Types of Gaits - Definition and Phases

import matplotlib
matplotlib.use('Agg')
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.patches as mpatches
from matplotlib.patches import FancyBboxPatch, Circle, FancyArrowPatch
import matplotlib.patheffects as pe
import numpy as np

# ── canvas ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(24, 32), facecolor='#0d1b2a')
fig.patch.set_facecolor('#0d1b2a')

# ── helper: draw a simple stick figure ──────────────────────────────────────
def stick_figure(ax, cx, cy, scale=1.0,
                 head_color='#ffffff',
                 body_color='#ffffff',
                 lw=2.5,
                 # offsets relative to centre (cx,cy) in axes coords
                 head_dy=0.10,          # head above hip
                 torso_lean=0.0,        # lateral lean of torso
                 torso_bend=0.0,        # forward stoop (reduces torso height)
                 r_arm_angle=45,        # degrees below horizontal
                 l_arm_angle=135,
                 r_knee_x=0.03, r_knee_y=-0.055,
                 l_knee_x=-0.03, l_knee_y=-0.055,
                 r_foot_x=0.05, r_foot_y=-0.10,
                 l_foot_x=-0.05, l_foot_y=-0.10,
                 ):
    s = scale
    # hip position
    hx, hy = cx, cy
    # torso top (shoulder)
    sx = hx + torso_lean * s
    sy = hy + (0.07 - torso_bend) * s
    # head
    head = Circle((sx, sy + 0.04 * s), 0.022 * s, color=head_color, zorder=5, transform=ax.transAxes)
    ax.add_patch(head)
    # torso
    ax.plot([hx, sx], [hy, sy], color=body_color, lw=lw, solid_capstyle='round', transform=ax.transAxes, zorder=5)
    # arms
    arm_len = 0.05 * s
    for angle, sign in [(r_arm_angle, 1), (l_arm_angle, -1)]:
        rad = np.radians(angle)
        ax.plot([sx, sx + arm_len * np.cos(rad)],
                [sy, sy - arm_len * np.sin(rad)],
                color=body_color, lw=lw * 0.9, solid_capstyle='round',
                transform=ax.transAxes, zorder=5)
    # legs
    ax.plot([hx, hx + r_knee_x * s, hx + r_foot_x * s],
            [hy, hy + r_knee_y * s, hy + r_foot_y * s],
            color=body_color, lw=lw, solid_capstyle='round', transform=ax.transAxes, zorder=5)
    ax.plot([hx, hx + l_knee_x * s, hx + l_foot_x * s],
            [hy, hy + l_knee_y * s, hy + l_foot_y * s],
            color=body_color, lw=lw, solid_capstyle='round', transform=ax.transAxes, zorder=5)

# ── colour palette ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
COLORS = {
    'spastic_hemi':  '#e74c3c',
    'scissors':      '#e67e22',
    'cerebellar':    '#f1c40f',
    'sensory':       '#2ecc71',
    'parkinsonian':  '#1abc9c',
    'steppage':      '#3498db',
    'waddling':      '#9b59b6',
    'antalgic':      '#e91e8c',
    'choreic':       '#ff6b6b',
    'dystonic':      '#fd9644',
    'functional':    '#a29bfe',
}

BG_CARD = '#112233'
TEXT_MAIN = '#ffffff'
TEXT_SUB  = '#cfd8dc'
TEXT_DIM  = '#90a4ae'
ACCENT    = '#00bcd4'

# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# TITLE AREA
# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
title_ax = fig.add_axes([0.0, 0.93, 1.0, 0.07])
title_ax.set_facecolor('#0a3d62')
title_ax.set_xlim(0, 1); title_ax.set_ylim(0, 1)
title_ax.axis('off')
title_ax.text(0.5, 0.62, 'ABNORMAL GAIT PATTERNS', ha='center', va='center',
              fontsize=38, fontweight='bold', color='#ffffff',
              fontfamily='DejaVu Sans',
              path_effects=[pe.withStroke(linewidth=4, foreground='#0a3d62')])
title_ax.text(0.5, 0.18, 'Clinical Comparison  •  Lesion Location  •  Key Features  •  Gait Cycle Context',
              ha='center', va='center', fontsize=14, color='#90caf9')

# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# GAIT CYCLE BANNER (top strip below title)
# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
gc_ax = fig.add_axes([0.02, 0.895, 0.96, 0.032])
gc_ax.set_facecolor('#1a2a3a')
gc_ax.set_xlim(0, 100); gc_ax.set_ylim(0, 1)
gc_ax.axis('off')

# Stance bar (60%)
gc_ax.add_patch(FancyBboxPatch((0.5, 0.15), 59, 0.7, boxstyle='round,pad=0.3',
                               facecolor='#1565c0', edgecolor='#42a5f5', lw=1.2))
gc_ax.text(30, 0.5, 'STANCE PHASE  60%   [IC → LR → Midstance → Terminal Stance → Preswing]',
           ha='center', va='center', fontsize=9, color='#ffffff', fontweight='bold')
# Swing bar (40%)
gc_ax.add_patch(FancyBboxPatch((60.5, 0.15), 39, 0.7, boxstyle='round,pad=0.3',
                               facecolor='#2e7d32', edgecolor='#66bb6a', lw=1.2))
gc_ax.text(80, 0.5, 'SWING PHASE  40%   [Initial Swing → Midswing → Terminal Swing]',
           ha='center', va='center', fontsize=9, color='#ffffff', fontweight='bold')

# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# DATA: each card
# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
gaits = [
    {
        'name': '1. Spastic\nHemiparetic Gait',
        'color': COLORS['spastic_hemi'],
        'lesion': 'Unilateral Corticospinal Tract\n(Brain / Cervical Cord)',
        'features': [
            'Arm: adducted, flexed at elbow, pronated',
            'Leg: extended at knee, plantarflexed',
            'Circumduction of paretic leg (hip swings out)',
            'Reduced arm swing on affected side',
            'Shoe wear on toe & outer border',
        ],
        'phase': 'Abnormal swing phase - circumduction replaces normal flex',
        'fig_params': dict(torso_lean=0.015, r_arm_angle=20, l_arm_angle=130,
                           r_knee_x=0.04, r_knee_y=-0.045,
                           r_foot_x=0.07, r_foot_y=-0.095,
                           l_knee_x=-0.025, l_knee_y=-0.055,
                           l_foot_x=-0.04, l_foot_y=-0.10),
    },
    {
        'name': '2. Scissors Gait\n(Spastic Paraparesis)',
        'color': COLORS['scissors'],
        'lesion': 'Bilateral Corticospinal Tracts\n(Spinal Cord)',
        'features': [
            'Both legs stiffly extended at knees',
            'Plantarflexion + ankle inversion bilaterally',
            'Strong adduction - legs cross ("scissors")',
            'Toes catch the floor each step',
            'Slow, laboured, dragging gait',
        ],
        'phase': 'Reduced swing phase; failed ground clearance',
        'fig_params': dict(torso_lean=0.0,
                           r_knee_x=0.01, r_knee_y=-0.045,
                           r_foot_x=0.0, r_foot_y=-0.09,
                           l_knee_x=-0.01, l_knee_y=-0.045,
                           l_foot_x=0.0, l_foot_y=-0.09),
    },
    {
        'name': '3. Cerebellar\nAtaxic Gait',
        'color': COLORS['cerebellar'],
        'lesion': 'Cerebellum / Brainstem',
        'features': [
            'Wide-based stance (increased base of support)',
            'Lurching, staggering, irregular steps',
            'Dysmetria - steps vary in length & direction',
            'Romberg sign ABSENT (eye closure minor effect)',
            'Worsened on narrow base / heel-to-toe walking',
        ],
        'phase': 'Irregular step length & timing in both phases',
        'fig_params': dict(torso_lean=0.02,
                           r_knee_x=0.055, r_knee_y=-0.05,
