) Internal capsule lies between caudate and lentiform nucleus.
TRUE - The internal capsule is classically described as lying between:
- Medially: caudate nucleus (anteriorly) and thalamus (posteriorly)
- Laterally: lentiform nucleus (putamen + globus pallidus) This is the standard anatomical description. - Gray's Anatomy for Students (confirmed from corpus striatum section)
e) Mammillary bodies lie over the olfactory sulcus.
FALSE - The mammillary bodies are two rounded prominences on the inferior surface of the hypothalamus (base of the brain), posterior to the tuber cinereum and infundibulum, in the interpeduncular fossa. The olfactory sulcus is on the inferior surface of the frontal lobe (separating gyrus rectus from orbital gyri). These are completely different structures in different locations.
Question 116
a) Fornix is a myelinated nerve fiber bundle connecting hippocampus with mammillary body.
TRUE - The fornix is indeed a myelinated white matter tract (bundle of axons with myelin sheaths) that connects the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies (and also to the anterior thalamic nucleus and septal nuclei). It is the main output pathway of the hippocampal formation.
b) Internal capsule lies between caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus.
TRUE - Same as Q115d. This is the standard anatomical relationship confirmed in multiple textbooks. - Gray's Anatomy for Students
c) Destructive lesions of pre-motor area cause permanent loss of movements on same side.
FALSE - This statement has two errors:
- Destructive lesions of the premotor cortex cause contralateral motor deficits (not ipsilateral/"same side") since corticospinal fibers cross in the medullary decussation.
- Premotor area lesions alone do NOT cause permanent paralysis - they cause loss of skilled/coordinated movements (apraxia, impaired motor sequencing) but recovery is possible as the primary motor cortex (area 4) compensates. Only primary motor cortex (area 4) lesions cause persistent spastic hemiplegia.
d) Motor speech area is located in the inferior frontal gyrus.
TRUE - Broca's area (motor speech area, Brodmann areas 44 and 45) is in the pars opercularis and pars triangularis of the inferior frontal gyrus of the dominant hemisphere. - Localization in Clinical Neurology 8e; Grainger & Allison's Diagnostic Radiology; Neuroanatomy through Clinical Cases 3rd Ed
e) Association fibers connect corresponding areas of each cerebral hemisphere.
FALSE - This again describes commissural fibers (which connect corresponding/homotopic areas of the two hemispheres via the corpus callosum). Association fibers connect different areas within the SAME hemisphere (e.g., superior longitudinal fasciculus, arcuate fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus, cingulum). This is a repeatedly tested conceptual distinction.
Complete Summary Table
| Q | a | b | c | d | e |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 112 | T | F | F | T | F |
| 113 | F | F | F | T | F |
| 114 | T | F | T | T | F |
| 115 | F | F | T | T | F |
| 116 | T | T | F | T | F |
High-Yield Concept Clarifications
Fiber Types - The Most Tested Distinction
| Fiber Type | Definition | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Association | Connect areas within the SAME hemisphere | Arcuate fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus, cingulum, superior/inferior longitudinal fasciculus |
| Commissural | Connect CORRESPONDING areas of TWO hemispheres | Corpus callosum, anterior commissure, posterior commissure |
| Projection | Connect cortex to SUBCORTICAL structures (up or down) | Internal capsule (corticospinal, thalamocortical, etc.) |
Claustrum Relations (medial → lateral)
Putamen → External capsule → Claustrum → Extreme capsule → Insula
3rd Ventricle Walls
- Anterior wall: Lamina terminalis + anterior commissure
- Lateral walls: Thalamus (upper) + Hypothalamus (lower), separated by hypothalamic sulcus
- Floor: Optic chiasm → tuber cinereum → infundibulum → mammillary bodies → posterior perforated substance
- Roof: Ependyma + tela choroidea (with choroid plexus)
- Posterior wall: Pineal body + posterior commissure + habenular commissure
Broca's Area - Never in the Temporal Lobe
- Broca's (motor speech) = Inferior Frontal Gyrus (areas 44, 45) - dominant hemisphere
