This composite educational image illustrates the biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of a radiolabeled H56/CAF01 vaccine in a murine model following a subcutaneous prime and intrapulmonary boost protocol. (A) Timeline diagram showing the immunization and imaging schedule up to 144 hours. (B, C) Serial whole-body SPECT/CT imaging scans demonstrating the distribution of 111In-CAF01 (adjuvant) and 67Ga-H56 (antigen) over time. High signal intensity is initially visible in the lungs and trachea, with gradual clearance and redistribution to the gastrointestinal tract. (D) Line graphs quantifying standardized uptake values (SUV) in specific organs including the lungs, trachea, kidneys, bladder, stomach, and intestines, comparing the clearance kinetics of the adjuvant and antigen. (E) Bar chart representing terminal ex vivo biodistribution as a percentage of the administered dose per organ. The data highlights significant retention in the lungs for both components, with the antigen (H56) showing comparatively higher residual levels in the liver and kidneys by day 6, indicating distinct metabolic pathways for the vaccine components.

Summary : This figure presents the 2024 Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule by Medical Condition or Other Indication for the United States, showing which vaccines are indicated, contraindicated, or require special consideration for adults with specific medical conditions or risk factors. schedule chart: # Title & Axes : • Title: "Table 2. Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule by Medical Condition or Other Indication, United States, 2024". • Vertical axis (rows): Medical conditions or indications, including Health Care Personnel, Diabetes, Chronic liver disease/alcoholism, Chronic lung disease/asthma, Heart disease, chronic renal disease, or dialysis, Age ≥65 years, Pregnancy, Immunocompromised (excluding HIV), HIV infection (CD4 count ≥200/mm³ and <200/mm³). • Horizontal axis (columns): Vaccine types, including COVID-19, Influenza (IIV or RIV4, LAIV4), RSV, Td/Tdap, MMR, VAR, RZV, HPV, Pneumococcal, HepA, HepB, MenACWY, MenB, Hib, Mpox. # Keys & Annotations : • Colour legend: – Yellow: Recommended for adults with the condition. – Purple: Recommended based on shared clinical decision-making. – Brown: Recommended for adults with additional risk factors. – Blue: See Notes (special considerations). – Grey: Not applicable. – Red: Contraindicated or not recommended. – Orange: Precautions might be indicated (benefit vs. risk). – White: Not recommended for adults with the condition. • Additional notes and footnotes clarify exceptions and special cases (e.g., HSCT, pregnancy, immunocompromised status). # Ordering : • Medical conditions are listed top-to-bottom, starting with Health Care Personnel and ending with HIV infection (CD4 count <200/mm³). • Vaccines are listed left-to-right, starting with COVID-19 and ending with Mpox. # Data Points : • For each medical condition, the chart indicates for each vaccine whether it is recommended, contraindicated, or requires special consideration. • Example: For Health Care Personnel, most vaccines are recommended (yellow), with some exceptions requiring notes. • For pregnancy, live vaccines (e.g., LAIV4, MMR, VAR, RZV) are contraindicated (red). • For immunocompromised individuals, live vaccines are generally contraindicated (red), while others are recommended or require notes. • For age ≥65 years, RSV and RZV are recommended (yellow), and pneumococcal vaccines are recommended (yellow or purple). # Design Encodings : • Colour blocks fill each cell to indicate recommendation status. • Some cells contain text specifying dose schedules (e.g., "1 dose annually", "3-dose series if indicated"). • Notes and footnotes are referenced in several cells for further guidance. # Analysis : • The chart visually summarizes which vaccines are recommended, contraindicated, or require special consideration for adults with various medical conditions. • Live vaccines are consistently contraindicated for pregnancy and immunocompromised states. • Most vaccines are recommended for Health Care Personnel and those with chronic diseases. • Shared clinical decision-making is highlighted for certain vaccines (e.g., pneumococcal, RSV) in older adults. • The schedule provides a quick reference for clinicians to tailor immunization based on patient risk factors.