                           r_foot_x=0.075, r_foot_y=-0.10,
                           l_knee_x=-0.055, l_knee_y=-0.05,
                           l_foot_x=-0.07, l_foot_y=-0.095),
    },
    {
        'name': '4. Sensory\nAtaxic Gait',
        'color': COLORS['sensory'],
        'lesion': 'Posterior Columns / Peripheral Nerve\n(Proprioception Loss)',
        'features': [
            'Wide-based, high-stepping "stomping" gait',
            'Foot slapped onto ground to confirm contact',
            'Patient watches floor to compensate',
            'Romberg sign PRESENT (greatly worsened eyes shut)',
            'Causes: subacute combined degeneration, tabes',
        ],
        'phase': 'Exaggerated IC; relies on visual feedback',
        'fig_params': dict(
                           r_knee_x=0.035, r_knee_y=-0.025,
                           r_foot_x=0.05, r_foot_y=-0.10,
                           l_knee_x=-0.04, l_knee_y=-0.055,
                           l_foot_x=-0.055, l_foot_y=-0.10),
    },
    {
        'name': '5. Parkinsonian\nGait',
        'color': COLORS['parkinsonian'],
        'lesion': 'Basal Ganglia\n(Substantia Nigra - Dopamine)',
        'features': [
            'Stooped posture, flexion of neck/trunk/hips',
            'Shuffling small steps, reduced arm swing',
            'Festination - rapid steps to prevent falling',
            'Freezing episodes - inability to initiate steps',
            'Retropulsion / Propulsion to regain balance',
        ],
        'phase': 'Short stride; reduced swing; festination',
        'fig_params': dict(torso_lean=0.0, torso_bend=0.025,
                           r_arm_angle=60, l_arm_angle=120,
                           r_knee_x=0.015, r_knee_y=-0.04,
                           r_foot_x=0.02, r_foot_y=-0.085,
                           l_knee_x=-0.015, l_knee_y=-0.04,
                           l_foot_x=-0.02, l_foot_y=-0.085),
    },
    {
        'name': '6. Steppage Gait\n(Foot Drop)',
        'color': COLORS['steppage'],
        'lesion': 'Peroneal Nerve Palsy /\nDistal Motor Neuropathy',
        'features': [
            'Excessive hip & knee flexion during swing',
            '"High-stepping" to clear dropped foot',
            'Foot slap at Initial Contact',
            'Cannot heel-strike normally',
            'Causes: common peroneal nerve, CMT, ALS',
        ],
        'phase': 'Exaggerated swing phase flexion for clearance',
        'fig_params': dict(
                           r_knee_x=0.03, r_knee_y=-0.025,
                           r_foot_x=0.035, r_foot_y=-0.10,
                           l_knee_x=-0.03, l_knee_y=-0.055,
                           l_foot_x=-0.045, l_foot_y=-0.10),
    },
    {
        'name': '7. Waddling Gait\n(Trendelenburg)',
        'color': COLORS['waddling'],
        'lesion': 'Hip Abductors (Gluteus Medius)\nProximal Myopathy',
        'features': [
            'Pelvis drops on non-weight-bearing side',
            'Trunk shifts laterally toward weight-bearing leg',
            'Exaggerated side-to-side seesaw trunk sway',
            'Bilateral: waddling duck-like appearance',
            'Causes: muscular dystrophy, hip OA, coxa vara',
        ],
        'phase': 'Abnormal midstance - pelvic drop ipsilateral side',
        'fig_params': dict(torso_lean=0.025,
                           r_knee_x=0.03, r_knee_y=-0.05,
                           r_foot_x=0.04, r_foot_y=-0.10,
                           l_knee_x=-0.035, l_knee_y=-0.05,