- Wernicke's (sensory speech) = Superior Temporal Gyrus (area 22) - dominant hemisphere
Sources: Neuroanatomy through Clinical Cases 3rd Ed, Localization in Clinical Neurology 8e, Gray's Anatomy for Students, Grainger & Allison's Diagnostic Radiology
117) Cerebral cortex a) Corpus callosum is a kind of association fibers. b) Cingulate gyrus lies medial to olfactory tract. c) d) Primary auditory area is located in the superior temporal gyrus. e) Amygdaloid nucleus is a part of limbic system. Hippocampus forms the roof of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle. 118) Regarding cerebral cortex Premotor area situated in precentral gyrus. Frontal lobe stimulation cause conjugated movements of the eye to opposite side. The sensory speech area of Wernicke situated in the parietal lobe. The primary visual area is situated in the posterior part of the calcarine sulcus. Destruction of the motor speech area in dominant hemisphere will result in speech paralysis. 119) Regarding cerebral cortex a) Brodmann area is based on histology of cerebral cortex. b) Small pyramidal cells of cerebral cortex name as Betz cells. In the lesion of frontal eye field, eyes are deviated to opposite side. Destruction of association motor cortex results Astereognosis. e) Destruction of primary visual cortex results blindness of nasal field in ipsilateral side and temporal field in contralateral side. 120) Regarding cerebral hemispheres a) The occipital lobe control voluntary conjugate movement of eye. b) Destruction of the primary auditory area on the left side resulting complete deafness. c) The corpus callosum connects the corresponding primary motor area of the two cerebral hemispheres. d) A lesion of the posterior limb of internal capsule resulting hemiplegia. e) Left hemisphere is dominant of language. 121) Regarding cerebral hemispheres a) The insula lies at the bottom of the deep lateral sulcus. b) The gyrus rectus is situated lateral to the olfactory sulcus. Septum pellucidum consists of white matter. d) The venous blood of the tela choroidea drains into the great central vein. Destruction of the corpus callosum causes abnormal behavior. 122) Regarding areas of cerebral cortex a) Area 28 represents the visual association area. 이 Broca area is situated in the middle frontal gyrus. c) Area 41 is the primary auditory area. Premotor area is in the precentral gyrus. e) Wernicke area is connected to Broca area by arcuate fasciculus.
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I have enough from the library plus core neuroanatomy knowledge to answer all questions fully.
True/False: Cerebral Cortex - Questions 117-122
Question 117
a) Corpus callosum is a kind of association fiber.
FALSE - The corpus callosum is a commissural fiber bundle, not an association fiber. It connects homotopic cortical areas of the two hemispheres. Association fibers connect areas within the same hemisphere. This is one of the most repeatedly tested distinctions in neuroanatomy.
b) Cingulate gyrus lies medial to the olfactory tract.
FALSE - The cingulate gyrus lies on the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere, arching over the corpus callosum. The olfactory tract runs on the inferior (orbital) surface of the frontal lobe in the olfactory sulcus. These are on entirely different surfaces. The cingulate gyrus is separated from superior frontal gyrus by the cingulate sulcus (above) and from the corpus callosum by the callosal sulcus (below).
c) Primary auditory area is located in the superior temporal gyrus.
TRUE - The primary auditory cortex (Brodmann areas 41 and 42, Heschl's transverse gyri) is located on the superior surface of the superior temporal gyrus, within the lateral (Sylvian) fissure. It is technically on the superior temporal plane (planum temporale region), which is part of the superior temporal gyrus. - Cummings Otolaryngology; Adams and Victor's Principles of Neurology 12e
d) Amygdaloid nucleus is a part of the limbic system.
TRUE - The amygdala (amygdaloid nuclear complex) is a core component of the limbic system, playing a key role in emotional processing (especially fear and threat detection), memory consolidation, and autonomic responses. It sits at the anterior pole of the hippocampus in the temporal lobe.
e) Hippocampus forms the roof of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle.
