General nosology 1. Pathological process, pathological reaction and pathological condition, their difference from disease. Typical pathological processes (definition, examples). 2. The concept of etiology. Modern understanding of the role of causes and conditions in the occurrence of diseases. Classification of etiological factors. 3. The concept of pathogenesis. The main mechanisms of action of pathogenic factors. 4. Pathogenetic factors, their types. Pathogenetic therapy. The main pathogenetic factor and vicious cycles in the pathogenesis of diseases. 5. Outcomes of the disease. Mechanisms of recovery. The main types of protective adaptive reactions. Structural and functional compensation. 6. Pathogenic action of mechanical factors. Crash syndrome: etiology and pathogenesis. 7. Shock - definition, types. The general pathogenesis of shock and the leading pathogenetic factors of its individual types. 8. Pathogenic action of low temperature. Hypothermia. 9. Pathogenic action of high temperature. Overheating. Heat stroke. Burn disease. 10. Pathogenic action of low barometric and oxygen partial pressure (compensation and decompensation stages). Altitude sickness. 11. Pathogenic action of high barometric pressure. Caisson disease. 12. Factors determining the degree of pathogenic effect of electricity on the organism. Local and general disorders in electric trauma, mechanism of their development. 13. Mechanisms of pathogenic action of sounds, noise and ultrasound. 14. Pathogenic action of ionizing radiation. Radiation sickness (definition). Characteristics of changes in the body in chronic radiation sickness. 15. Acute radiation sickness, its forms. Characteristics of changes in the body in acute radiation sickness. 16. Cell injury (definition). Classification of cell injury. 17. Typical manifestations of cell injury. Changes in intracellular metabolism in response to cell injury. 18. Disturbance of the barrier function of the cytoplasmic membrane. The main pathogenetic factors of damage to the lipid bilayer: mechanical stretching of the membrane, the action of membrane phospholipases, lipid peroxidation. 19. Causes, pathogenesis and consequences of impairments of the matrix (structural) functions of the plasma membrane of cells. 20. The main forms of cell death - necrosis, apoptosis. Types of necrosis by etiology and by type of reactions (coagulative and colliquative). 21. Signs of apoptosis. Mechanisms of apoptosis – receptor-mediated, mitochondrial, p53-mediated, perforin-granzyme. 22. Mechanisms of cell damage during hypoxia. The role of free radical oxidation in cell damage. "Vicious cycle" of cellular pathology in the pathogenesis of cell damage. 23. Mutations, the causes of their occurrence, types, role in the development of hereditary diseases. Classification of hereditary diseases. 24. Chromosomal diseases. Etiology, pathogenesis, classification. 25. Multifactorial diseases, genetic diseases of somatic cells, hereditary diseases with non-traditional type of inheritance: features of etiology and pathogenesis. 26. Single-gene diseases. Etiology, pathogenesis, classification. 27. The concept of reactivity, its kinds, dependence on sex, age, nutrition and other internal and external factors. Dependence of reactivity on the functional state of regulatory systems of the organism (nervous, endocrine, immune systems). 28. The concept of resistance, its kinds and their examples. Difference between resistance and reactivity. 29. Definition of the concept of stress, its etiology and types. "Selier’s triad" and the stage of the general adaptation syndrome (stress). 30. The scheme of the pathogenesis of the general adaptation syndrome (stress). Mechanisms of protective and damaging effects of stress hormones. 2. Typical pathological processes 31. Types of stasis. Disorders of the rheological properties of blood that lead to the development of stasis, the mechanism of its development, consequences. 32. Ischemia, its types, mechanism of development and consequences. Collateral circulation. Embolism, types of emboli, the consequences of embolism. 33. Arterial hyperemia, causes and mechanism of development, consequences. 34. Venous hyperemia (congestion), causes and mechanism of development, consequences. 35. Causes and mechanism of microcirculatory disorders (changes at the level of the vascular wall and perivascular changes). 36. Causes and mechanism of microcirculation disorders (intravascular changes). 37. The concept of fever, its etiology. Primary and secondary pyrogens. 38. Pathogenesis of fever. Stages of fever, the relationship between heat production and heat transfer during each of them. 39. Significance of fever for the organism. The difference between the fever and overheating. 