1. Hypertension aur antihypertensive agents basics
   • Blood pressure high hone ka meaning
   • Antihypertensive drugs ka use
2. Renal hypertension and RAAS
   • Kidney blood flow kam hone par renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation
   • Acute renal hypertension ka principle
3. Experimental renal-hypertension models
   • 2-Kidney 1-Clip (2K1C) model
   • 1-Kidney 1-Clip (1K1C) model
   • Blood pressure measure karne ke liye arterial cannulation
4. Diet-induced and genetic animal models
   • Fructose-induced hypertension
   • Tail-cuff blood pressure measurement
   • SHR, Dahl salt-sensitive (DS), and salt-resistant (DR/RD) rats

1. Hypertension is defined as:
   Correct answer: B. Increase in arterial blood pressure above normal
   Explanation: Hypertension ka matlab arterial blood pressure ka normal range se persistent high hona hai. Yeh heart rate kam hone ya BP kam hone ko nahi kehte.
2. Antihypertensive agents are drugs used to:
   Correct answer: B. Treat high blood pressure
   Explanation: Antihypertensive drugs BP ko control/lower karne ke liye use hoti hain. Examples: ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta-blockers, calcium-channel blockers, and diuretics.
3. Acute renal hypertension in rats is based mainly on activation of:
   Correct answer: B. RAAS
   Explanation: Renal blood flow kam hone par kidney se renin release hota hai. Isse renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, or RAAS, activate hota hai. Angiotensin II vasoconstriction karta hai aur aldosterone sodium-water retention badhata hai, jis se BP increases. Renal artery stenosis-associated hypertension mein angiotensin high vascular resistance maintain kar sakta hai, as described in Katzung's Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, p. 3037-3038.
4. The 2-Kidney 1-Clip method is used to produce:
   Most scientifically accurate answer: Chronic renovascular (renal) hypertension.
   Given options mein closest answer: B. Acute renal hypertension, but this is not accurately worded.
   Explanation: 2K1C, also called the Goldblatt model, mein ek renal artery ko clip se narrow kiya jata hai aur doosri kidney normal rehti hai. Clipped kidney reduced perfusion ko sense karke renin release karti hai, leading to RAAS-mediated hypertension. Rats mein 2K1C usually a gradual, chronic rise in BP produce karta hai, not truly “acute” hypertension. The 2K1C model literature identifies it as a renovascular hypertension model.
5. In acute renal hypertension, which artery is cannulated for blood pressure measurement?
   Correct answer: C. Carotid artery
   Explanation: Direct invasive BP recording ke liye experimental rat studies mein commonly carotid artery cannulation ki ja sakti hai. Cannula ko pressure transducer se connect karke arterial BP record karte hain. Femoral artery bhi kuch protocols mein use hoti hai, but is MCQ ke expected answer usually carotid artery hai.
6. Chronic renal hypertension in rats is commonly produced using:
   Expected answer: B. 1-Kidney 1-Clip method
   Explanation: 1K1C model mein ek kidney remove kar di jaati hai aur remaining kidney ki renal artery partially constrict karte hain. Sodium-water retention and RAAS-related mechanisms sustained hypertension produce karte hain.
   Important note: 2K1C bhi chronic renovascular hypertension ka established model hai. So, terminology ke hisaab se Q4 and Q6 overlap karte hain. Exam key most likely Q4 = 2K1C and Q6 = 1K1C choose karwana chahti hai.
7. Fructose-induced hypertension is produced by giving rats:
   Correct answer: A. 10% fructose solution
   Explanation: Rats ko drinking water mein fructose solution, commonly 10%, diya jata hai. Long-term fructose intake insulin resistance, sympathetic activation, oxidative stress, and altered renal sodium handling se BP increase kar sakta hai.
8. In fructose-induced hypertension, systolic blood pressure is commonly measured using:
   Correct answer: B. Tail-cuff method
   Explanation: Tail-cuff ek non-invasive BP measurement technique hai. Rat ki tail ke around cuff lagakar systolic BP estimate kiya jata hai. Repeated BP monitoring ke liye yeh method convenient hai.
9. SHR stands for:
   Correct answer: A. Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
   Explanation: SHR genetically hypertensive rat strain hai. In rats mein age ke saath naturally high BP develop hota hai, so genetic/primary hypertension aur antihypertensive drug screening ke study model mein use hote hain. WKY rats often normotensive control group hote hain.
10. Dahl developed which strains for studying salt-related hypertension?
    Correct answer: B. DS and RD
    Explanation: Dahl rats mein:

• DS = Dahl salt-sensitive rats
• DR/RD = Dahl salt-resistant rats

Final answer key

1. Hypertension is defined as:

• A. Decrease in arterial blood pressure: Yeh hypotension hota hai, hypertension nahi.
• B. Increase in arterial blood pressure above normal: Sahi. Jab arterial BP normal se persistently high hota hai, use hypertension kehte hain.
• C. Normal blood pressure: Normal BP ko normotension kehte hain.
• D. Decrease in heart rate: Yeh bradycardia hai. Heart rate aur BP related ho sakte hain, lekin dono same term nahi hain.

2. Antihypertensive agents are drugs used to:

• A. Increase blood pressure: BP badhane wale drugs pressor agents hote hain, antihypertensives nahi.
• B. Treat high blood pressure: Sahi. Antihypertensive drugs elevated BP reduce/control karti hain.
• C. Increase heart rate: Kuch drugs HR ko affect kar sakti hain, but antihypertensive ka primary purpose HR badhana nahi hai. Kuch, such as beta-blockers, HR kam bhi karte hain.
• D. Treat diabetes: Diabetes ke drugs antidiabetic agents hote hain, for example metformin and insulin.

3. Acute renal hypertension in rats is based mainly on activation of:

• A. CNS: Central nervous system BP control mein role karta hai, but renal artery perfusion reduce hone ke baad renal hypertension ka principal mechanism CNS activation nahi hai.
• B. RAAS: Sahi. Kidney ko blood supply kam milne par juxtaglomerular cells renin release karte hain. Renin leads to angiotensin II formation, which causes vasoconstriction, and aldosterone-mediated sodium-water retention. Dono BP badhate hain. Brenner and Rector's The Kidney describes reduced renal perfusion causing renin release and RAAS-related renovascular hypertension (lines 4316-4322).
• C. Digestive system: Digestive system is hypertension model ka main mechanism nahi hai.
• D. Immune system: Inflammation/immune pathways hypertension mein contribute kar sakte hain, but acute renal hypertension ka main screening mechanism RAAS hai.

4. The 2-Kidney 1-Clip method is used to produce:

• A. Genetic hypertension: Genetic hypertension ke liye SHR, Dahl salt-sensitive rats, etc. use hote hain. 2K1C mein surgery karke renal artery narrow ki jati hai, so it is not genetic.
• B. Acute renal hypertension: Given options mein examiner ka expected answer likely B hai because this is a renal hypertension model.
  But wording imperfect hai: 2K1C is better called a renovascular hypertension model. It often shows a gradual and sustained BP rise, so it is commonly regarded as a chronic renovascular model too.
• C. Neurogenic hypertension: Neurogenic hypertension CNS stimulation, baroreceptor denervation, or brain-related mechanisms se produce hota hai, renal artery clip se nahi.
• D. Fructose-induced hypertension: Is model ke liye rats ko fructose-rich drinking water/diet diya jata hai, not renal artery clipping.

