Medical education colour diagram for MBBS pathology exam: Atherosclerosis pathogenesis flowchart and plaque structure. Split into two parts: LEFT SIDE shows step-by-step pathogenesis as numbered arrows: 1) Endothelial injury (red arrow, causes: hypertension, smoking, hyperlipidemia, diabetes) → 2) Monocyte/LDL entry into intima → 3) LDL oxidation (yellow lightning bolt) → 4) Foam cell formation (macrophages engulf ox-LDL, shown as fat-filled orange cells) → 5) Fatty streak (yellow stripe) → 6) SMC migration from media to intima + ECM production → 7) Fibrous plaque / Atheroma. RIGHT SIDE shows cross-section of mature atherosclerotic plaque in an artery wall with clearly labelled colour-coded components: Fibrous cap (blue) containing SMCs, macrophages, foam cells, T-cells; Necrotic lipid core (yellow/orange) with cholesterol clefts; Shoulder region (purple, most vulnerable); Neovascularization (red); Media (pink); Adventitia (grey). Title at top: ATHEROSCLEROSIS - Pathogenesis and Plaque Structure. Clean white background, bold labels, bright educational colours.

Medical education colour diagram for MBBS pathology exam showing two panels side by side. Title: ARTERIOSCLEROSIS - Hyaline vs Hyperplastic (Comparison Table + Histology). LEFT PANEL labelled "Hyaline Arteriolosclerosis": drawn cross-section of a small arteriole showing thickened wall with homogeneous pink glassy hyaline material deposited between endothelium and media, narrowed lumen, smooth outline. Labelled: Hyaline deposits (pink), Narrowed lumen (white center), Associated with: mild/benign hypertension, diabetes, elderly. RIGHT PANEL labelled "Hyperplastic Arteriolosclerosis": drawn cross-section of arteriole showing concentric onion-skin laminated rings of smooth muscle cells and thickened reduplicated basement membrane, very narrow lumen in center. Labelled: Onion-skin layering (alternating purple/pink rings), Fibrinoid necrosis in malignant HT (red), Associated with: malignant/severe hypertension. Below both panels: a comparison table with rows: Hypertension type / Histology / Mechanism / Lumen / Special feature. White background, bright educational colours, bold text.

Medical education colour diagram for MBBS pathology exam: Aneurysm types and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA). Top section shows four aneurysm type diagrams in a row: 1) True Aneurysm (all 3 layers dilated, blue outline, labelled intima/media/adventitia) 2) False/Pseudo-aneurysm (wall defect, extravascular hematoma communicating with lumen, red blood pooling outside) 3) Fusiform aneurysm (spindle-shaped symmetrical dilation, orange) 4) Saccular aneurysm (berry-shaped outpouching with thrombus inside, purple). Bottom section: Large detailed diagram of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm gross features showing: Infrarenal aorta dilation below renal arteries (most common site), laminated mural thrombus inside (red-brown layered), atherosclerotic plaques on intimal surface, thin thinned wall, bifurcation at iliac arteries, size typically greater than 3cm. Causes listed in coloured boxes: Atherosclerosis (most common, orange), Hypertension (red), Marfan syndrome (blue), Syphilis for thoracic (green). Title: ANEURYSMS - Types and AAA. White background, bright educational colours.

Medical education colour diagram for MBBS pathology exam: Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) - morphological changes. Central diagram shows a human heart with arrows pointing outward to different organ systems affected. LEFT SIDE - Left Heart Failure effects: Lungs (pink, labelled pulmonary congestion, brown induration, heart failure cells/haemosiderin-laden macrophages, pulmonary oedema), Brain (labelled hypoxic encephalopathy). RIGHT SIDE - Right Heart Failure effects: Liver (brown-red, nutmeg liver/cardiac cirrhosis), Spleen (congested splenomegaly), Kidneys (congested), Peripheral oedema/ascites (blue wavy lines at bottom). Center heart shows: Left ventricle hypertrophy and dilation (concentric vs eccentric labels), right ventricle dilation. Top section shows Frank-Starling curve diagram with compensated vs decompensated zones. Box at top-left lists Compensatory mechanisms: Frank-Starling, neurohumoral (RAAS, SNS), hypertrophy. NYHA stages I-IV in coloured steps. Title: CHF - Morphological Changes. Bright educational colours, white background, bold labels.

Medical education colour diagram for MBBS pathology exam: Rheumatic Heart Disease - Pathogenesis and Morphology. TOP SECTION (pathogenesis flowchart): Group A Streptococcus (pharyngitis) → 2-3 week delay → Immune response: antibodies against M-protein cross-react with cardiac antigens (molecular mimicry, shown as red arrows crossing between bacteria and heart) → CD4+ T cells + antibodies attack heart valve/myocardium → Aschoff body formation. LEFT BOTTOM: Aschoff body microscopy diagram: central area of fibrinoid necrosis surrounded by Anitschkow cells (caterpillar cells - nucleus with wavy chromatin ribbon, shown magnified), lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages. Label: Pathognomonic of Rheumatic Fever. RIGHT BOTTOM: Gross heart valve changes in chronic RHD: mitral valve leaflet thickening (fibrosis, blue), commissural fusion (leaflets stuck together), fish-mouth/button-hole stenosis appearance, thickened and fused chordae tendineae, vegetations (verrucae) 1-2mm along line of closure (red-pink dots). MacCallum patch in left atrium (orange area). Extracardiac lesions box: Sydenham chorea, subcutaneous nodules, erythema marginatum, polyarthritis, Jaccoud arthropathy. Title: RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE. Bright educational colours, white background.

Medical education colour diagram for MBBS pathology exam: Causes of Cardiac Vegetations - comparison table with visual diagrams. Show 5 types of vegetations on heart valve diagrams side by side: 1) Rheumatic Fever (RF/RHD): Small 1-2mm verrucae along line of closure of mitral valve, pink/red dots, sterile. 2) Infective Endocarditis (IE): Large, irregular, bulky, friable vegetations on valve leaflets, can destroy valve, brown-red colour. 3) Non-bacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis (NBTE/Marantic): Small, sterile, non-destructive vegetations on line of closure, associated with cancer/SLE/wasting. 4) Libman-Sacks Endocarditis (SLE): Small vegetations on BOTH surfaces of valve (distinctive), associated with SLE/antiphospholipid syndrome. 5) Carcinoid heart disease: fibrous plaques on right-sided valves. Below each valve diagram: table rows showing - Size, Location on valve, Sterile or infected, Destructive or not, Associated disease. Title: CAUSES OF CARDIAC VEGETATIONS - Comparison. Bright educational colours, clear labels, white background.