40. Definition of the term "inflammation". Etiology of inflammation. Local and general changes in the body associated with inflammation. The significance of inflammation for the organism. 41. Vascular reactions in inflammation. Stages, the mechanism of their development. 42. Exudation in the development of inflammation, its mechanism. Types of exudate. The difference between exudate and transudate. The significance of exudation process. 43. Emigration of leukocytes into the inflammatory focus, its stages and mechanisms. 44. Mediators of inflammation - classification and characteristics. 45. Classification of inflammation by the course (acute, chronic). Chronic inflammation – differences from acute inflammation. Outcomes of inflammation. 46. Immune response: stages, types. 47. Immunodeficiency conditions. Their types, features of etiology and pathogenesis. Clinical manifestations (syndromes). 48. Type I hypersensitivity reactions (etiology, pathogenesis, examples of diseases). 49. Type II hypersensitivity reactions (etiology, pathogenesis, examples of diseases). 50. Type III hypersensitivity reactions (etiology, pathogenesis, examples of diseases). 51. Type IV hypersensitivity reactions (etiology, pathogenesis, examples of diseases). 52. Autoimmune disorders: etiology and pathogenesis. Immunologic tolerance. 53. Modern views on the etiology of tumors. Types of carcinogenic factors. 54. The concept of "tumor growth." The main features of the growth of malignant and benign tumors. Properties (hallmarks) of tumor cells (unlimited growth, autonomic growth, infiltrating growth, atypia, metastasis, clonal growth, tumor progression, etc.) 55. The concept of atypism of tumor cells, its types, characteristics of certain types of atypism of tumor cells. 56. Pathogenesis of tumor growth. Oncogenes, antioncogenes, their nature and mechanism of action. Mechanisms of transformation of a normal cell into a tumor cell. 57. Changes in the body of cancer patients. Types and mechanism of development of paraneoplastic syndromes. Pathogenesis of cancer cachexia. 58. Antitumor resistance of the organism (anticarcinogenic, antimutational, anticellular mechanisms of antitumor resistance of the organism). 59. Causes and mechanisms of disorders of digestion and absorption of food carbohydrates. 60. Etiology and pathogenesis of disorders of carbohydrate metabolism at the stage of glycogen storage. Glycogenosis. 61. Disorders of the nervous and humoral regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. 62. Etiology, pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. 63. Type I diabetes mellitus, etiology and pathogenesis. 64. Type II diabetes mellitus, etiology and pathogenesis. Mechanisms of insulin resistance. 65. The main manifestations of diabetes mellitus, their mechanisms. Diabetic coma. Late complications of diabetes mellitus (microangiopathy and neuropathy). 66. Metabolic disorders in diabetes mellitus. Causes and pathogenesis of hyperglycemia and glucosuria. 67. Causes and consequences of disruption of digestion and absorption of food lipids. What is the role of bile in the lipid digestion and absorption? 68. Obesity - types, causes and mechanism of development. The effects of obesity on the body. 69. Hyper- and hypocholesterolemia (causes and consequences). 70. Types and functions of lipoproteins. 71. Etiology, pathogenesis and consequences of impaired digestion of food proteins. 72. Causes, the mechanism of development and the consequences of an impairment of the synthesis of protein in cells. 73. Impairment of the final stage of protein and amino acid metabolism. Hypazotemia, its types. 74. Causes and consequences of disruption of amino acid metabolism. 75. Causes and consequences of disorder of the synthesis of nucleic acids. 76. Disruptions of the final stage of the nucleic acid metabolism. Hyperuricemia. 77. Gout: etiology, pathogenesis, outcomes. 78. Disorders of calcium and phosphorus metabolism - causes, main manifestations, mechanism of development, consequences. 79. Disorders of sodium exchange - types of violations, causes, mechanism of development, consequences, principles of correction. 80. Disorders of potassium metabolism - causes, mechanism of development, consequences, principles of correction. 81. Disorders of the exchange of magnesium - the causes, the mechanism of development, the consequences. 82. Hypovitaminoses A, D, K, E, C, B9, B12. 83. Dehydration (types, causes and mechanism of development). Effect of dehydration on the body. 84. Causes and types of hyperhydration. Classification of edema by etiology and pathogenesis. The significance of edema for the organism. 85. The main pathogenetic factors of edema. 86. Pathogenesis of cardiac edema. 87. Mechanisms of development of edema in diseases of the kidneys. 88. Mechanism of development of ascites in liver cirrhosis. 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