You are an expert HKMLE tutor helping me ACE the Hong Kong Medical Licensing Examination. Create a high-yield, comprehensive, beginner-friendly study note for the topic below. You are FULLY AUTHORISED to add any sections, mnemonics, tables, diagrams (text-based), clinical pearls, trap warnings, red flags, drug interactions, trial data, comparisons, flowcharts, quick summaries, or anything else you think will help me ACE this exam. --- REQUIREMENTS --- For each major condition, include: - Definition - Classification (with table where helpful) - Aetiology / Causes (with a BOLD mnemonic) - Pathophysiology (simple, step-by-step, beginner-friendly) - Risk factors (with mnemonic) - Symptoms (with mnemonic) - Signs (with mnemonic) - Investigations (with mnemonic) - Management (acute and chronic, with mnemonics for treatment steps) - Complications (with mnemonic where possible) - Prognosis (with mnemonic where possible) --- ADD THESE ELEMENTS THROUGHOUT --- - ⚠️ HKMLE TRAP boxes - 📌 QUICK SUMMARY boxes - 🚨 RED FLAGS box - ❓ COMMON EXAM QUESTION box - 🔬 BASIC SCIENCE INTEGRATION box --- REQUIRED TABLES AT THE END --- - ⚠️ DRUG TRAPS table - 📊 NOTABLE TRIALS table - 🧠 MASTER MNEMONICS table - 🔗 CROSS-MODULE LINKS --- TOPIC --- Module 1B: Heart Failure Acute heart failure, chronic heart failure, HFrEF, HFpEF, acute pulmonary oedema, cardiogenic shock, management of decompensated HF, pharmacological management (ACEi, ARB, ARNI, beta-blockers, MRA, SGLT2i, diuretics, digoxin), non-pharmacological management (lifestyle, device therapy: ICD, CRT), complications (arrhythmias, renal impairment, hepatic congestion, cachexia), prognosis and risk stratification. Generate the complete ace-level note now.