                           l_foot_x=-0.05, l_foot_y=-0.10),
    },
    {
        'name': '8. Antalgic Gait\n(Pain Avoidance)',
        'color': COLORS['antalgic'],
        'lesion': 'Pain - Joint / Bone / Soft Tissue\n(Non-Neurological)',
        'features': [
            'Shortened stance phase on painful limb',
            'Rapid transfer of weight to pain-free side',
            'Reduced stride length overall',
            'Trunk lean toward affected side (hip pain)',
            'Causes: OA hip/knee, fracture, soft tissue injury',
        ],
        'phase': 'Shortened stance phase on affected side',
        'fig_params': dict(torso_lean=0.02,
                           r_knee_x=0.025, r_knee_y=-0.05,
                           r_foot_x=0.04, r_foot_y=-0.10,
                           l_knee_x=-0.03, l_knee_y=-0.05,
                           l_foot_x=-0.045, l_foot_y=-0.10),
    },
    {
        'name': '9. Choreic Gait',
        'color': COLORS['choreic'],
        'lesion': 'Basal Ganglia\n(Huntington, Sydenham, etc.)',
        'features': [
            'Random involuntary movements during walking',
            '"Dancing" quality - exaggerated limb/arm motion',
            'Wide-based, lurching, stumbling steps',
            'Variable step length and timing',
            'Excessive trunk sway; may mimic ataxia',
        ],
        'phase': 'Irregular timing; interruptions in swing & stance',
        'fig_params': dict(torso_lean=0.025, r_arm_angle=35, l_arm_angle=155,
                           r_knee_x=0.04, r_knee_y=-0.04,
                           r_foot_x=0.065, r_foot_y=-0.10,
                           l_knee_x=-0.025, l_knee_y=-0.055,
                           l_foot_x=-0.035, l_foot_y=-0.095),
    },
    {
        'name': '10. Dystonic Gait',
        'color': COLORS['dystonic'],
        'lesion': 'Basal Ganglia /\nCorticospinal Pathways',
        'features': [
            'Bizarre, sustained abnormal limb posturing',
            'Excessive hip flexion ("peacock/simian" gait)',
            'Foot: plantarflexion + inversion on action',
            'Striatal toe (great toe extension) early sign',
            'May walk sideways (crab-like) or hop',
        ],
        'phase': 'Abnormal swing phase - sustained foot inversion',
        'fig_params': dict(torso_lean=-0.01,
                           r_knee_x=0.045, r_knee_y=-0.03,
                           r_foot_x=0.03, r_foot_y=-0.10,
                           l_knee_x=-0.03, l_knee_y=-0.055,
                           l_foot_x=-0.05, l_foot_y=-0.10),
    },
    {
        'name': '11. Functional /\nHysterical Gait',
        'color': COLORS['functional'],
        'lesion': 'Psychiatric / Behavioural\n(No organic lesion)',
        'features': [
            'Astasia-abasia: normal limbs, can\'t stand/walk',
            'Tightrope walker - arms out, slow small steps',
            'Reeling side to side - dramatic',
            'Gait IMPROVES when distracted',
            'Variable; inconsistent with neurological signs',
        ],
        'phase': 'Inconsistent; varies with attention and observation',
        'fig_params': dict(torso_lean=0.03, r_arm_angle=10, l_arm_angle=170,
                           r_knee_x=0.035, r_knee_y=-0.05,
                           r_foot_x=0.05, r_foot_y=-0.10,
                           l_knee_x=-0.035, l_knee_y=-0.05,
                           l_foot_x=-0.05, l_foot_y=-0.10),
    },
]

# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# LAYOUT: 4 columns × 3 rows  (last card spans centre)
# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
COLS = 4
ROWS = 3
card_w = 0.215
card_h = 0.255
x_pad  = 0.013
y_pad  = 0.012
x0     = 0.02
y0     = 0.625  # top of first row (in figure coords, 0=bottom)

positions = []
for row in range(ROWS):
    for col in range(COLS):
        lx = x0 + col * (card_w + x_pad)
        ly = y0 - row * (card_h + y_pad)
        positions.append((lx, ly))

# Last card (index 10) centred at bottom
lx_last = 0.5 - card_w / 2
ly_last = y0 - ROWS * (card_h + y_pad)
positions.append((lx_last, ly_last))

for idx, gait in enumerate(gaits):
    lx, ly = positions[idx]
    col = COLORS.get(list(COLORS.keys())[idx])
    c = gait['color']

    ax = fig.add_axes([lx, ly, card_w, card_h])
    ax.set_facecolor(BG_CARD)
    ax.set_xlim(0, 1); ax.set_ylim(0, 1)
    ax.axis('off')

    # Coloured top bar
    ax.add_patch(FancyBboxPatch((0, 0.82), 1.0, 0.18,
                                boxstyle='round,pad=0.01',
                                facecolor=c, edgecolor='none', clip_on=False))

    # Number badge
    ax.add_patch(Circle((0.07, 0.91), 0.055, color='#ffffff33', zorder=4, transform=ax.transAxes))
    ax.text(0.07, 0.915, str(idx + 1), ha='center', va='center',
            fontsize=11, fontweight='bold', color='white', zorder=5)

    # Gait name
    name_lines = gait['name'].split('\n')
    ax.text(0.55, 0.912, name_lines[0], ha='center', va='center',
            fontsize=11, fontweight='bold', color='white', clip_on=False)
    if len(name_lines) > 1:
        ax.text(0.55, 0.867, name_lines[1], ha='center', va='center',
                fontsize=9.5, color='#ffffcc', clip_on=False)

    # Stick figure (right side of card)
    stick_figure(ax, cx=0.855, cy=0.61, scale=0.95,
                 head_color='#ffffff', body_color=c, lw=2.8,
                 **gait['fig_params'])

    # Lesion box
    ax.add_patch(FancyBboxPatch((0.02, 0.67), 0.70, 0.13,
                                boxstyle='round,pad=0.01',
                                facecolor=c + '33', edgecolor=c, lw=1.0))
    ax.text(0.37, 0.733, '⚡ ' + gait['lesion'].replace('\n', '  '),
            ha='center', va='center', fontsize=7.2,
            color='#e0f2fe', fontweight='bold')

    # Feature bullets
    y_feat = 0.635
    for feat in gait['features']:
        ax.text(0.03, y_feat, '▶', ha='left', va='center',
                fontsize=6.5, color=c)
        ax.text(0.10, y_feat, feat, ha='left', va='center',
                fontsize=7.0, color=TEXT_SUB)
        y_feat -= 0.115

    # Phase note
    ax.add_patch(FancyBboxPatch((0.02, 0.02), 0.96, 0.08,
                                boxstyle='round,pad=0.01',
                                facecolor='#1a3a4a', edgecolor='#00bcd455', lw=0.8))
    ax.text(0.50, 0.06, '⏱ ' + gait['phase'],
            ha='center', va='center', fontsize=6.5, color='#80deea',
            style='italic')

    # Card border
    for spine_dir in ['top', 'bottom', 'left', 'right']:
        ax.spines[spine_dir].set_visible(False)
    rect = FancyBboxPatch((0, 0), 1, 1,
                          boxstyle='round,pad=0.005',
                          facecolor='none', edgecolor=c, lw=1.5,
                          transform=ax.transAxes, clip_on=False)
    ax.add_patch(rect)

# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# COMPARISON TABLE  (lower section)
# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
tbl_ax = fig.add_axes([0.02, 0.03, 0.96, 0.27])
tbl_ax.set_facecolor('#0d1b2a')
tbl_ax.set_xlim(0, 1); tbl_ax.set_ylim(0, 1)
tbl_ax.axis('off')

tbl_ax.text(0.5, 0.97, 'QUICK COMPARISON TABLE',
            ha='center', va='top', fontsize=16, fontweight='bold', color=ACCENT)

headers = ['Gait Type', 'Lesion Site', 'Base of Support', 'Romberg', 'Phase Affected', 'Classic Cause']
col_x   = [0.01, 0.18, 0.35, 0.48, 0.59, 0.80]
col_w   = [0.16, 0.16, 0.12, 0.10, 0.20, 0.19]