FALSE - The hippocampus forms the floor (not the roof) of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle. The roof of the inferior horn is formed by the tapetum of the corpus callosum and the tail of the caudate nucleus. The hippocampus bulges upward into the floor of this horn.
Question 118
a) Premotor area is situated in the precentral gyrus.
FALSE - The primary motor cortex (Brodmann area 4) is situated in the precentral gyrus. The premotor area (Brodmann area 6) is situated in the posterior part of the frontal lobe, anterior to the precentral gyrus (i.e., anterior to the primary motor cortex). The premotor cortex occupies the posterior part of the middle and inferior frontal gyri.
b) Frontal lobe stimulation causes conjugate movements of the eye to the opposite side.
TRUE - The frontal eye field (Brodmann area 8), located in the posterior middle frontal gyrus just anterior to the premotor area, controls voluntary conjugate eye movements. Stimulation of this area drives the eyes to the contralateral side (away from the stimulated hemisphere). Conversely, a destructive lesion causes the eyes to deviate ipsilaterally (toward the lesion, "looking at the lesion").
c) The sensory speech area of Wernicke is situated in the parietal lobe.
FALSE - Wernicke's area (area 22, the primary language comprehension area) is in the posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus of the dominant hemisphere - this is the temporal lobe, not the parietal lobe. The adjacent angular gyrus (area 39) in the parietal lobe plays a secondary role in language, but Wernicke's area itself is temporal.
d) The primary visual area is situated in the posterior part of the calcarine sulcus.
FALSE (partially) - The primary visual cortex (area 17, striate cortex) lines both lips (banks) of the calcarine sulcus on the medial surface of the occipital lobe. It is not restricted to the "posterior part" - the central visual field (macula) is represented posteriorly at the occipital pole, while peripheral vision is represented anteriorly. The statement's restriction to "posterior part" makes it incomplete/false as stated.
e) Destruction of the motor speech area in the dominant hemisphere will result in speech paralysis.
TRUE - Destruction of Broca's area (areas 44 + 45, inferior frontal gyrus of the dominant hemisphere) results in Broca's (expressive/motor) aphasia - non-fluent speech, impaired verbal output, but relatively preserved comprehension. Commonly called "speech paralysis" or expressive aphasia in older terminology. - Localization in Clinical Neurology 8e
Question 119
a) Brodmann areas are based on histology (cytoarchitecture) of the cerebral cortex.
TRUE - Korbinian Brodmann (1909) mapped cortical areas based on cytoarchitectonics - the microscopic organization, cell types, layering patterns, and neuronal density seen on histological sections. This produced the 52 Brodmann areas that are still widely used. - Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 22e; Neuroanatomy through Clinical Cases 3rd Ed
b) Small pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex are named Betz cells.
FALSE - Betz cells are the LARGE giant pyramidal neurons (the largest neurons in the CNS, up to 100 μm) found in layer V of the primary motor cortex (area 4). They give rise to the fastest-conducting corticospinal fibers. Small pyramidal cells are found throughout multiple layers of the cortex and have no specific eponymous name. - Bradley and Daroff's Neurology in Clinical Practice
c) In a lesion of the frontal eye field, eyes are deviated to the opposite side.
FALSE - A destructive lesion of the frontal eye field (area 8) removes the drive to look contralaterally, so the eyes deviate toward the side of the lesion (ipsilaterally) - "looking at the lesion." This is because the intact contralateral frontal eye field pushes the eyes toward the damaged side. In contrast, an irritative lesion (seizure focus) causes the eyes to deviate away from the lesion.
d) Destruction of association motor cortex results in astereognosis.
FALSE - Astereognosis (inability to identify objects by touch alone) results from destruction of the somatosensory association cortex (parietal lobe, areas 5 and 7, superior parietal lobule). Destruction of the motor association cortex (premotor cortex, area 6) results in loss of skilled/learned motor programs (apraxia), not astereognosis.
e) Destruction of primary visual cortex results in blindness of the nasal field in the ipsilateral side and temporal field in the contralateral side.