5. In acute renal hypertension, which artery is cannulated for blood pressure measurement?

• A. Femoral artery: Femoral artery cannulation technically invasive BP recording ke liye possible hai, but is particular pharmacological screening MCQ/protocol mein expected vessel usually carotid artery hoti hai.
• B. Renal artery: Renal artery ko cannulate karna BP measurement ke routine purpose ke liye practical nahi hai. Is artery ko clip/ligate karke renal perfusion reduce ki ja sakti hai.
• C. Carotid artery: Sahi. Carotid artery cannulation se systemic arterial BP directly pressure transducer par record kiya ja sakta hai.
• D. Coronary artery: Coronary artery heart muscle ko blood supply deti hai. Iski cannulation routine rat BP recording ke liye use nahi hoti aur hazardous bhi hogi.

6. Chronic renal hypertension in rats is commonly produced using:

• A. 2-Kidney 1-Clip method: Yeh bhi renovascular hypertension produce karta hai and can become chronic. Isliye option scientifically fully wrong nahi hai. However, paper ka likely pattern yeh hai: Q4 mein 2K1C aur Q6 mein chronic renal hypertension ke liye 1K1C identify karwana.
• B. 1-Kidney 1-Clip method: Sahi expected answer. Ek kidney remove kar di jati hai aur remaining kidney ki renal artery partially constrict ki jati hai. Reduced renal perfusion and impaired sodium-water excretion sustained hypertension create karte hain.
• C. High-fat diet: High-fat diet metabolic syndrome/obesity-related BP changes cause kar sakti hai, but it is not the standard 1K1C chronic renal hypertension model.
• D. High-fructose diet: Yeh fructose-induced metabolic hypertension ka model hai, not clipped-kidney renal hypertension.

7. Fructose-induced hypertension is produced by giving rats:

• A. 10% fructose solution: Sahi. Common experimental protocol mein drinking water mein fructose, frequently 10%, diya jata hai for several weeks to induce metabolic changes and elevated BP.
• B. 10% glucose solution: Glucose metabolism ko affect kar sakta hai, but standard fructose-induced hypertension model mein glucose nahi, fructose diya jata hai.
• C. High-protein diet: Yeh fructose model nahi hai and isse specifically this model create nahi hota.
• D. Only normal saline: Normal saline vehicle/control ho sakta hai, but fructose-induced hypertension cause nahi karega.

8. In fructose-induced hypertension, systolic blood pressure is commonly measured using:

• A. ECG: ECG electrical activity of heart, rhythm, and conduction record karta hai. BP directly measure nahi karta.
• B. Tail-cuff method: Sahi. Yeh non-invasive technique hai, especially repeated systolic BP measurement in conscious rats ke liye.
• C. X-ray: X-ray bones/chest structures etc. show karta hai, BP measure nahi karta.
• D. Spirometry: Spirometry lung volumes and airflow assess karta hai. Iska BP measurement se relation nahi hai.

9. SHR stands for:

• A. Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats: Sahi. SHR ek genetically predisposed strain hai that develops hypertension without surgical clipping or special fructose treatment.
• B. Standard Healthy Rats: Aisa standard abbreviation nahi hai. SHR rats healthy normotensive control animals nahi hote.
• C. Salt Hypertensive Rabbits: SHR “rats” ke liye use hota hai, rabbits ke liye nahi. Salt-sensitive hypertension ke liye Dahl rats famous hain.
• D. Spontaneous Healthy Rabbits: Yeh bhi incorrect expansion hai. SHR rats are hypertensive, not “healthy rabbits.”

10. Dahl developed which strains for studying salt-related hypertension?

• A. SHR and WKY: SHR and WKY separate rat strains hain, but Dahl ne DS and DR/RD salt-sensitive and salt-resistant strains develop kiye the.
• B. DS and RD: Sahi.
  • DS: Dahl salt-sensitive rats
  • RD/DR: Dahl salt-resistant rats
    High-salt diet par DS rats ka BP significantly increase hota hai; RD/DR rats relatively resistant hote hain.
• C. MHS and TGR27: Yeh Dahl salt-sensitivity strains nahi hain.
• D. Wistar and Sprague Dawley: Yeh commonly used laboratory rat strains hain, but Dahl ke specially bred salt-sensitive/salt-resistant models nahi hain.

One-line answer key