# header row
hdr_y = 0.90
for hdr, cx in zip(headers, col_x):
    tbl_ax.add_patch(FancyBboxPatch((cx, hdr_y - 0.045), col_w[headers.index(hdr)], 0.05,
                                   boxstyle='round,pad=0.005',
                                   facecolor='#0a3d62', edgecolor='#42a5f5', lw=0.8))
    tbl_ax.text(cx + col_w[headers.index(hdr)] / 2, hdr_y - 0.02, hdr,
                ha='center', va='center', fontsize=8.5,
                fontweight='bold', color='#42a5f5')

rows_data = [
    ('Spastic Hemiparetic', 'Unilateral CST',  'Normal / narrow', 'Normal', 'Swing (circumduction)', 'Stroke, brain tumor'),
    ('Scissors',            'Bilateral CST',   'Normal / narrow', 'Normal', 'Swing (failed clearance)', 'Spinal cord compression'),
    ('Cerebellar Ataxic',   'Cerebellum',      'Wide',            'Absent', 'Both (irregular)', 'MS, stroke, alcohol'),
    ('Sensory Ataxic',      'Post. columns/PN','Wide',            'Present','IC (foot slap)', 'Vit B12 deficiency, tabes'),
    ('Parkinsonian',        'Basal ganglia',   'Normal/narrow',   'Normal', 'Swing (short stride)', 'Parkinson disease'),
    ('Steppage',            'Peroneal nerve',  'Normal',          'Normal', 'Swing (high-step)', 'Foot drop, neuropathy'),
    ('Waddling',            'Hip abductors',   'Normal / wide',   'Normal', 'Midstance (pelvic drop)', 'Muscular dystrophy'),
    ('Antalgic',            'Non-neurological','Normal',          'Normal', 'Stance (shortened)', 'OA hip/knee, fracture'),
    ('Choreic',             'Basal ganglia',   'Wide',            'Normal', 'Both (irregular)', 'Huntington disease'),
    ('Dystonic',            'BG / CST',        'Variable',        'Normal', 'Swing (foot inversion)', 'Primary torsion dystonia'),
    ('Functional',          'None (psychogenic)','Variable',      'Variable','Variable / inconsistent', 'Conversion disorder'),
]

for r_idx, row in enumerate(rows_data):
    ry = hdr_y - 0.095 - r_idx * 0.073
    bg = '#0d1f2d' if r_idx % 2 == 0 else '#112233'
    c  = list(COLORS.values())[r_idx]
    for c_idx, (cell, cx) in enumerate(zip(row, col_x)):
        tbl_ax.add_patch(FancyBboxPatch((cx, ry - 0.028), col_w[c_idx], 0.05,
                                       boxstyle='round,pad=0.003',
                                       facecolor=bg, edgecolor='#1a3a4a', lw=0.5))
        color = c if c_idx == 0 else (TEXT_SUB if c_idx != 3 else ('#ff6b6b' if cell == 'Present' else ('#a5d6a7' if cell == 'Absent' else TEXT_SUB)))
        tbl_ax.text(cx + col_w[c_idx] / 2, ry - 0.003, cell,
                    ha='center', va='center', fontsize=7.3,
                    color=color, fontweight=('bold' if c_idx == 0 else 'normal'))

# Footer
tbl_ax.text(0.5, 0.005, 'Sources: Miller\'s Review of Orthopaedics 9e  •  Bradley & Daroff\'s Neurology in Clinical Practice  •  Goldman-Cecil Medicine 22e',
            ha='center', va='bottom', fontsize=7, color='#546e7a', style='italic')

# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# SAVE
# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
out = '/tmp/workspace/gait-poster/Abnormal_Gait_Patterns_Poster.png'
fig.savefig(out, dpi=150, bbox_inches='tight', facecolor=fig.get_facecolor())
print(f'Saved: {out}')
plt.close(fig)