. Hypertension is defined as: A. Decrease in arterial blood pressure B. Increase in arterial blood pressure above normal C. Normal blood pressure D. Decrease in heart rate 2. Antihypertensive agents are drugs used to: A. Increase blood pressure B. Treat high blood pressure C. Increase heart rate D. Treat diabetes 3. Acute renal hypertension in rats is based mainly on activation of: A. CNS B. RAAS C. Digestive system D. Immune system 4. The 2-Kidney 1-Clip method is used to produce: A. Genetic hypertension B. Acute renal hypertension C. Neurogenic hypertension e will expire in 24 hours unless you Sign Up. SCREENING OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS DETAILED QUESTION PAPER WITH ANSWERS Pharmacological & Toxicological Screening Prepared by: Apoorv Tripathi Branch: M.Pharm (Pharmacology) SECTION A: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQs) 1. Hypertension is defined as: A. Decrease in arterial blood pressure B. Increase in arterial blood pressure above normal C. Normal blood pressure D. Decrease in heart rate 2. Antihypertensive agents are drugs used to: A. Increase blood pressure B. Treat high blood pressure C. Increase heart rate D. Treat diabetes 3. Acute renal hypertension in rats is based mainly on activation of: A. CNS B. RAAS C. Digestive system D. Immune system 4. The 2-Kidney 1-Clip method is used to produce: A. Genetic hypertension B. Acute renal hypertension C. Neurogenic hypertension D. Fructose-induced hypertension 5. In acute renal hypertension, which artery is cannulated for blood pressure measurement? A. Femoral artery B. Renal artery C. Carotid artery D. Coronary artery 6. Chronic renal hypertension in rats is commonly produced using: A. 2-Kidney 1-Clip method B. 1-Kidney 1-Clip method C. High-fat diet D. High-fructose diet 7. Fructose-induced hypertension is produced by giving rats: A. 10% fructose solution B. 10% glucose solution C. High-protein diet D. Only normal saline 8. In fructose-induced hypertension, systolic blood pressure is commonly measured using: A. ECG B. Tail-cuff method C. X-ray D. Spirometry 9. SHR stands for: A. Spontaneous Hypertensive Rats B. Standard Healthy Rats C. Salt Hypertensive Rabbits D. Spontaneous Healthy Rabbits 10. Dahl developed which strains for studying salt-related hypertension? A. SHR and WKY B. DS and RD C. MHS and TGR27 D. Wistar and Sprague Dawley Ye kuch MCQ he jinke mujhe correct answer btao or ye reson btao ki yo answer kyu he basically explanation hae question ka with answer
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Hypertension aur antihypertensive agents basics
- Blood pressure high hone ka meaning
- Antihypertensive drugs ka use
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Renal hypertension and RAAS
- Kidney blood flow kam hone par renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation
- Acute renal hypertension ka principle
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Experimental renal-hypertension models
- 2-Kidney 1-Clip (2K1C) model
- 1-Kidney 1-Clip (1K1C) model
- Blood pressure measure karne ke liye arterial cannulation
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Diet-induced and genetic animal models
- Fructose-induced hypertension
- Tail-cuff blood pressure measurement
- SHR, Dahl salt-sensitive (DS), and salt-resistant (DR/RD) rats
In 10 MCQs ke correct answers aur explanations batao
hypertension animal models
2 kidney 1 clip model chronic renovascular hypertension carotid artery cannulation acute renal hypertension rat model
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Hypertension is defined as:
Correct answer: B. Increase in arterial blood pressure above normal
Explanation: Hypertension ka matlab arterial blood pressure ka normal range se persistent high hona hai. Yeh heart rate kam hone ya BP kam hone ko nahi kehte. -
Antihypertensive agents are drugs used to:
Correct answer: B. Treat high blood pressure
Explanation: Antihypertensive drugs BP ko control/lower karne ke liye use hoti hain. Examples: ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta-blockers, calcium-channel blockers, and diuretics. -
Acute renal hypertension in rats is based mainly on activation of:
Correct answer: B. RAAS
Explanation: Renal blood flow kam hone par kidney se renin release hota hai. Isse renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, or RAAS, activate hota hai. Angiotensin II vasoconstriction karta hai aur aldosterone sodium-water retention badhata hai, jis se BP increases. Renal artery stenosis-associated hypertension mein angiotensin high vascular resistance maintain kar sakta hai, as described in Katzung's Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, p. 3037-3038. -
The 2-Kidney 1-Clip method is used to produce:
Most scientifically accurate answer: Chronic renovascular (renal) hypertension.
Given options mein closest answer: B. Acute renal hypertension, but this is not accurately worded.
Explanation: 2K1C, also called the Goldblatt model, mein ek renal artery ko clip se narrow kiya jata hai aur doosri kidney normal rehti hai. Clipped kidney reduced perfusion ko sense karke renin release karti hai, leading to RAAS-mediated hypertension. Rats mein 2K1C usually a gradual, chronic rise in BP produce karta hai, not truly “acute” hypertension. The 2K1C model literature identifies it as a renovascular hypertension model. -
In acute renal hypertension, which artery is cannulated for blood pressure measurement?
Correct answer: C. Carotid artery
Explanation: Direct invasive BP recording ke liye experimental rat studies mein commonly carotid artery cannulation ki ja sakti hai. Cannula ko pressure transducer se connect karke arterial BP record karte hain. Femoral artery bhi kuch protocols mein use hoti hai, but is MCQ ke expected answer usually carotid artery hai. -
Chronic renal hypertension in rats is commonly produced using:
Expected answer: B. 1-Kidney 1-Clip method
Explanation: 1K1C model mein ek kidney remove kar di jaati hai aur remaining kidney ki renal artery partially constrict karte hain. Sodium-water retention and RAAS-related mechanisms sustained hypertension produce karte hain.
Important note: 2K1C bhi chronic renovascular hypertension ka established model hai. So, terminology ke hisaab se Q4 and Q6 overlap karte hain. Exam key most likely Q4 = 2K1C and Q6 = 1K1C choose karwana chahti hai. -
Fructose-induced hypertension is produced by giving rats:
Correct answer: A. 10% fructose solution
Explanation: Rats ko drinking water mein fructose solution, commonly 10%, diya jata hai. Long-term fructose intake insulin resistance, sympathetic activation, oxidative stress, and altered renal sodium handling se BP increase kar sakta hai. -
In fructose-induced hypertension, systolic blood pressure is commonly measured using:
Correct answer: B. Tail-cuff method
Explanation: Tail-cuff ek non-invasive BP measurement technique hai. Rat ki tail ke around cuff lagakar systolic BP estimate kiya jata hai. Repeated BP monitoring ke liye yeh method convenient hai. -
SHR stands for:
Correct answer: A. Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
Explanation: SHR genetically hypertensive rat strain hai. In rats mein age ke saath naturally high BP develop hota hai, so genetic/primary hypertension aur antihypertensive drug screening ke study model mein use hote hain. WKY rats often normotensive control group hote hain. -
Dahl developed which strains for studying salt-related hypertension?
Correct answer: B. DS and RD
Explanation: Dahl rats mein:
- DS = Dahl salt-sensitive rats
- DR/RD = Dahl salt-resistant rats
Final answer key
| Q. No. | Correct answer |
|---|---|
| 1 | B |
| 2 | B |
| 3 | B |
| 4 | B, but question wording is inaccurate: 2K1C produces chronic renovascular hypertension |
| 5 | C |
| 6 | B |
| 7 | A |
| 8 | B |
| 9 | A |
| 10 | B |