Summary : This figure presents the 2024 recommended immunization schedule for children and adolescents in the United States, showing the timing and sequence of vaccines from birth through 18 years of age. It uses a Gantt-style chart to indicate when each vaccine dose should be administered, including notes for special circumstances and seasonal recommendations. gantt chart: # Title & Axes : • Title: "Recommended Child and Adolescent Immunization Schedule for ages 18 years or younger, United States, 2024" • X-axis: Age intervals (Birth, 1 mo, 2 mos, 4 mos, 6 mos, 9 mos, 12 mos, 15 mos, 18 mos, 19–23 mos, 2–3 yrs, 4–6 yrs, 7–10 yrs, 11–12 yrs, 13–15 yrs, 16 yrs, 17–18 yrs) • Y-axis: Vaccine and other immunizing agents (listed in rows) # Vaccine Rows : • Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV-mAb, nirsevimab, clesrovimab) • Hepatitis B (HepB) • Rotavirus (RV: RV1, RV5) • Diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis (DTaP <7 yrs) • Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) • Pneumococcal conjugate (PCV15, PCV20) • Inactivated poliovirus (IPV) • COVID-19 (1vCOV-mRNA, 1vCOV-aPS) • Influenza • Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) • Varicella (VAR) • Hepatitis A (HepA) • Tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis (Tdap ≥7 yrs) • Human papillomavirus (HPV) • Meningococcal (MenACWY-CRM ≥2 mos, MenACWY-TT ≥2 years) • Meningococcal B (MenB-4C, MenB-FHbp) • Respiratory syncytial virus vaccine (RSV [Abrysvo]) • Dengue (DEN4CYD: 9–16 yrs) • Mpox # Dose Timing & Colour Coding : • Blue ovals: Standard recommended doses (e.g., "1st dose", "2nd dose", "3rd dose", etc.) • Purple bars: Time windows for additional or catch-up doses • Orange bars/boxes: Special notes, seasonal recommendations, or age-specific guidance (e.g., "See Notes", "Seasonal administration during pregnancy if not previously vaccinated", "Seropositive in areas with endemic dengue") • Dotted blue bars: Future or annual recommendations (e.g., COVID-19 vaccine for 2025–2026) # Design Encodings : • Each vaccine row uses a combination of blue, purple, and orange to distinguish standard, catch-up, and special/seasonal recommendations. • Notes and exceptions are highlighted in orange for visibility. • Overlapping bars indicate flexibility or alternative schedules for certain vaccines. # Analysis : • The schedule is densely packed in the first two years of life, with most vaccines administered in multiple doses during infancy and early childhood. • Several vaccines (e.g., DTaP, Hib, PCV, IPV) have booster doses in later childhood. • Annual or seasonal vaccines (e.g., Influenza, COVID-19) are indicated for ongoing administration. • Special recommendations (e.g., RSV, Dengue, Meningococcal, HPV) are highlighted for specific age groups or risk factors. • The chart visually emphasizes the importance of timely vaccination and provides clear guidance for catch-up and special circumstances.

An experimental workflow diagram illustrating a murine study design for bulk RNA-seq analysis of vaccine efficacy against Shigella infection. The layout identifies four primary experimental groups involving young and elderly mice: Vaccinated (V), Naïve (N), Vaccinated Infected (VI), and Naïve Infected (NI). The immunization step involves the administration of a 'L-DBF/ME/BECC470' vaccine formulation via pipette. The infection challenge is represented by a 'Shigella spp. culture' at a concentration of 1 x 10⁶ CFU per mouse, administered to both the vaccinated and naïve cohorts. Brackets indicate four critical comparative analyses for transcriptomic profiling: (1) Vaccinated vs. Naïve (V vs. N) to assess the baseline vaccine response; (2) Naïve Infected vs. Naïve (NI vs. N) to define the host response to infection; (3) Vaccinated Infected vs. Vaccinated (VI vs. V) to identify infection-induced changes in vaccinated subjects; and (4) Vaccinated Infected vs. Naïve Infected (VI vs. NI) to determine the mechanism of vaccine-mediated protection. This diagram serves as a methodological framework for immunology and vaccine development research.