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Syndrome X

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"metabolic syndrome"

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Syndrome X metabolic syndrome cardiac syndrome X terminology

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Syndrome X can refer to two different conditions:
  1. Metabolic syndrome X or insulin-resistance syndrome
    A cluster of cardiometabolic risk factors, usually including central obesity, raised blood pressure, high triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, and elevated glucose. It raises the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. It was originally described by Reaven as “Syndrome X.”
    Diagnosis is generally made when at least 3 of these risk factors are present. Metabolic syndrome review
  2. Cardiac syndrome X
    An older term for angina-like chest pain with normal or non-obstructed major coronary arteries, often related to coronary microvascular dysfunction. The preferred modern term is often microvascular angina or ANOCA/INOCA, depending on test findings. Cardiac syndrome X overview
In most physiology, medicine, and endocrine exam contexts, “Syndrome X” means metabolic syndrome.

rotterdam criteria

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"polycystic ovary syndrome" AND Rotterdam

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2023 international evidence-based guideline PCOS Rotterdam diagnostic criteria 2 of 3

Rotterdam criteria for PCOS: Diagnose in adults when any 2 of 3 are present, after excluding other causes:
  1. Ovulatory dysfunction
    Oligo-ovulation or anovulation, presenting as irregular, infrequent, or absent periods.
  2. Hyperandrogenism
    • Clinical: hirsutism, acne, androgenic alopecia
    • Biochemical: raised serum androgens
  3. Polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM)
    Polycystic appearance on pelvic ultrasound.
2023 update: In adults, an elevated AMH may be used instead of ultrasound to establish PCOM. If both irregular cycles and hyperandrogenism are already present, ultrasound or AMH is unnecessary. 2023 PCOS guideline summary
Adolescents: Require both ovulatory dysfunction and hyperandrogenism. Do not use ultrasound appearance or AMH to diagnose PCOS in adolescence because these lack specificity. Adolescent PCOS recommendations
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