FALSE - This is incorrect. Destruction of one primary visual cortex (area 17) causes contralateral homonymous hemianopia - loss of the entire contralateral visual half-field in BOTH eyes. Specifically, the right visual cortex receives input from the left visual field of both eyes (left nasal retina via crossed fibers + left temporal retina via uncrossed fibers). Isolated nasal/temporal field descriptions describe optic nerve or optic chiasm lesions, not cortical lesions.
Question 120
a) The occipital lobe controls voluntary conjugate movement of the eye.
FALSE - Voluntary conjugate eye movements are controlled by the frontal eye field (area 8) in the frontal lobe. The occipital lobe (area 19, visual association cortex) mediates involuntary/reflex pursuit (smooth pursuit) eye movements - optomotor reflexes that track moving visual targets. Voluntary saccadic eye movements are frontal.
b) Destruction of the primary auditory area on the left side results in complete deafness.
FALSE - Each primary auditory cortex receives bilateral input (from both ears via the bilateral cochlear pathways). Therefore, destruction of the primary auditory area on ONE side does NOT cause complete deafness - it causes only partial/subtle hearing loss (mainly difficulty in sound localization and contralateral ear suppression). Complete (cortical) deafness requires bilateral destruction of both auditory cortices.
c) The corpus callosum connects the corresponding primary motor areas of the two cerebral hemispheres.
TRUE - The corpus callosum connects homotopic (corresponding) cortical areas across both hemispheres, including the primary motor cortex. The middle body of the corpus callosum connects the motor and somatosensory areas. This enables interhemispheric coordination of motor activity.
d) A lesion of the posterior limb of the internal capsule results in hemiplegia.
TRUE - The posterior limb of the internal capsule contains the corticospinal (pyramidal) tract (motor fibers for the contralateral limbs and trunk) as well as the corticobulbar tract. Infarction or hemorrhage here produces the classic contralateral hemiplegia - this is the most common location for capsular hemiplegia from lenticulostriate artery occlusion.
e) Left hemisphere is dominant for language.
TRUE - In approximately 95% of right-handed individuals and ~70% of left-handed individuals, the left hemisphere is dominant for language (Broca's and Wernicke's areas). This was established by Broca (1861) and confirmed by Wada testing (intracarotid sodium amytal).
Question 121
a) The insula lies at the bottom of the deep lateral sulcus.
TRUE - The insula (insular lobe / Island of Reil) is hidden deep within the lateral (Sylvian) sulcus, buried beneath the frontal, parietal, and temporal opercula. It is exposed only when the lips of the lateral sulcus are separated. It represents the cortex at the base/floor of the lateral sulcus.
b) The gyrus rectus is situated lateral to the olfactory sulcus.
FALSE - The gyrus rectus is situated medial to the olfactory sulcus (between the olfactory sulcus and the interhemispheric fissure). The orbital gyri are lateral to the olfactory sulcus. This was also covered in Q114d.
c) Septum pellucidum consists of white matter.
FALSE (nuanced) - The septum pellucidum consists of two thin laminae, each containing both white matter AND gray matter (neurons), along with some glial cells. It is not purely white matter. It separates the anterior horns of the two lateral ventricles. Some sources describe it as a double-layered membrane containing a potential space (cavum septi pellucidi). Calling it purely "white matter" is incorrect.
d) The venous blood of the tela choroidea drains into the great cerebral vein.
TRUE - The tela choroidea (the fold of pia mater forming the roof of the third ventricle) is drained by the internal cerebral veins, which then unite to form the great cerebral vein (vein of Galen). The choroidal veins drain into the internal cerebral veins.
e) Destruction of the corpus callosum causes abnormal behavior.
