Orris
Searching the Web

1984 Nobel Prize Physiology Medicine HAT medium hybridoma monoclonal antibodies winners

Searching the Web

Nobel Prize Physiology Medicine HAT medium selection TK negative myeloma hybridoma

Here are the complete answers to all the quiz questions visible in your images:

Q-1 (IMG_2089) - 1984 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

The slide asks to link the two portraits with the HAT medium selection diagram.
The two gentlemen are Georges J.F. Köhler and César Milstein, who shared the 1984 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Niels K. Jerne.
The HAT medium link: Köhler and Milstein developed hybridoma technology (1975) for producing monoclonal antibodies. The HAT (Hypoxanthine-Aminopterin-Thymidine) medium is the selection tool they used:
  • Myeloma cells (TK-) are HAT-sensitive - they die because aminopterin blocks the de novo DNA synthesis pathway, and they lack TK to use the salvage pathway
  • Splenic B-cells are mortal - they die on their own
  • Only the fused hybridoma cells (TK+) survive - they are immortal AND can use the salvage pathway
They were awarded "for the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies."

Q-2 (First image) - Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

The black-and-white portrait shown alongside the partially visible question asking to "Identify the gentleman [who won the] Nobel Prize in Physiology or [Medicine]" - given the context of the event (same series of questions on immunology/Nobel laureates), this is most likely Niels K. Jerne, the third co-laureate of the 1984 prize, who developed the clonal selection theory and network theory of the immune system.

Q-4 (Third image)

The blurry portrait on this slide appears to be part of the same "link the images" series (Q-4), likely showing another Nobel laureate in immunology or physiology - possibly César Milstein or another immunology pioneer, though the image is too blurry to confirm with certainty.
Summary table:
Prize YearLaureatesDiscovery
1984Niels K. JerneImmune network theory
1984Georges KöhlerMonoclonal antibody / hybridoma technology
1984César MilsteinMonoclonal antibody / hybridoma technology

CNS examination, Central nervous system examination.

Reading File
Asking for Preferences

all the above

Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Reading File
Reading File
Reading File
Reading File
Finding Sources
Reading File
That covers the full systematic CNS examination. Here's a quick summary of what's included above:
5 major components covered:
  1. Higher Mental Functions - consciousness/GCS, orientation (person/place/time), speech vs. language, memory (immediate/short-term/long-term), insight, abstract thought, calculation, cognitive domain localization
  2. Cranial Nerves (CN I-XII) - step-by-step testing method, what each reflex tests, key abnormal findings (e.g., uvula deviation, tongue deviation direction, facial nerve UMN vs. LMN distinction)
  3. Motor System - appearance/fasciculations, tone types (spasticity vs. rigidity vs. cogwheel vs. paratonia), MRC 0-5 power grading, deep tendon reflexes with levels, cutaneous reflexes (Babinski, abdominal, cremasteric, anal), primitive reflexes (grasp, suck, palmomental)
  4. Sensory System - all 5 primary modalities with their pathways, cortical sensation (stereognosis, graphesthesia, two-point discrimination, double simultaneous stimulation), Romberg test
  5. Gait & Cerebellar - gait patterns with localization, finger-nose, heel-shin, dysdiadochokinesia, rebound
The UMN vs. LMN table and pupillary findings in coma are included as high-yield clinical summaries. Let me know if you want any section expanded further or a specific clinical scenario worked through.
This is a shared conversation. Sign in to Orris to start your own chat.