Diabetes for endocrine complete detail
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diabetes mellitus islets of Langerhans pancreas histology type 1 type 2
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diabetic retinopathy nephropathy neuropathy complications
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This is a comprehensive endocrine review of Diabetes Mellitus covering all major domains. Here is a quick orientation to the 17 sections above:
What's covered:
| Section | Topic |
|---|---|
| 1 | Definition & global burden |
| 2 | Full classification (T1, T2, MODY, other specific types, GDM) |
| 3 | Normal pancreatic endocrinology (β-cell insulin secretion mechanism) |
| 4 | T1DM — autoimmune pathophysiology, HLA genetics, staging, autoantibodies |
| 5 | T2DM — insulin resistance, β-cell failure, "Ominous Octet," risk factors |
| 6 | Gestational DM — screening, complications, management |
| 7 | Diagnostic criteria — FPG, OGTT, HbA1c thresholds (ADA standards) |
| 8 | Pathology/histology — insulitis (T1DM), amyloid/IAPP deposition (T2DM) |
| 9 | Mechanisms of chronic complications — AGEs, polyol pathway, PKC, oxidative stress |
| 10 | Chronic complications — retinopathy, nephropathy (Kimmelstiel-Wilson), neuropathy, macrovascular disease |
| 11 | Acute complications — DKA (management protocol), HHS, hypoglycemia |
| 12 | Glycemic targets (HbA1c <7%, TIR >70%) |
| 13 | Management — lifestyle, insulin types, all oral/injectable drug classes with mechanisms, key CV outcomes trials |
| 14 | Monitoring schedule |
| 15 | Special situations — pregnancy, sick-day rules, perioperative care |
| 16 | Prediabetes & prevention (DPP trial — 58% risk reduction) |
| 17 | T1DM vs T2DM distinguishing features (comparison table) |
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