TRUE - Corpus callosum lesions/sectioning (callosotomy) produce the "split-brain syndrome" with interhemispheric disconnection phenomena: alien hand syndrome, inability to name objects placed in the left hand, constructional difficulties. Large corpus callosum lesions (tumors, infarction) can also produce apathy, personality change, and behavioral abnormalities due to disconnection of the two hemispheres.
Question 122
a) Area 28 represents the visual association area.
FALSE - Brodmann area 28 is the entorhinal cortex (part of the parahippocampal gyrus), which is a limbic/olfactory association area - it serves as the major input-output gateway to the hippocampus. The visual association areas are areas 18 and 19 (peristriate cortex in the occipital lobe). Area 17 = primary visual cortex.
b) Broca's area is situated in the middle frontal gyrus.
FALSE - Broca's area (areas 44 and 45) is in the inferior frontal gyrus (pars opercularis and pars triangularis), not the middle frontal gyrus. The frontal eye field (area 8) is in the posterior middle frontal gyrus. - Localization in Clinical Neurology 8e; Adams and Victor's; Neuroanatomy through Clinical Cases 3rd Ed
c) Area 41 is the primary auditory area.
TRUE - Brodmann area 41 corresponds to the primary auditory cortex (AI, transverse gyrus of Heschl), located on the superior surface of the superior temporal gyrus within the Sylvian fissure. Area 42 is the secondary auditory cortex. - Cummings Otolaryngology; Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 22e; Localization in Clinical Neurology 8e
d) Premotor area is in the precentral gyrus.
FALSE - Same as Q118a. The precentral gyrus = primary motor cortex (area 4). The premotor area (area 6) is anterior to the precentral gyrus, occupying the posterior portions of the superior, middle, and inferior frontal gyri.
e) Wernicke's area is connected to Broca's area by the arcuate fasciculus.
TRUE - The arcuate fasciculus (a component of the superior longitudinal fasciculus) arches around the Sylvian fissure, connecting Wernicke's area (posterior superior temporal gyrus, area 22) to Broca's area (inferior frontal gyrus, areas 44-45). Damage to this tract causes conduction aphasia (fluent speech, good comprehension, but severely impaired repetition). - Adams and Victor's Principles of Neurology 12e
Complete Summary Table
| Q | a | b | c | d | e |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 117 | F | F | T | T | F |
| 118 | F | T | F | F | T |
| 119 | T | F | F | F | F |
| 120 | F | F | T | T | T |
| 121 | T | F | F | T | T |
| 122 | F | F | T | F | T |
Master Reference: Key Brodmann Areas
| Area | Location | Function |
|---|---|---|
| 4 | Precentral gyrus | Primary motor cortex (Betz cells) |
| 6 | Anterior to precentral gyrus | Premotor + SMA |
| 8 | Posterior middle frontal gyrus | Frontal eye field |
| 17 | Calcarine sulcus lips | Primary visual cortex |
| 18, 19 | Peristriate occipital cortex | Visual association |
| 22 | Superior temporal gyrus (posterior) | Wernicke's area |
| 28 | Parahippocampal gyrus | Entorhinal cortex (limbic/olfactory) |
| 41 | Heschl's gyrus (transverse temporal) | Primary auditory cortex |
| 42 | Superior temporal gyrus | Secondary auditory cortex |
| 44, 45 | Inferior frontal gyrus | Broca's area (motor speech) |
Eye Movement Rules (High-Yield)
| Situation | Eye Deviation |
|---|---|
| Frontal eye field stimulation | Contralateral (away from stimulus) |
| Frontal eye field destruction | Ipsilateral (toward lesion - "looking at lesion") |
| Pontine lesion (PPRF) destruction | Contralateral (away from lesion - "looking away from lesion") |
Sources: Adams and Victor's Principles of Neurology 12e, Localization in Clinical Neurology 8e, Neuroanatomy through Clinical Cases 3rd Ed, Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 22e, Cummings Otolaryngology, Bradley and Daroff's Neurology in Clinical Practice
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